Dietary advanced glycation end products and their role in health and disease

Advances in Nutrition

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 461-473

  Uribarri, Jaime ^a   del Castillo, María Dolores ^b   de la Maza, María Pía ^c   Filip, Rosana ^d   Gugliucci, Alejandro ^e   Luevano Contreras, Claudia ^f   Macías Cervantes, Maciste H ^f   Markowicz Bastos, Deborah H ^g   Medrano, Alejandra ^h   Menini, Teresita ^e   Portero Otin, Manuel ⁱ   Rojas, Armando ^j   Sampaio, Geni Rodrigues ^g   Wrobel, Kazimierz ^f   Wrobel, Katarzyna ^f   Garay Sevilla, Ma Eugenia ^f  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CSIC   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

^d UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^e Touro University   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF GUANAJUATO   (Mexico)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^h UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPÚBLICA   (Uruguay)

ⁱ Universitat de Lleida Facultat de Medicina Sabadell   (Spain)

^j UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL MAULE   (Chile)

more..

Author keywords

Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Nutraceutical; Nutrition; Oxidative Stress; Rage

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT RECEPTOR; LYSINE; N(6)-CARBOXYMETHYLLYSINE;

AGRICULTURE; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; CHRONIC DISEASE; COOKING; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIET; EXERCISE; FOOD; FOOD HANDLING; HEALTH STATUS; HEAT; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MEXICO; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SOLUBILITY;

ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCT-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR; AGRICULTURE; CHRONIC DISEASE; COOKING; DIET; EXERCISE; FOOD; FOOD HANDLING; GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS, ADVANCED; HEALTH STATUS; HOT TEMPERATURE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LYSINE; MEXICO; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SOLUBILITY;

