Noninvasive imaging of atherosclerotic plaque progression: Status of coronary computed tomography angiography

Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging

Volumn 8, Issue 7, 2015, Pages

  Sandfort, Veit ^a   Lima, Joao A C ^b   Bluemke, David A ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Atherosclerotic; Coronary artery disease; Inflammation; Myocardial infarction; Plaque

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CONTRAST MEDIUM;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CARDIAC IMAGING; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CONTRAST; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; PATHOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROCEDURES; PROGNOSIS; RADIOGRAPHY; RISK FACTOR; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY VESSELS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, INTERVENTIONAL;

EID: 84942870668     PISSN: 19419651     EISSN: 19420080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003316     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385:117-171.
2. Otsuka F, Fuster V, Narula J, Virmani R. Omnipresent atherosclerotic disease: time to depart from analysis of individual vascular beds. Mt Sinai J Med. 2012;79:641-653. doi: 10.1002/msj.21353.
3. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:1262-1275.
4. Sakakura K, Nakano M, Otsuka F, Ladich E, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis plaque progression. Heart Lung Circ. 2013;22:399-411. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.03.001.
5. Smith SC Jr, Grundy SM. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline recommends fixeddose strategies instead of targeted goals to lower blood cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:601-612. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1159.
6. Vos J, De Feyter PJ, Kingma JH, Emanuelsson H, Legrand V, Winkelmann B, Dumont JM, Simoons LM. Evolution of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild coronary artery disease studied by serial quantitative coronary angiography at 2 and 4 years follow-up. The Multicenter Anti-Atheroma Study (MAAS) Investigators. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:1081-1089.
7. Jukema JW, Bruschke AV, Van Boven AJ, Reiber JH, Bal ET, Zwinderman AH, Jansen H, Boerma GJ, Van Rappard FM, Lie KI. Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Circulation. 1995;91:2528-2540.
8. Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Wolski K, Bayturan O, Lavoie A, Uno K, Kupfer S, Perez A, Nesto R, Nissen SE. Lowering the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the beneficial impact of pioglitazone on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: insights from the PERISCOPE (Pioglitazone Effect on Regression of Intravascular Sonographic Coronary Obstruction Prospective Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:153-159. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2010.06.055.
9. Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Brennan DM, Tardif JC, Nissen SE. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition, high-density lipoprotein raising, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis: insights from ILLUSTRATE (Investigation of Lipid Level Management Using Coronary Ultrasound to Assess Reduction of Atherosclerosis by CETP Inhibition and HDL Elevation). Circulation. 2008;118:2506-2514. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.790733.
10. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Brewer HB, Sipahi I, Nicholls SJ, Ganz P, Schoenhagen P, Waters DD, Pepine CJ, Crowe TD, Davidson MH, Deanfield JE, Wisniewski LM, Hanyok JJ, Kassalow LM; ACAT Intravascular Atherosclerosis Treatment Evaluation (ACTIVATE) Investigators. Effect of ACAT inhibition on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1253-1263. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa054699.
11. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Brown BG, Ganz P, Vogel RA, Crowe T, Howard G, Cooper CJ, Brodie B, Grines CL, De Maria AN; REVERSAL Investigators. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1071-1080. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.9.1071.
12. Meyer M, Haubenreisser H, Schoepf UJ, Vliegenthart R, Leidecker C, Allmendinger T, Lehmann R, Sudarski S, Borggrefe M, Schoenberg SO, Henzler T. Closing in on the K edge: coronary CT angiography at 100, 80, and 70 kV-initial comparison of a second-versus a third-generation dual-source CT system. Radiology. 2014;273:373-382. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14140244.
13. PDAY Research Group. Natural history of aortic and coronary atherosclerotic lesions in youth: findings from the PDAY Study. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:1291-1298.
14. Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Gold HK, Yuan J, Narula J, Finn AV, Virmani R. The thin-cap fibroatheroma: a type of vulnerable plaque: the major precursor lesion to acute coronary syndromes. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2001;16:285-292.
15. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, McBride P, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Watson K, Wilson PW; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2889-2934. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002.
16. Zavodni AE, Wasserman BA, McClelland RL, Gomes AS, Folsom AR, Polak JF, Lima JA, Bluemke DA. Carotid artery plaque morphology and composition in relation to incident cardiovascular events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Radiology. 2014;271:381-389. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14131020.
17. Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, Bild DE, Burke G, Folsom AR, Liu K, Shea S, Szklo M, Bluemke DA, O'Leary DH, Tracy R, Watson K, Wong ND, Kronmal RA. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1336-1345. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa072100.
18. Dohi T, Mintz GS, McPherson JA, De Bruyne B, Farhat NZ, Lansky AJ, Mehran R, Weisz G, Xu K, Stone GW, Maehara A. Non-fibroatheroma lesion phenotype and long-term clinical outcomes: a substudy analysis from the PROSPECT study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:908-916. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.04.008.
19. Yamada M, Jinzaki M, Tanami Y, Matsumoto K, Ueno A, Nukui M, Imai Y, Ishihara Y, Nishide A, Sasaki K, Kuribayashi S. Detection of a coronary artery vessel wall: performance of 0.3 mm fine-cell detector computed tomography-a phantom study. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:5235-5247. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/16/010.
20. Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Unsal AB, Eshera S, Matta JR, Muldoon N, McAreavey D, Purdy JB, Hazra R, Hadigan C, Gharib AM. Increased coronary vessel wall thickness in HIV-infected young adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1779-1786. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu672.
21. Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, De Bruyne B, Cristea E, Mintz GS, Mehran R, McPherson J, Farhat N, Marso SP, Parise H, Templin B, White R, Zhang Z, Serruys PW; PROSPECT Investigators. A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:226-235. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1002358.
22. Lichtlen PR, Nikutta P, Jost S, Deckers J, Wiese B, Rafflenbeul W. Anatomical progression of coronary artery disease in humans as seen by prospective, repeated, quantitated coronary angiography. Relation to clinical events and risk factors. The INTACT Study Group. Circulation. 1992;86:828-838.
23. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, Libby P, Raichlen JS, Ballantyne CM, Davignon J, Erbel R, Fruchart JC, Tardif JC, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Cain V, Wolski K, Goormastic M, Tuzcu EM; ASTEROID Investigators. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA. 2006;295:1556-1565. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002.
24. Habara M, Nasu K, Terashima M, Ko E, Yokota D, Ito T, Kurita T, Teramoto T, Kimura M, Kinoshita Y, Tsuchikane E, Asakura Y, Matsubara T, Suzuki T. Impact on optical coherence tomographic coronary findings of fluvastatin alone versus fluvastatin + ezetimibe. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113:580-587. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.10.038.
25. Kini AS, Baber U, Kovacic JC, Limaye A, Ali ZA, Sweeny J, Maehara A, Mehran R, Dangas G, Mintz GS, Fuster V, Narula J, Sharma SK, Moreno PR. Changes in plaque lipid content after short-term intensive versus standard statin therapy: the YELLOW trial (reduction in yellow plaque by aggressive lipid-lowering therapy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:21-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.058.
26. Corti R, Fuster V, Fayad ZA, Worthley SG, Helft G, Chaplin WF, Muntwyler J, Viles-Gonzalez JF, Weinberger J, Smith DA, Mizsei G, Badimon JJ. Effects of aggressive versus conventional lipid-lowering therapy by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:106-112. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2005.03.054.
27. Sibley CT, Vavere AL, Gottlieb I, Cox C, Matheson M, Spooner A, Godoy G, Fernandes V, Wasserman BA, Bluemke DA, Lima JA. MRI-measured regression of carotid atherosclerosis induced by statins with and without niacin in a randomised controlled trial: the NIA plaque study. Heart. 2013;99:1675-1680. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303926.
28. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Roth M, Newstein D, Guerci AD. Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E: the St. Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:166-172. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2005.02.089.
29. Hoffmann H, Frieler K, Schlattmann P, Hamm B, Dewey M. Influence of statin treatment on coronary atherosclerosis visualised using multidetector computed tomography. Eur Radiol. 2010;20:2824-2833. doi: 10.1007/s00330-010-1880-x.
30. Tardif JC, L'allier PL, Ibrahim R, Grégoire JC, Nozza A, Cossette M, Kouz S, Lavoie MA, Paquin J, Brotz TM, Taub R, Pressacco J. Treatment with 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor VIA-2291 (Atreleuton) in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:298-307. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.937169.
