The Contemporary Carbon Cycle

Treatise on Geochemistry

Volumn 8-9, Issue , 2003, Pages 473-513

  Houghton, R A ^a  

^a WOODS HOLE RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; ECOSYSTEMS; FOSSIL FUELS; INDUSTRIAL PLANTS; OILS AND FATS; SEDIMENTOLOGY;

ATMOSPHERIC CO 2; CARBON CYCLES; CARBON EXCHANGE; CARBON FORMS; ENERGY; FOSSIL CARBON; GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE; LONG TERM PROCESS; OIL GAS; TIME-SCALES;

CARBON;

EID: 84942412109     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08168-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (194)

1. Aber J.D., McDowell W.H., Nadelhoffer K.J., Magill A.H., Berntson G., Kamakea M., McNulty S., Currie W., Rustad L., Fernandex I. Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems. BioScience 1998, 48:921-934.
2. Achard F., Eva H.D., Stibig H.-J., Mayaux P., Gallego J., Richards T., Malingreau J.-P. Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests. Science 2002, 297:999-1002.
3. Ajtay G.L., Ketner P., Duvigneaud P. Terrestrial primary production and phytomass. The Global Carbon Cycle 1979, 129-182. Wiley, New York. B. Bolin, E.T. Degens, S. Kempe, P. Ketner (Eds.).
4. Andres R.J., Fielding D.J., Marland G., Boden T.A., Kumar N., Kearney A.T. Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel use, 1751-1950. Tellus 1999, 51B:759-765.
5. Arrhenius S. On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. Phil. Magazine J. Sci. 1896, 41:237-276.
6. Aumont O., Orr J.C., Monfray P., Ludwig W., Amiotte-Suchet P., Probst J.-L. Riverine-driven interhemispheric transport of carbon. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:393-405.
7. Barber V., Juday G.P., Finney B. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature 2000, 405:668-673.
8. 2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science 2001, 294:1688-1691.
9. 13C. Science 2000, 287:2467-2470.
10. Behrenfeld M.J., Randerson J.T., McClain C.R., Feldman G.C., Los S.O., Tucker C.J., Falkowski P.G., Field C.B., Frouin R., Esaias W.W., Kolber D.D., Pollack N.H. Biospheric primary production during an ENSO transition. Science 2001, 291:2594-2597.
11. Bergh J., Linder S., Lundmark T., Elfving B. The effect of water and nutrient availability on the productivity of Norway spruce in northern and southern Sweden. Forest Ecol. Manage. 1999, 119:51-62.
12. Bolin B. Carbon Cycle Modelling 1981, Wiley, New York.
13. 2 will remain in the atmosphere?. The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change, and Ecosystems 1986, 93-155. Wiley, Chichester, England. B. Bolin, B.R. Doos, J. Jager, R.A. Warrick (Eds.).
14. Bolin B., Degens E.T., Kempe S., Ketner P. The Global Carbon Cycle 1979, Wiley, New York.
15. Bolin B., Doos B.R., Jager J., Warrick R.A. The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change, and Ecosystems 1986, Wiley, New York.
16. Bopp L., Le Quéré C., Heimann M., Manning A.C. Climate-induced oceanic oxygen fluxes: implications for the contemporary carbon budget. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2002, 16. doi: 10.1029/2001GB001445.
17. 2 sources and sinks: 1. Method and control inversion. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:26161-26178.
18. 2 sources and sinks: 2. Sensitivity study. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:26179-26193.
19. Bousquet P., Peylin P., Ciais P., Le Quérè C., Friedlingstein P., Tans P.P. Regional changes in carbon dioxide fluxes of land and oceans since 1980. Science 2000, 290:1342-1346.
20. Boyd P.W., Watson A.J., Cliff S., Law C.S., Abraham E.R., Trulli T., Murdoch R., Bakker D.C.E., Bowie A.R., Buesseler K.O., Chang H., Charette M., Croot P., Downing K., Frew R., Gall M., Hadfield M., Hall J., Harvey M., Jameson G., Laroche J., Liddicoat M., Ling R., Maldonado M.T., Mckay R.M., Nodder S., Pickmere S., Pridmore R., Rintoul S., Safi K., Sutton P., Strzepek R.T., Tanneberger K., Turner S., Waite A., Zeldis J. A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization. Nature 2000, 407:695-702.