EID: 84945250310     PISSN: 21618313     EISSN: 21565376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/an.115.008433     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Vlassara H, Uribarri J. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) and diabetes: cause, effect, or both? Curr Diab Rep 2014;14:453.
2. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 2001;414:813-20.
3. Cai W, Gao Q-D, Zhu L, Peppa M, He C, Vlassara H. Oxidative stressinducing carbonyl compounds from common foods: novel mediators of cellular dysfunction. Mol Med 2002;8:337-46.
4. Goldberg T, Cai W, Peppa M, Dardaine V, Uribarri J, Vlassara H. Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods. J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104:1287-91.
5. Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, Cai W, Chen X, Pyzik R, Yong A, Striker GE, Vlassara H. Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110: 911-6.
6. HofmannMA, Drury S, Fu C, QuW, Taguchi A, Lu Y, Ávila C, Kambham N, Bierhaus A, Nawroth P, et al. RAGE mediates a novel proinflammatory axis: the cell surface receptor for S100/calgranulin polypeptides. Cell 1999; 97:889-901.
7. Hori O, Brett J, Slattery T, Cao R, Zhang J, Chen JX, Nagashima M, Lundh ER, Vijay S, Nitecki D, et al. RAGE is a cellular binding site for amphoterin: mediation of neurite outgrowth and co-expression of RAGE and amphoterin in the developing nervous system. J Biol Chem 1995;270:25752-61.
8. Cai W, He C, Zhu L, Vlassara H. Advanced glycation end product (AGE) receptor 1 suppresses cell oxidant stress and activation signaling via EGF receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:13801-6.
9. Bierhaus A, Schiekofer S, Schwaninger M, Andrassy M, Humpert PM, Chen J, Hong M, Luther T, Henle T, Kloting I, et al. Diabetes 2001;50: 2792-808.
10. Rojas A, Pérez-Castro R, González I, Delgado F, Romero J, Rojas I. The emerging role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products on innate immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2014;33:67-80.
11. van Zoelen MA, Schouten M, de Vos AF, Florquin S, Meijers JC, Nawroth PP, Bierhaus A, van der Poll T. The receptor for advanced glycation end products impairs host defense in pneumococcal pneumonia. J Immunol 2009;182:4349-56.
12. van Zoelen MA, Schmidt AM, Florquin S, Meijers JC, de Beer R, de Vos AF, Nawroth PP, Bierhaus A, van der Poll T. Receptor for advanced glycation end products facilitates host defense during Escherichia coliinduced abdominal sepsis in mice. J Infect Dis 2009;200:765-73.
13. Rojas A, González I, Rodríguez B, Romero J, Figueroa H, Llanos J, Morales E, Pérez-Castro R. Evidence of involvement of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelial cells. Microbes Infect 2011;13:818-23.
14. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 2008;454:436-44.
15. Rojas A, Figueroa H, Morales E. Fueling inflammation at tumor microenvironment: the role of multiligand/RAGE axis. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:334-41.
16. Schmidt AM, Hori O, Cao R, Yan SD, Brett J, Wautier JL, Ogawa S, Kuwabara K, Matsumoto M, Stern D. RAGE: a novel cellular receptor for advanced glycation end products. Diabetes 1996;45: Suppl 3:S77-80.
17. Yan SF, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. The RAGE axis: a fundamental mechanism signaling danger to the vulnerable vasculature. Circ Res 2010;106:842-53.
18. Fujisawa K, Katakami N, Kaneto H, Naka T, Takahara M, Sakamoto F, Irie Y, Miyashita K, Kubo F, Yasuda T, et al. Circulating soluble RAGE as a predictive biomarker of cardiovascular event risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2013;227:425-8.
19. Lanati N, Emanuele E, Brondino N, Geroldi D. Soluble RAGE-modulating drugs: state-of-the-art and future perspectives for targeting vascular inflammation. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010;8:86-92.
20. Falcone C, Bozzini S, Guasti L, D'Angelo A, Capettini AC, Paganini EM, Falcone R, Moia R, Gazzaruso C, Leissero G. Soluble RAGE plasma levels in patients with coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease. Scientific World Journal 2013; 2013:584504.
21. Skrha J, Jr., Kalousova M, Svarcova J, Muravska A, Kvasnicka J, Landova L, Zima T, Skrha J. Relationship of soluble RAGE and RAGE ligands HMGB1 and EN-RAGE to endothelial dysfunction in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012;120: 277-81.
22. Vazzana N, Santilli F, Cuccurullo C, Davi G. Soluble forms of RAGE in internal medicine. Intern Emerg Med 2009;4:389-401.
23. Maillard-Lefebvre H, Boulanger E, Daroux M, Gaxatte C, Hudson BI, Lambert M. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products: a new biomarker in diagnosis and prognosis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1190-6.
24. Menini T, Ikeda H, Kimura S, Gugliucci A. Circulating soluble RAGE increase after a cerebrovascular event. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014;52: 109-16.