31. Burgstahler C, Reimann A, Beck T, Kuettner A, Baumann D, Heuschmid M, Brodoefel H, Claussen CD, Kopp AF, Schroeder S. Influence of a lipidlowering therapy on calcified and noncalcified coronary plaques monitored by multislice detector computed tomography: results of the New Age II Pilot Study. Invest Radiol. 2007;42:189-195. doi: 10.1097/01. rli.0000254408.96355.85.
32. Papadopoulou SL, Neefjes LA, Garcia-Garcia HM, Flu WJ, Rossi A, Dharampal AS, Kitslaar PH, Mollet NR, Veldhof S, Nieman K, Stone GW, Serruys PW, Krestin GP, De Feyter PJ. Natural history of coronary atherosclerosis by multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(3 Suppl):S28-S37. doi: 10.1016/j. jcmg.2012.01.009.
33. Zeb I, Li D, Nasir K, Malpeso J, Batool A, Flores F, Dailing C, Karlsberg RP, Budoff M. Effect of statin treatment on coronary plaque progression - a serial coronary CT angiography study. Atherosclerosis. 2013;231:198-204. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.019.
34. Lo J, Lu MT, Ihenachor EJ, Wei J, Looby SE, Fitch KV, Oh J, Zimmerman CO, Hwang J, Abbara S, Plutzky J, Robbins G, Tawakol A, Hoffmann U, Grinspoon SK. Effects of statin therapy on coronary artery plaque volume and high-risk plaque morphology in HIV-infected patients with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2015;2:e52-e63.
35. Lehman SJ, Schlett CL, Bamberg F, Lee H, Donnelly P, Shturman L, Kriegel MF, Brady TJ, Hoffmann U. Assessment of coronary plaque progression in coronary computed tomography angiography using a semiquantitative score. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:1262-1270. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.07.007.
36. D'Ascenzo F, Agostoni P, Abbate A, Castagno D, Lipinski MJ, Vetrovec GW, Frati G, Presutti DG, Quadri G, Moretti C, Gaita F, Zoccai GB. Atherosclerotic coronary plaque regression and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events: a meta-regression of randomized clinical trials. Atherosclerosis. 2013;226:178-185. doi: 10.1016/j. atherosclerosis.2012.10.065.
37. Yabushita H, Bouma BE, Houser SL, Aretz HT, Jang IK, Schlendorf KH, Kauffman CR, Shishkov M, Kang DH, Halpern EF, Tearney GJ. Characterization of human atherosclerosis by optical coherence tomography. Circulation. 2002;106:1640-1645.
38. Ibrahim T, Makowski MR, Jankauskas A, Maintz D, Karch M, Schachoff S, Manning WJ, Schömig A, Schwaiger M, Botnar RM. Serial contrastenhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates regression of hyperenhancement within the coronary artery wall in patients after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:580-588. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.12.029.
39. Macedo R, Chen S, Lai S, Shea S, Malayeri AA, Szklo M, Lima JA, Bluemke DA. MRI detects increased coronary wall thickness in asymptomatic individuals: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;28:1108-1115. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21511.
40. Miao C, Chen S, Macedo R, Lai S, Liu K, Li D, Wasserman BA, Vogel-Claussen J, Vogel-Clausen J, Lima JA, Bluemke DA. Positive remodeling of the coronary arteries detected by magnetic resonance imaging in an asymptomatic population: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1708-1715. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2008.12.063.
41. Takaya N, Yuan C, Chu B, Saam T, Polissar NL, Jarvik GP, Isaac C, McDonough J, Natiello C, Small R, Ferguson MS, Hatsukami TS. Presence of intraplaque hemorrhage stimulates progression of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study. Circulation. 2005;111:2768-2775. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.504167.
42. Zhao XQ, Dong L, Hatsukami T, Phan BA, Chu B, Moore A, Lane T, Neradilek MB, Polissar N, Monick D, Lee C, Underhill H, Yuan C. MR imaging of carotid plaque composition during lipid-lowering therapy a prospective assessment of effect and time course. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:977-986. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.06.013.
43. Folsom AR, Kronmal RA, Detrano RC, O'Leary DH, Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Budoff MJ, Liu K, Shea S, Szklo M, Tracy RP, Watson KE, Burke GL. Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1333-1339. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.12.1333.