21. Braun S., Rihm B., Schindler C., Fluckiger W. Growth of mature beech in relation to ozone and nitrogen deposition: an epidemiological approach. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2000, 116:356-364.
22. Broecker W.S. A Ewing Symposium on the contemporary carbon cycle. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:1031-1032.
23. Broecker W.S., Takahashi T., Simpson H.H., Peng T.-H. Fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Science 1979, 206:409-418.
24. Broecker W.S., Sutherland S., Smethie W., Peng T.H., Ostlund G. Oceanic radiocarbon: separation of the natural and bomb components. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1995, 9:263-288.
25. Brown S. Management of forests for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Climatic Change 1995. Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-technical Analyses 1996, 773-797. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums (Eds.).
26. Bryant D.M., Holland E.A., Seastedt T.R., Walker M.D. Analysis of litter decomposition in an alpine tundra. Canadian J. Botany 1998, 76:1295-1304.
27. Callendar G.S. The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature. Quarterly J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1938, 64:223-240.
28. 2 on old and new soil carbon pools. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2001, 33:365-373.
29. Caspersen J.P., Pacala S.W., Jenkins J.C., Hurtt G.C., Moorcroft P.R., Birdsey R.A. Contributions of land-use history to carbon accumulation in US forests. Science 2000, 290:1148-1151.
30. Chisholm S.W. Stirring times in the Southern Ocean. Nature 2000, 407:685-687.
31. 2 measurements. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10:1574-1589.
32. Clark D. Are tropical forests an important carbon sink? Reanalysis of the long-term plot data. Ecol. Appl. 2002, 12:3-7.
33. 2 latitude gradient in recent decades. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1999, 13:821-826.
34. Conway T.J., Tans P.P., Waterman L.S., Thoning K.W., Kitzis D.R., Masarie K.A., Zhang N. Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Global Air Sampling Network. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99:22831-22855.
35. 2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO (CD-ROM).
36. Cox P.M., Betts R.A., Jones C.D., Spall S.A., Totterdell I.J. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000, 408:184-187.
37. 2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biol. 2001, 7:357-373.
38. Curtis P.S. A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and nitrogen in trees grown under elevated carbon dioxide. Plant Cell Environ. 1996, 19:127-137.
39. Davidson E.A. Linkages between carbon and nitrogen cycling and their implications for storage of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming? 1995, 219-230. Oxford University Press, New York. G.M. Woodwell, F.T. Mackenzie (Eds.).
40. Davidson E.A., Hirsch A.I. Fertile forest experiments. Nature 2001, 411:431-433.
41. DeFries R.S., Field C.B., Fung I., Collatz G.J., Bounoua L. Combining satellite data and biogeochemical models to estimate global effects of human-induced land cover change on carbon emissions and primary productivity. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1999, 13:803-815.
42. DeFries R.S., Houghton R.A., Hansen M.C., Field C.B., Skole D., Townshend J. Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation and regrowth based on satellite observations for the 1980s and 90s. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2002, 99:14256-14261.
43. 2 due to seasonal exchange with land biota. Nature 1995, 376:240-243.
44. Department of Energy (DOE) (1999) Carbon Sequestration Research and Development. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia ( ). http://www.ornl.gov/carbon_sequestration/.
45. Detwiler R.P., Hall C.A.S. Tropical forests and the global carbon cycle. Science 1988, 239:42-47.
46. 2 concentration. Plant Soil 1996, 187:111-118.
47. Driscoll C.T., Lawrence G.B., Bulger A.J., Butler T.J., Cronan C.S., Eagar C., Lambert K.F., Likens G.E., Stoddard J.L., Weathers K.C. Acidic deposition in the northeastern United States: sources and inputs, ecosystem effects, and management strategies. BioScience 2001, 51:180-198.
48. 2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101:4115-4128.
49. Eva H.D., Achard F., Stibig H.J., Mayaux P. Response to comment on Achard et al. (2002). Science 2003, 299:1015b.
50. Falkowski P.G., Barber R.T., Smetacek V. Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science 1998, 281:200-206.
51. Falkowski P., Scholes R.J., Boyle E., Canadell J., Canfield D., Elser J., Gruber N., Hibbard K., Högberg P., Linder S., Mackenzie F.T., Moore B., Pedersen T., Rosenthal Y., Seitzinger S., Smetacek V., Steffen W. The global carbon cycle: a test of our knowledge of earth as a system. Science 2000, 290:291-296.