25. Kotani K, Caccavello R, Taniguchi N, Gugliucci A. Circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is inversely correlated to oxidized low-density lipoproteins in asymptomatic subjects. J Int Med Res 2012;40:1878-83.
26. Piarulli F, Sartore G, Lapolla A. Glyco-oxidation and cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes: a clinical update. Acta Diabetol 2013;50:101-10.
27. Piarulli F, Lapolla A, Ragazzi E, Susana A, Sechi A, Nollino L, Cosma C, Fedele D, Sartore G. Role of endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) in defending against plaque formation induced by oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2013;226:252-7.
28. Kamioka M, Ishibashi T, Sugimoto K, Uekita H, Nagai R, Sakamoto N, Ando K, Ohkawara H, Teramoto T, Maruyama Y, et al. Blockade of reninangiotensin system attenuates advanced glycation end products-mediated signaling pathways. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010;17:590-600.
29. Gada E, Owens AW, Gore MO, See R, Abdullah SM, Ayers CR, Rohatgi A, Khera A, de Lernos JA, McGuire DK. Discordant effects of rosiglitazone on novel inflammatory biomarkers. Am Heart J 2013;165:609-14.
30. Pamplona R, Llieva E, Ayala V, Bellmunt MJ, Cacabelos D, Dalfo E, Ferrer I, Portero-Otin M. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1126:315-9.
31. Cai W, Uribarri J, Zhu L, Chen X, Swamy S, Zhao Z, Grosjean F, Imonaro C, Kuchei GA, Schnaider-Beeri M, et al. Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111:4940-5.
32. Ilieva EV, Ayala V, Jove M, Dalfom E, Cacabelos D, Povedano M, Bellmunt MJ, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress interplay in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2007;130:3111-23.
33. Ilieva EV, Kichev A, Naudi A, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in argyrophilic grain disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:253-63.
34. Ilieva EV, Naudi A, Kichev A, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M. Depletion of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress regulators in Pick disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2010;48:1302-10.
35. Phillips SA, Thornalley PJ. The formation of methylglyoxal from triose phosphates. Investigation using a specific assay for methylglyoxal. Eur J Biochem 1993;212:101-5.
36. Kuhla B, Luth HJ, Haferburg D, Boeck K, Arendt T, Munccch G. Methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and their detoxification in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1043:211-6.
37. Chen F, Wollmer MA, Hoerndll F, Munch G, Kuhla B, Rogaev EI, Toslaki M, Papassotiropoulos A, Gotz G. Role for glyoxalase I in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:7687-92.
38. Donmez G, Wang D, Cohen DE, Guarente L. SIRT1 suppresses b-amyloid production by activating the a-secretase gene ADAM10. Cell 2010;142:320-32. Retraction in: Donmez G, Wang D, Cohen DE, Guarente L. Cell 2014;158:959.
39. Talbot K, Wang HK, Kazi H, Han LY, Bakshi KP, Stucky A, Fuino RL, Kawaguchi KR, Samoyedny AJ, Wilson RS, et al. Demonstrated brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease patients is associated with IGF-1 resistance, IRS-1 dysregulation, and cognitive decline. J Clin Invest 2012;122:1316-38.
40. Vlassara H, Cai W, Crandall J, Goldberg T, Oberstein R, Dardaine V, Peppa M, Rayfield EJ. Inflammatory mediators are induced by dietary glycotoxins, a major risk factor for diabetic angiopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:15596-601.
41. Uribarri J, Peppa M, Cai W, Goldberg T, Lu M, He C, Vlassara H. Restriction of dietary glycotoxin reduces excessive advanced glycation end products in renal failure patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:728-31.
42. Vlassara H, Cai W, Goodman S, Pyzick R, Yong A, Zhu L, Neade T, Beeri M, Silverman JM, Ferrucci L, et al. Protection against loss of innate defenses in adulthood by low age intake; role of a new antiinflammatory age-receptor-1. J Clin End Metab 2009;94:4483-91.
43. Uribarri J, Cai W, Ramdas M, Goodman S, Pyzik R, Chen X, Zhu L, Striker GE, Vlassara H. Restriction of advanced glycation end products improves insulin resistance in human type 2 diabetes: potential role of AGER1 and SIRT1. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1610-6.
44. Birlouez-Aragon I, Saavedra G, Tessier FJ, Galinier A, Alt-Ameur L, Lacoste F, Niamba CN, Alt N, Somoza V, Lecerf JM. A diet based on high-heat-treated foods promotes risk factors for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1220-6.
45. Luévano-Contreras C, Garay-Sevilla ME, Wrobel K, Malacara JM, Wrobel K. Dietary advanced glycation end products restriction diminishes inflammation markers and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013;52:22-6.