44. Nasir K, Rubin J, Blaha MJ, Shaw LJ, Blankstein R, Rivera JJ, Khan AN, Berman D, Raggi P, Callister T, Rumberger JA, Min J, Jones SR, Blumenthal RS, Budoff MJ. Interplay of coronary artery calcification and traditional risk factors for the prediction of all-cause mortality in asymptomatic individuals. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:467-473. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.111.964528.
45. Achenbach S, Ropers D, Pohle K, Leber A, Thilo C, Knez A, Menendez T, Maeffert R, Kusus M, Regenfus M, Bickel A, Haberl R, Steinbeck G, Moshage W, Daniel WG. Influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary artery calcification: a prospective evaluation. Circulation. 2002;106:1077-1082.
46. Budoff MJ, Lane KL, Bakhsheshi H, Mao S, Grassmann BO, Friedman BC, Brundage BH. Rates of progression of coronary calcium by electron beam tomography. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:8-11.
47. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ. Effect of HMGCoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electronbeam computed tomography. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1972-1978. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199812313392703.
48. Priester TC, Litwin SE. Measuring progression of coronary atherosclerosis with computed tomography: searching for clarity among shades of gray. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2009;3(Suppl 2):S81-S90. doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2009.10.011.
49. Raggi P, Davidson M, Callister TQ, Welty FK, Bachmann GA, Hecht H, Rumberger JA. Aggressive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women: Beyond Endorsed Lipid Lowering with EBT Scanning (BELLES). Circulation. 2005;112:563-571. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.512681.
50. Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Wolski K, Sipahi I, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Kapadia SR, Hazen SL, Nissen SE. Coronary artery calcification and changes in atheroma burden in response to established medical therapies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:263-270. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.038.
51. Taylor AJ, Cerqueira M, Hodgson JM, Mark D, Min J, O'Gara P, Rubin GD, Kramer CM, Berman D, Brown A, Chaudhry FA, Cury RC, Desai MY, Einstein AJ, Gomes AS, Harrington R, Hoffmann U, Khare R, Lesser J, McGann C, Rosenberg A, Schwartz R, Shelton M, Smetana GW, Smith SC Jr; American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; American College of Radiology; American Heart Association; American Society of Echocardiography; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 appropriate use criteria for cardiac computed tomography. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1864-1894. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.005.
52. Bittencourt MS, Hulten E, Ghoshhajra B, O'Leary D, Christman MP, Montana P, Truong QA, Steigner M, Murthy VL, Rybicki FJ, Nasir K, Gowdak LH, Hainer J, Brady TJ, Di Carli MF, Hoffmann U, Abbara S, Blankstein R. Prognostic value of nonobstructive and obstructive coronary artery disease detected by coronary computed tomography angiography to identify cardiovascular events. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:282-291. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.001047.
53. Dey D, Achenbach S, Schuhbaeck A, Pflederer T, Nakazato R, Slomka PJ, Berman DS, Marwan M. Comparison of quantitative atherosclerotic plaque burden from coronary CT angiography in patients with first acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2014;8:368-374. doi: 10.1016/j. jcct.2014.07.007.
54. Kwan AC, May HT, Cater G, Sibley CT, Rosen BD, Lima JA, Rodriguez K, Lappe DL, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL, Bluemke DA. Coronary artery plaque volume and obesity in patients with diabetes: the factor-64 study. Radiology. 2014;272:690-699. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14140611.
55. Brodoefel H, Burgstahler C, Heuschmid M, Reimann A, Khosa F, Kopp A, Schroeder S, Claussen CD, Clouse ME. Accuracy of dual-source CT in the characterisation of non-calcified plaque: use of a colour-coded analysis compared with virtual histology intravascular ultrasound. Br J Radiol. 2009;82:805-812. doi: 10.1259/bjr/35768497.
56. Dey D, Schepis T, Marwan M, Slomka PJ, Berman DS, Achenbach S. Automated three-dimensional quantification of noncalcified coronary plaque from coronary CT angiography: comparison with intravascular US. Radiology. 2010;257:516-522. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10100681.
57. Harada K, Amano T, Uetani T, Funahashi H, Arai K, Okada K, Hirashiki A, Hayashi M, Oshima S, Ishii H, Izawa H, Matsubara T, Murohara T. Accuracy of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography for classification and quantitation of coronary plaque: comparison with integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound. Int J Cardiol. 2011;149:95-101. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.04.002.