52. 2 data and models. Science 1998, 282:442-446.
53. FAO (2001) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Main Report, FAO Forestry Paper 140, Rome.
54. Fearnside P.M. Global warming and tropical land-use change: greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning, decomposition and soils in forest conversion, shifting cultivation and secondary vegetation. Climat. Change 2000, 46:115-158.
55. Fearnside P.M., Laurance W.F. Comment on Achard et al. (2002). Science 2003, 299:1015a.
56. Fenn M.E., Poth M.A., Aber J.D., Baron J.S., Bormann B.T., Johnson D.W., Lemly A.D., McNulty S.G., Ryan D.F., Stottlemyer R. Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: predisposing factors, ecosystem responses and management strategies. Ecol. Appl. 1998, 8:706-733.
57. Field C.B., Behrenfeld M.J., Randerson J.T., Falkowski P.G. Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 1998, 281:237-240.
58. Fog K. The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 1988, 63:433-462.
59. Folland C.K., Karl T.R. Observed climate variability and change. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the 3rd Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001, 99-181. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York. J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, C.A. Johnson (Eds.).
60. th century. The Changing Carbon Cycle. A Global Analysis 1986, 66-88. Springer, New York. J.R. Trabalka, D.E. Reichle (Eds.).
61. Gaudinski J.B., Trumbore S.E., Davidson E.A., Zheng S. Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest: radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times, sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes. Biogeochemistry 2000, 51:33-69.
62. Goldemberg J., Johansson T.B., Reddy A.K.N., Williams R.H. An end-use oriented global energy strategy. Ann. Rev. Energy 1985, 10:613-688.
63. Goodale C.L., Apps M.J., Birdsey R.A., Field C.B., Heath L.S., Houghton R.A., Jenkins J.C., Kohlmaier G.H., Kurz W., Liu S., Nabuurs G.-J., Nilsson S., Shvidenko A.Z. Forest carbon sinks in the northern hemisphere. Ecol. Appl. 2002, 12:891-899.
64. Goulden M.L., Munger J.W., Fan S.-M., Daube B.C., Wofsy S.C. Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to interannual climate variability. Science 1996, 271:1576-1578.
65. Goulden M.L., Wofsy S.C., Harden J.W., Trumbor S.E., Crill P.M., Gower S.T., Fries T., Daube B.C., Fau S., Sulton D.J., Bazzaz A., Munger J.W. Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science 1998, 279:214-217.
66. Grace J., Lloyd J., McIntyre J., Miranda A.C., Meir P., Miranda H.S., Nobre C., Moncrieff J., Massheder J., Malhi Y., Wright I., Gash J. Carbon dioxide uptake by an undisturbed tropical rain forest in southwest Amazonia, 1992 to 1993. Science 1995, 270:778-780.
67. 2 in the oceans. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1996, 10:809-837.
68. 2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models. Nature 2002, 415:626-630.
69. Hall C.A.S., Uhlig J. Refining estimates of carbon released from tropical land-use change. Canadian J. Forest Res. 1991, 21:118-131.
70. Heath L.S., Smith J.E. An assessment of uncertainty in forest carbon budget projections. Environ. Sci. Policy 2000, 3:73-82.
71. Herzog H., Eliasson B., Kaarstad O. Capturing greenhouse gases. Sci. Am. 2000, 282(2):72-79.
72. Hicke J.A., Asner G.P., Randerson J.T., Tucker C., Los S., Birdsey R., Jenkins J.C., Field C., Holland E. Satellite-derived increases in net primary productivity across North America, 1982-1998. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 10.1029/2001GL013578.
73. Holland E.A., Braswell B.H., Lamarque J.F., Townsend A., Sulzman J., Muller J.F., Dentener F., Brasseur G., Levy H., Penner J.E., Roelots G.J. Variations in the predicted spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and their impact on carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:15849-15866.
74. 2 concentrations. J. Geophys. Res. 1987, 92:4223-4230.
75. Houghton R.A. Converting terrestrial ecosystems from sources to sinks of carbon. Ambio 1996, 25:267-272.
76. Houghton R.A. The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850-1990. Tellus 1999, 51B:298-313.
77. Houghton R.A. Interannual variability in the global carbon cycle. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:20121-20130.
78. Houghton R.A. Revised estimates of the annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850-2000. Tellus 2003, 55B:378-390.