46. Semba RD, Gebauer SK, Baer DJ, Sun K, Turner R, Silber HA, Talegawkar S, Ferrucci L, Novotny JA. Dietary intake of advanced glycation end products did not affect endothelial function and inflammation in healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr 2014;144:1037-42.
47. Mark AB, Poulsen MW, Andersen S, Andersen JM, Bak MJ, Ritz C, Holst JJ, Nielsen J, de Courten B, Dragsted LO, et al. Consumption of a diet low in advanced glycation end products for 4 weeks improves insulin sensitivity in overweight women. Diabetes Care 2014;37:88-95.
48. Macias-Cervantes MH, Rodriguez-Soto JMD, Uribarri J, Diaz-Cisneros F, Cai W, Garay-Sevilla ME. Effect of a diet restricted in advanced glycation end products and exercise on metabolic parameters in adult overweight men. Nutrition 2015; in press.
49. Vlassara H, Uribarri J, Cai W, Goodman S, Pyzik R, Post J, Grosjean F, Woodward M, Striker GE. Effects of sevelamer on HbA1c, inflammation, and advanced glycation end products in diabetic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:934-42.
50. Block G. A review of validations of dietary assessment methods. Am J Epidemiol 1982;115:492-505.
51. Cade J, Thompson R, Burley V, Warm D. Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires-a review. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:567-87.
52. Luevano-Contreras C, Garay-Sevilla ME, Durkin T, Pauls M, Chapman- Novakofski KM. Development, relative validity, and reliability of a food frequency questionnaire for a case-control study on dietary advanced glycation end products and diabetes complications. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:1030-5.
53. Ross R, Dagnone D, Jones PJ, Smith H, Paddags A, Hudson R, Janssen I. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after dietinduced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:92-103.
54. Brooks JH, Ferro A. The physician's role in prescribing physical activity for the prevention and treatment of essential hypertension. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2012;1:12.
55. Gillett M, Royle P, Snaith A, Scotland G, Poobalan A, Imamura M, Black C, Boroujerdi M, Jick S, Wyness L, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce the risk of diabetes in people with impaired glucose regulation: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2012;16:1-236.
56. Mann S, Beedie C, Balducci S, Zanuso S, Allgrove J, Bertiato F, Jimenez A. Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014;30: 257-68.
57. Macias-Cervantes MH, Malacara JM, Garay-Sevilla ME, Díaz-Cisneros FJ. Effect of recreational physical activity on insulin levels in Mexican/Hispanic children. Eur J Pediatr 2009;168:1195-202.
58. Goon JA, Aini AH, Musalmah M, Anum MY, Nazaimoon WM, Ngah WZ. Effect of Tai Chi exercise on DNA damage, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress in middle-age adults. J Phys Act Health 2009;6: 43-54.
59. Kotani K, Caccavello R, Sakane N, Yamada T, Taniguchi N, Gugliucci A. Influence of physical activity intervention on circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in elderly subjects. J Clin Med Res 2011;3:252-7.
60. Gugliucci A, Bastos DH, Schulze J, Souza MF. Caffeic and chlorogenic acids in Ilex paraguariensis extracts are the main inhibitors of AGE generation by methylglyoxal in model proteins. Fitoterapia 2009;80:339-44.
61. Lunceford N, Gugliucci A. Ilex paraguariensis extracts inhibit AGE formation more efficiently than green tea. Fitoterapia 2005;76:419-27.
62. Gugliucci A, Menini T. The botanical extracts of Achyrocline satureoides and Ilex paraguariensis prevent methylglyoxal-induced inhibition of plasminogen and antithrombin III. Life Sci 2002;72:279-92.
63. Boaventura BCB, Di Pietro PF, Klein GA, Stefanuto A, de Morais EC, de Andrade F, Wazlawik E, da Silva EL. Antioxidant potential of mate tea (Ilex paraguarensis) in type 2 diabetic mellitus and pre-diabetic individuals. J Funct Foods 2013;5:1057-64.
64. Fava F, Totaro G, Diels L, Reis M, Duarte J, Carioca OB. Biowaste biorefinery in Europe: opportunities and research & development needs. N Biotechnol 2015;32:100-8.
65. Francavilla M, Franchi M, Monteleone M, Caroppo C. The red seaweed Gracilaria gracilis as a multi products source. Mar Drugs 2013;11:3754-76.
66. Herrero M, Ibañez E. Green processes and sustainability: An overview on the extraction of high added-value products from seaweeds and microalgae. J Supercrit Fluids 2015;96:211-16.
67. Mesías M, Navarro M, Martínez-Saez N, Ullate M, del Castillo MD, Morales FJ. Antiglycative and carbonyl trapping properties of the water soluble fraction of coffee silverskin. Food Res Int 2014;62:1120-6.
68. Wróbel K, Garay-Sevilla ME, Nava LE, Malacara JM. Novel analytical approach to monitoring advanced glycosylation end products in human serum with on-line spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric detection in a flow system. Clin Chem 1997;43:1563-9.