58. Bruining N, Roelandt JR, Palumbo A, La Grutta L, Cademartiri F, De Feijter PJ, Mollet N, Van Domburg RT, Serruys PW, Hamers R. Reproducible coronary plaque quantification by multislice computed tomography. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2007;69:857-865. doi: 10.1002/ccd.21067.
59. Akutagawa O, Kijima Y, Kume K, Sakai T, Okura A, Ide K, Iwasaki S, Hata T. Feasibility and limitation of coronary plaque volumetry by contrast-enhanced 64-row multi-detector computed tomography. Int J Cardiol. 2011;150:118-120. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.04.033.
60. Pedrazzini GB, D'angeli I, Vassalli G, Faletra FF, Klersy C, Pasotti E, Corbacelli C, Moccetti T, Auricchio A. Assessment of coronary stenosis, plaque burden and remodeling by multidetector computed tomography in patients referred for suspected coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2011;12:122-130. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e3283403955.
61. Park HB, Lee BK, Shin S, Heo R, Arsanjani R, Kitslaar PH, Broersen A, Dijkstra J, Ahn SG, Min JK, Chang HJ, Hong MK, Jang Y, Chung N. Clinical Feasibility of 3D Automated Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Quantification Algorithm on Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography: Comparison with Intravascular Ultrasound. Eur. Radiol. 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00330-015-3698-z.
62. De Graaf MA, Broersen A, Kitslaar PH, Roos CJ, Dijkstra J, Lelieveldt BP, Jukema JW, Schalij MJ, Delgado V, Bax JJ, Reiber JH, Scholte AJ. Automatic quantification and characterization of coronary atherosclerosis with computed tomography coronary angiography: cross-correlation with intravascular ultrasound virtual histology. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;29:1177-1190. doi: 10.1007/s10554-013-0194-x.
63. Nakazato R, Shalev A, Doh JH, Koo BK, Dey D, Berman DS, Min JK. Quantification and characterisation of coronary artery plaque volume and adverse plaque features by coronary computed tomographic angiography: a direct comparison to intravascular ultrasound. Eur Radiol. 2013;23:2109-2117. doi: 10.1007/s00330-013-2822-1.
64. Schepis T, Marwan M, Pflederer T, Seltmann M, Ropers D, Daniel WG, Achenbach S. Quantification of non-calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaques with dual-source computed tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound. Heart. 2010;96:610-615. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2009.184226.
65. Otsuka M, Bruining N, Van Pelt NC, Mollet NR, Ligthart JM, Vourvouri E, Hamers R, De Jaegere P, Wijns W, Van Domburg RT, Stone GW, Veldhof S, Verheye S, Dudek D, Serruys PW, Krestin GP, De Feyter PJ. Quantification of coronary plaque by 64-slice computed tomography: a comparison with quantitative intracoronary ultrasound. Invest Radiol. 2008;43:314-321. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0b013e31816a88a9.
66. Voros S, Rinehart S, Qian Z, Joshi P, Vazquez G, Fischer C, Belur P, Hulten E, Villines TC. Coronary atherosclerosis imaging by coronary CT angiography: current status, correlation with intravascular interrogation and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:537-548. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.03.006.
67. Fischer C, Hulten E, Belur P, Smith R, Voros S, Villines TC. Coronary CT angiography versus intravascular ultrasound for estimation of coronary stenosis and atherosclerotic plaque burden: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2013;7:256-266. doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2013.08.006.
68. Van Der Giessen AG, Toepker MH, Donelly PM, Bamberg F, Schlett CL, Raffle C, Irlbeck T, Lee H, Van Walsum T, Maurovich-Horvat P, Gijsen FJ, Wentzel JJ, Hoffmann U. Reproducibility, accuracy, and predictors of accuracy for the detection of coronary atherosclerotic plaque composition by computed tomography: an ex vivo comparison to intravascular ultrasound. Invest Radiol. 2010;45:693-701. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181e0a541.
69. Galonska M, Ducke F, Kertesz-Zborilova T, Meyer R, Guski H, Knollmann FD. Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques in human coronary arteries with 16-slice multidetector row computed tomography by analysis of attenuation profiles. Acad Radiol. 2008;15:222-230. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2007.09.007.
70. Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, Gitter M, Sutherland J, Halamert E, Scherer M, Bellinger R, Martin A, Benton R, Delago A, Min JK. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1724-1732. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.031.