79. Houghton R. A. and Hackler J. L. (1995) Continental Scale Estimates of the Biotic Carbon Flux from Land Cover Change: 1850-1980. ORNL/CDIAC-79, NDP-050, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 144pp.
80. Houghton R. A. and Hackler J. L. (2001) Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-use Changes: 1850-1990. ORNL/CDIAC-131, NDP-050/R1, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, TN.
81. Houghton R.A., Skole D.L. Carbon. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action 1990, 393-408. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. B.L. Turner, W.C. Clark, R.W. Kates, J.F. Richards, J.T. Mathews, W.B. Meyer (Eds.).
82. 2 to the atmosphere. Ecol. Monogr. 1983, 53:235-262.
83. Houghton R.A., Davidson E.A., Woodwell G.M. Missing sinks, feedbacks, and understanding the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon balance. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1998, 12:25-34.
84. Houghton R.A., Hackler J.L., Lawrence K.T. The US carbon budget: contributions from land-use change. Science 1999, 285:574-578.
85. Houghton R.A., Skole D.L., Nobre C.A., Hackler J.L., Lawrence K.T., Chomentowski W.H. Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon. Nature 2000, 403:301-304.
86. 2 sources and sinks. Tellus 2003, 55B:345-363.
87. 2. Nature 2001, 409:188-191.
88. Hurtt G.C., Pacala S.W., Moorcroft P.R., Caspersen J., Shevliakova E., Houghton R.A., Moore B. Projecting the future of the US carbon sink. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2002, 99:1389-1394.
89. Jarvis P., Linder S. Constraints to growth of boreal forests. Nature 2000, 405:904-905.
90. Jobbággy E.G., Jackson R.B. The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10:423-436.
91. 2. Science 1999, 284:464-467.
92. Joos F., Meyer R., Bruno M., Leuenberger M. The variability in the carbon sinks as reconstructed for the last 1000 years. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26:1437-1440.
93. Joos F., Prentice I.C., House J.I. Growth enhancement due to global atmospheric change as predicted by terrestrial ecosystem models: consistent with US forest inventory data. Global Change Biol. 2002, 8:299-303.
94. Keeling C.D. Industrial production of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and limestone. Tellus 1973, 25:174-198.
95. 2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data. Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas 1989, 165-236. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, Geophysical Monograph 55. D.H. Peterson (Ed.).
96. 2 observations. Nature 1996, 382:146-149.
97. 2 with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to 2000: I. Global Aspects . Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Technical Report SIO Reference Series, No. 01-06 (Revised from SIO Reference Series, No. 00-21), San Diego.
98. 2 inventory associated with recent global warming. Proc. US Natl. Acad. Sci. 2002, 99:7848-7853.
99. Keeling R.F., Shertz S.R. Seasonal and interannual variations in atmospheric oxygen and implications for the global carbon cycle. Nature 1992, 358:723-727.
100. 2 concentration. Nature 1996, 381:218-221.
101. Kempe S. Carbon in the rock cycle. The Global Carbon Cycle 1979, 343-377. Wiley, New York. B. Bolin, E.T. Degens, S. Kempe, P. Ketner (Eds.).
102. Knorr W., Heimann M. Uncertainties in global terrestrial biosphere modeling: 1. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis with a new photosynthesis and energy balance scheme. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:207-225.
103. 2: a synthesis and summary. Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems 1996, 415-429. Academic Press, San Diego. G.W. Koch, H.A. Mooney (Eds.).
104. Köhl M., Päivinen R. Study on European Forestry Information and Communication System 1997, Volumes 1 and 2:1328pp. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
105. Kohlmaier G.H., Weber M., Houghton R.A. Carbon Dioxide Mitigation in Forestry and Wood Industry 1998, Springer, Berlin.
106. 2-enrichment. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10:1590-1619.
107. Kurz W.A., Apps M.J. A 70-year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian forest sector. Ecol. Appl. 1999, 9:526-547.
108. Laws E.A., Falkowski P.G., Smith W.O., Ducklow H., McCarthy J.J. Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14:1231-1246.
109. 2 in the Oceans 1977, 97-130. Plenum Press, New York. N.R. Andersen, A. Malahoff (Eds.).