69. Garay-Sevilla ME, Regalado JC, Malacara JM, Nava LE, Wrobel K, Castro-Rivas A, Wrobel K. Advanced glycosylation end products in skin, serum, saliva and urine and its associaton with complications of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest 2005;28:223-30.
70. Nguyen HT, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, van Boekel MAJS. N-(carboxymethyl) lysine: A review on analytical methods, formation, and occurrence in processed food, and health impact. Food Rev Int 2014;30:36-52.
71. Friess U, Waldner M, Wahl HG, Lehmann R, Haring HU, Voelter W, Schleicher E. Liquid chromatography-based determination of urinary free and total N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine excretion in normal and diabetic subjects. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003;794:273-80.
72. Ahmed N, Argirov OK, Minhas HS, Cordeiro CA, Thornalley PJ. Assay of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs): surveying AGEs by chromatographic assay with derivatization by 6-aminoquinolyl-Nhydroxysuccinimidyl- carbamate and application to Nepsilon-carboxymethyl- lysine- and Nepsilon-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine-modified albumin. Biochem J 2002;364:1-14.
73. Akira K, Matsumoto Y, Hashimoto T. Determination of urinary glyoxal and methylglyoxal by high-performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:147-53.
74. Shibamoto T. Analytical methods for trace levels of reactive carbonyl compounds formed in lipid peroxidation systems. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006;41:12-25.
75. Nemet I, Varga-Defterdarovic L, Turk Z. Methylglyoxal in food and living organisms. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006;50:1105-17.
76. Ojeda AG, Wrobel K, Corrales Escobosa AR, Garay-Sevilla ME, Wrobel K. HPLC determination of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and diacetyl in urine using 4-methoxy-o-phenylenediamine as derivatizing reagent. Anal Biochem 2014;449:52-8.
77. Corrales Escobosa AR, Gomez Ojeda A, Wrobel K, Alcazar Magana A, Wrobel K. Methylglyoxal is associated with bacteriostatic activity of high fuctose agave syrups. Food Chem 2014;165:444-50.
78. Poulsen MW, Hedegaard RV, Andersen JM, de Courten B, Bugel S, Nielsen J, Skibsted LH, Dragsted LO. Advanced glycation endproducts in food and their effects on health. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;60:10-37.
79. Papetti A, Mascherpa D, Marrubini G, Gazzani G. Effect of in vitro digestion on free alpha-dicarbonyl compounds in balsamic vinegars. J Food Sci 2013;78:C514-9.
80. Amoroso A, Maga G, Daglia M. Cytotoxicity of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds submitted to in vitro simulated digestion process. Food Chem 2013;140:654-9.
81. Arena S, Salzano AM, Renzone G, D'Ambrosio C, Scaloni A. Nonenzymatic glycation and glycoxidation protein products in foods and diseases: an interconnected, complex scenario fully open to innovative proteomic studies. Mass Spectrom Rev 2014;33:49-77.
82. Niwa T. Recent progress in the analysis of uremic toxins by mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009;877: 2600-6.
83. Thornalley PJ, Rabbani N. Detection of oxidized and glycated proteins in clinical samples using mass spectrometry-a user's perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014;1840:818-29.
84. Hull GLJ, Woodside JV, Ames JM, Cuskelly GJ. N-epsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine content of foods commonly consumed in a Western style diet. Food Chem 2012;131:170-4.
85. Delatour T, Hegele J, Parisod V, Richoz J, Maurer S, Steven M, Buetler T. Analysis of advanced glycation endproducts in dairy products by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The particular case of carboxymethyllysine. J Chromatogr A 2009;1216:2371-81.
86. Niquet-Leridon C, Tessier FJ. Quantification of N-epsilon-carboxymethyl- lysine in selected chocolate-flavoured drink mixes using highperformance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2011;126:655-63.
87. Bueser W, Erbersdobler HF, Liardon R. Identification and Determination of N-Epsilon-Carboxymethyllysine by Gas-Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1987;387:515-9.
88. Hartkopf J, Pahlke C, Ludemann G, Erbersdobler HF. Determination of N-Epsilon-Carboxymethyllysine by A Reversed-Phase High- Performance Liquid-Chromatography Method. J Chromatogr A 1994;672:242-6.
89. Drusch S, Faist V, Erbersdobler HF. Determination of N-epsiloncarboxymethyllysine in milk products by a modified reversed-phase HPLC method. Food Chem 1999;65:547-53.
90. Charissou A, Ait-Ameur L, Birlouez-Aragon I. Evaluation of a gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry method for the quantification of carboxymethyllysine in food samples. J Chromatogr A 2007;1140:189-94.
91. Assar SH, Moloney C, Lima M, Magee R, Ames JM. Determination of N (ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine in food systems by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 2009;36:317-26.