71. Mowatt G, Cummins E, Waugh N, Walker S, Cook J, Jia X, Hillis GS, Fraser C. Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of coronary artery disease. Health Technol Assess. 2008;12: iii-iv, ix.
72. Hausleiter J, Meyer T, Hermann F, Hadamitzky M, Krebs M, Gerber TC, McCollough C, Martinoff S, Kastrati A, Schömig A, Achenbach S. Estimated radiation dose associated with cardiac CT angiography. JAMA. 2009;301:500-507. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.54.
73. Chen MY, Shanbhag SM, Arai AE. Submillisievert median radiation dose for coronary angiography with a second-generation 320-detector row CT scanner in 107 consecutive patients. Radiology. 2013;267:76-85. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13122621.
74. Donnino R, Jacobs JE, Doshi JV, Hecht EM, Kim DC, Babb JS, Srichai MB. Dual-source versus single-source cardiac CT angiography: comparison of diagnostic image quality. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:1051-1056. doi: 10.2214/AJR.08.1198.
75. Wang R, Schoepf UJ, Wu R, Nance JW Jr, Lv B, Yang H, Li F, Lu D, Zhang Z. Diagnostic accuracy of coronary CT angiography: comparison of filtered back projection and iterative reconstruction with different strengths. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2014;38:179-184. doi: 10.1097/RCT.0000000000000005.
76. Raff GL, Abidov A, Achenbach S, Berman DS, Boxt LM, Budoff MJ, Cheng V, De France T, Hellinger JC, Karlsberg RP; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. SCCT guidelines for the interpretation and reporting of coronary computed tomographic angiography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2009;3:122-136. doi: 10.1016/j. jcct.2009.01.001.
77. Achenbach S, Moselewski F, Ropers D, Ferencik M, Hoffmann U, MacNeill B, Pohle K, Baum U, Anders K, Jang IK, Daniel WG, Brady TJ. Detection of calcified and noncalcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque by contrast-enhanced, submillimeter multidetector spiral computed tomography: a segment-based comparison with intravascular ultrasound. Circulation. 2004;109:14-17. doi: 10.1161/01. CIR.0000111517.69230.0F.
78. Min JK, Shaw LJ, Devereux RB, Okin PM, Weinsaft JW, Russo DJ, Lippolis NJ, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Prognostic value of multidetector coronary computed tomographic angiography for prediction of allcause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1161-1170. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2007.03.067.
79. Johnson KM, Dowe DA, Brink JA. Traditional clinical risk assessment tools do not accurately predict coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden: a CT angiography study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:235-243. doi: 10.2214/AJR.08.1056.
80. Oberoi S, Meinel FG, Schoepf UJ, Nance JW, De Cecco CN, Gebregziabher M, Costello P, Weininger M. Reproducibility of noncalcified coronary artery plaque burden quantification from coronary CT angiography across different image analysis platforms. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202:W43-W49. doi: 10.2214/AJR.13.11225.
81. Mintz GS, Garcia-Garcia HM, Nicholls SJ, Weissman NJ, Bruining N, Crowe T, Tardif JC, Serruys PW. Clinical expert consensus document on standards for acquisition, measurement and reporting of intravascular ultrasound regression/progression studies. EuroIntervention. 2011;6:1123-1130, 9. doi: 10.4244/EIJV6I9A195.
82. Versteylen MO, Kietselaer BL, Dagnelie PC, Joosen IA, Dedic A, Raaijmakers RH, Wildberger JE, Nieman K, Crijns HJ, Niessen WJ, Daemen MJ, Hofstra L. Additive value of semiautomated quantification of coronary artery disease using cardiac computed tomographic angiography to predict future acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:2296-2305. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.065.
83. Dedic A, Kurata A, Lubbers M, Meijboom WB, Van Dalen B, Snelder S, Korbee R, Moelker A, Ouhlous M, Van Domburg R, De Feijter PJ, Nieman K. Prognostic implications of non-culprit plaques in acute coronary syndrome: non-invasive assessment with coronary CT angiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15:1231-1237. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu111.
84. Pflederer T, Marwan M, Schepis T, Ropers D, Seltmann M, Muschiol G, Daniel WG, Achenbach S. Characterization of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes using coronary dual-source CT angiography. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211:437-444. doi: 10.1016/j. atherosclerosis.2010.02.001.