110. Levitus S., Antonov J.I., Boyer T.P., Stephens C. Warming of the world ocean. Science 2000, 287:2225-2229.
111. Lloyd A.H., Fastie C.L. Spatial and temporal variability in the growth and climate response of treeline trees in Alaska. Climatic Change 2002, 52:481-509.
112. Longhurst A., Sathyendranath S., Platt T., Caverhill C. An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. J. Plankton Res. 1995, 17:1245-1271.
113. 2]. Global Change Biol. 1999, 5:143-156.
114. Luo Y., Wan S., Hui D., Wallace L.L. Acclimatization of soil respiration to warming in a tall grass prairie. Nature 2001, 413:622-625.
115. Magill A.H., Aber J.D., Hendricks J.J., Bowden R.D., Melillo J.M., Steudler P.A. Biogeochemical response of forest ecosystems to simulated chronic nitrogen deposition. Ecol. Appl. 1997, 7:402-415.
116. Magill A., Aber J., Berntson G., McDowell W., Nadelhoffer K., Melillo J., Steudler P. Long-term nitrogen additions and nitrogen saturation in two temperate forests. Ecosystems 2000, 3:238-253.
117. Makipaa R. Effect of nitrogen input on carbon accumulation of boreal forest soils and ground vegetation. Forest Ecol. Manage. 1995, 79:217-226.
118. Malhi Y., Nobre A.D., Grace J., Kruijt B., Pereira M.G.P., Culf A., Scott S. Carbon dioxide transfer over a central Amazonian rain forest. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:31593-31612.
119. Malhi Y., Phillips O., Kruijt B., and Grace J. (2001) The magnitude of the carbon sink in intact tropical forests: results from recent field studies. In 6th International Carbon Dioxide Conference, Extended Abstracts. Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, pp. 360-363.
120. Marland G., Andres R. J., Boden T. A., and Johnston C. (1998) Global, Regional and National CO 2 Emission Estimates from Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1751-1995 (revised January 1998). ORNL/CDIAC NDP-030/R8, http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp030.html.
121. 2 change: the iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography 1990, 5:1-13.
122. Masarie K.A., Tans P.P. Extension and integration of atmospheric carbon dioxide data into a globally consistent measurement record. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100:11593-11610.
123. 2 uptake. Tellus 1999, 51B:722-733.
124. 2, climate and land use effects with four process-based ecosystem models. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:183-206.
125. Mclaughlin S., Percy K. Forest health in North America: some perspectives on actual and potential roles of climate and air pollution. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2000, 116:151-197.
126. 2 uptake by the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set. Science 2003, 299:235-239.
127. McNulty S.G., Aber J.D., Newman S.D. Nitrogen saturation in a high elevation spruce-fir stand. Forest Ecol. Manage. 1996, 84:109-121.
128. Miller S. D., Goulden M. L., Menton M. C., da Rocha H. R., Freitas H. C., Figueira A. M., and Sousa C. A. D. Tower-based and biometry-based measurements of tropical forest carbon balance. Ecol. Appl. (in press).
129. Mooney H.A., Canadell J., Chapin F.S., Ehleringer J., Körner C., McMurtrie R., Parton W.J., Pitelka L., Schulze E.D. Ecosystem physiology responses to global change. Implications of Global Change for Natural and Managed Ecosystems: A Synthesis of GCTE and Related Research 1999, 141-189. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. B.H. Walker, W.L.J. Steffen, J.S.I. Ingram (Eds.).
130. Myneni R.B., Los S.O., Asrar G. Potential gross primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation from 1982-1990. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22:2617-2620.
131. Myneni R.B., Keeling C.D., Tucker C.J., Asrar G., Nemani R.R. Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature 1997, 386:698-702.
132. Nadelhoffer K.J., Emmett B.A., Gundersen P., Kjønaas O.J., Koopmans C.J., Schleppi P., Teitema A., Wright R.F. Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forests. Nature 1999, 398:145-148.
133. Changing Climate 1983, National Research Council (NRC), National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
134. 2 in the past two centuries. Nature 1985, 315:45-47.
135. Nepstad D.C., Verissimo A., Alencar A., Nobre C., Lima E., Lefebvre P., Schlesinger P., Potter C., Moutinho P., Mendoza E., Cochrane M., Brooks V. Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire. Nature 1999, 398:505-508.
136. Oechel W.C., Hastings S.J., Vourlitis G., Jenkins M., Riechers G., Grulke N. Recent change of arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source. Nature 1993, 361:520-523.
137. 2 fertilization in Arctic tundra. Nature 1994, 371:500-503.
138. 2-enriched atmosphere. Nature 2001, 411:469-472.
139. Orr J.C. OCMIP carbon analysis gets underway. Research GAIM 2000, 3(2):4-5.
140. Orr J.C., Dutay J.-C. OCMIP mid-project workshop. Res. GAIM Newslett. 1999, 3:4-5.
141. Orr J., Maier-Reimer E., Mikolajewicz U., Monfray P., Sarmiento J.L., Toggweiler J.R., Taylor N.K., Palmer J., Gruber N., Sabine C.L., Le Quéré C., Key R.M., Boutin J. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four 3-D global ocean models. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:43-60.
142. Pacala S.W., Hurtt G.C., Baker D., Peylin P., Houghton R.A., Birdsey R.A., Heath L., Sundquist E.T., Stallard R.F., Ciais P., Moorcroft P., Caspersen J.P., Shevliakova E., Moore B., Kohlmaier G., Holland E., Gloor M., Harmon M.E., Fan S.-M., Sarmiento J.L., Goodale C.L., Schimel D., Field C.B. Consistent land- and atmosphere-based US carbon sink estimates. Science 2001, 292:2316-2320.
143. Page S.E., Siegert F., Rieley L.O., Boehm H.-D.V., Jaya A., Limin S. The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature 2002, 420:61-65.
144. Peterson B.J., Melillo J.M. The potential storage of carbon by eutrophication of the biosphere. Tellus 1985, 37B:117-127.
145. Phillips D.L., Brown S.L., Schroeder P.E., Birdsey R.A. Toward error analysis of large-scale forest carbon budgets. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 2000, 9:305-313.
146. Phillips O.L., Malhi Y., Higuchi N., Laurance W.F., Núñez P.V., Vásquez R.M., Laurance S.G., Ferreira L.V., Stern M., Brown S., Grace J. Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forests: evidence from land-term plots. Science 1998, 282:439-442.
147. Phillips O.L., Malhi Y., Vinceti B., Baker T., Lewis S.L., Higuchi N., Laurance W.F., Vargas P.N., Martinez R.V., Laurance S., Ferreira L.V., Stern M., Brown S., Grace J. Changes in growth of tropical forests: evaluating potential biases. Ecol. Appl. 2002, 12:576-587.
148. Plattner G.-K., Joos F., Stocker T.F. Revision of the global carbon budget due to changing air-sea oxygen fluxes. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2002, 16(4):1096. doi:10.1029/2001GB001746.
149. Post W.M., Emanuel W.R., Zinke P.J., Stangenberger A.G. Soil carbon pools and world life zones. Nature 1982, 298:156-159.
150. Powell D.S., Faulkner J.L., Darr D.R., Zhu Z., MacCleery D.W. Forest resources of the US, 1992. General Technical Report RM-234 1993, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
151. Prather M., Ehhalt D. Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the 3rd Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001, 239-287. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York. J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, C.A. Johnson (Eds.).
152. Prentice I.C., Farquhar G.D., Fasham M.J.R., Goulden M.L., Heimann M., Jaramillo V.J., Kheshgi H.S., Le Quéré C., Scholes R.J., Wallace D.W.R. The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the 3rd Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001, 183-237. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York. J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, C.A. Johnson (Eds.).
153. Raich J.W., Schlesinger W.H. The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus 1992, 44B:81-99.
154. Randerson J.T., Thompson M.V., Conway T.J., Fung I.Y., Field C.B. The contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1997, 11:535-560.
155. 2 at high northern latitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26:2765-2768.
156. 2 variations over the past few centuries. Nature 1985, 315:309-311.
157. 2 during the past decades. Tellus 1957, 9:18-27.
158. Rice A. H., Pyle E. H., Saleska S. R., Hutyra L., de Camargo P. B., Portilho K., Marques D. F., and Wofsy S. C. Carbon balance and vegetation dynamics in an old-growth Amazonian forest. Ecol. Appl. (in press).
159. 2. Nature 2002, 416:617-620.
160. Saleska S. R., Miller S. D., Matross D. M., Goulden M. L., Wofsy S. C., da Rocha H., de Camargo P. B., Crill P. M., Daube B. C., Freitas C., Hutyra L., Keller M., Kirchhoff V., Menton M., Munger J. W., Pyle E. H., Rice A. H., and Silva H. Carbon fluxes in old-growth Amazonian rainforests: unexpected seasonality and disturbance-induced net carbon loss (in press).