85. Leschka S, Seitun S, Dettmer M, Baumüller S, Stolzmann P, Goetti R, Scheffel H, Feuchtner G, Wunnicke K, Wildermuth S, Oehlschlegel C, Marincek B, Jochum W, Alkadhi H. Ex vivo evaluation of coronary atherosclerotic plaques: characterization with dual-source CT in comparison with histopathology. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2010;4:301-308. doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2010.05.016.
86. Hur J, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Nam JE, Choe KO, Seo JS, Choi DH, Kim JS, Choi BW. Quantification and characterization of obstructive coronary plaques using 64-slice computed tomography: a comparison with intravascular ultrasound. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2009;33:186-192. doi: 10.1097/RCT.0b013e31817c420f.
87. Obaid DR, Calvert PA, Gopalan D, Parker RA, West NE, Goddard M, Rudd JH, Bennett MR. Dual-energy computed tomography imaging to determine atherosclerotic plaque composition: a prospective study with tissue validation. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2014;8:230-237. doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2014.04.007.
88. Yamak D, Panse P, Pavlicek W, Boltz T, Akay M. Non-calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque characterization by dual energy computed tomography. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2014;18:939-945. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2013.2295534.
89. Boll DT, Merkle EM, Paulson EK, Mirza RA, Fleiter TR. Calcified vascular plaque specimens: assessment with cardiac dual-energy multidetector CT in anthropomorphically moving heart phantom. Radiology. 2008;249:119-126. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2483071576.
90. Tran DN, Straka M, Roos JE, Napel S, Fleischmann D. Dual-energy CT discrimination of iodine and calcium: experimental results and implications for lower extremity CT angiography. Acad Radiol. 2009;16:160-171. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2008.09.004.
91. Kappler S, Henning A, Krauss B, Schoeck F, Stierstorfer K, Weidinger T, Flohr T. Multi-energy performance of a research prototype CT scanner with small-pixel counting detector. SPIE Medical Imaging 8668. 2013:86680O
92. Danad I, Fayad ZA, Willemink MJ, Min JK. New Applications of Cardiac Computed Tomography: Dual-Energy, Spectral, and Molecular CT Imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:710-723. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.03.005.
93. Maurovich-Horvat P, Ferencik M, Voros S, Merkely B, Hoffmann U. Comprehensive plaque assessment by coronary CT angiography. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11:390-402. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.60.
94. Kataoka Y, Wolski K, Uno K, Puri R, Tuzcu EM, Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ. Spotty calcification as a marker of accelerated progression of coronary atherosclerosis: insights from serial intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1592-1597. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.012.
95. Puchner SB, Liu T, Mayrhofer T, Truong QA, Lee H, Fleg JL, Nagurney JT, Udelson JE, Hoffmann U, Ferencik M. High-risk plaque detected on coronary CT angiography predicts acute coronary syndromes independent of significant stenosis in acute chest pain: results from the ROMICAT-II trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:684-692. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2014.05.039.
96. Figueroa AL, Subramanian SS, Cury RC, Truong QA, Gardecki JA, Tearney GJ, Hoffmann U, Brady TJ, Tawakol A. Distribution of inflammation within carotid atherosclerotic plaques with high-risk morphological features: a comparison between positron emission tomography activity, plaque morphology, and histopathology. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:69-77. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.959478.
97. Tawakol A, Lo J, Zanni MV, Marmarelis E, Ihenachor EJ, MacNabb M, Wai B, Hoffmann U, Abbara S, Grinspoon S. Increased arterial inflammation relates to high-risk coronary plaque morphology in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66:164-171. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000138.
98. Schuhbaeck A, Dey D, Otaki Y, Slomka P, Kral BG, Achenbach S, Berman DS, Fishman EK, Lai S, Lai H. Interscan reproducibility of quantitative coronary plaque volume and composition from CT coronary angiography using an automated method. Eur Radiol. 2014;24:2300-2308. doi: 10.1007/s00330-014-3253-3.
99. Mintz GS, Nissen SE, Anderson WD, Bailey SR, Erbel R, Fitzgerald PJ, Pinto FJ, Rosenfield K, Siegel RJ, Tuzcu EM, Yock PG. American College of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Standards for Acquisition, Measurement and Reporting of Intravascular Ultrasound Studies (IVUS). A report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1478-1492.