161. Sampson R.N., Scholes R.J. Additional human-induced activities-article 3.4. Land Use, Land-use Change, and Forestry. A Special Report of the IPCC 2000, 181-281. Cambridge University Press, New York. R.T. Watson, I.R. Noble, B. Bolin, N.H. Ravindranath, D.J. Verardo, D.J. Dokken (Eds.).
162. Sarmiento J.L. Ocean carbon cycle. Chem. Eng. News 1993, 71:30-43.
163. Sarmiento J.L., Sundquist E.T. Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Nature 1992, 356:589-593.
164. Sarmiento J.L., Hughes T.M.C., Stouffer R.J., Manabe S. Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming. Nature 1998, 393:245-249.
165. Saugier B., Roy J., Mooney H.A. Estimations of global terrestrial productivity: converging toward a single number?. Terrestrial Global Productivity 2001, 543-557. Academic Press, San Diego, California. J. Roy, B. Saugier, H.A. Mooney (Eds.).
166. Man's Impact on the Global Environment 1970, SCEP (Study of Critical Environmental Problems), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
167. 2 and the carbon cycle. Climate Change 1995 1996, 76-86. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.T. Houghton, L.G.M. Filho, B.A. Callendar, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, K. Maskell (Eds.).
168. 2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States. Science 2000, 287:2004-2006.
169. Schimel D.S., House J.I., Hibbard K.A., Bousquet P., Ciais P., Peylin P., Braswell B.H., Apps M.J., Baker D., Bondeau A., Canadell J., Churkina G., Cramer W., Denning A.S., Field C.B., Friedlingstein P., Goodale C., Heimann M., Houghton R.A., Melillo J.M., Moore B., Murdiyarso D., Noble I., Pacala S.W., Prentice I.C., Raupach M.R., Rayner P.J., Scholes R.J., Steffen W.L., Wirth C. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 2001, 414:169-172.
170. 2. Nature 2001, 411:466-469.
171. 2. Science 2003, 298:1987-1990.
172. Shvidenko A.Z., Nilsson S. Are the Russian forests disappearing?. Unasylva 1997, 48:57-64.
173. Smith H.J., Fischer H., Wahlen M., Mastroianni D., Deck B. Nature 1999, 400:248-250.
174. Growth Trends in European Forest-Studies from 12 Countries 1996, Springer, Berlin. H. Spiecker, K. Mielikainen, M. Kohl, J. Skovsgaard (Eds.).
175. 2 concentration. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1998, 12:213-230.
176. Sundquist E.T. Geologic analogs: their value and limitation in carbon dioxide research. The Changing Carbon Cycle. A Global Analysis 1986, 371-402. Springer, New York. J.R. Trabalka, D.E. Reichle (Eds.).
177. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present 1985, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, Geophysical Monograph 32.
178. Tamm C.O., Aronsson A., Popovic B. Nitrogen saturation in a long-term forest experiment with annual additions of nitrogen. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1995, 85:1683-1688.
179. 2 budget. Science 1990, 247:1431-1438.
180. 2 during the 1980s. Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System 1995, 351-366. Oxford University Press, New York, Will the Warming Feed the Warming. G.M. Woodwell, F.T. Mackenzie (Eds.).
181. Tans P. P., Bakwin P. S., Bruhwiler L., Conway T. J., Dlugokencky E. J., Guenther D. W., Kitzis D. R., Lang P. M., Masarie K. A., Miller J. B., Novelli P. C., Thoning K. W., Vaughn B. H., White J. W. C., and Zhao C. (2001) Carbon cycle. In Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Summary Report No. 25 1998-1999 (eds. R. C. Schnell, D. B. King, and R. M. Rosson). NOAA, Boulder, CO, pp. 24-46.
182. 2. Global Planet. Change 2000, 26:375-386.
183. Tian H., Melillo J.M., Kicklighter D.W., McGuire A.D., Helfrich J.V.K., Moore B., Vorosmarty C.J. Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems. Nature 1998, 396:664-667.
184. 2 and temperature in the Alaskan tussock tundra. Ecology 1987, 68:401-410.
185. Trabalka J.R. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle 1985, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, DOE/ER-0239.
186. Text of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992, 29pp. UNFCCC, (UNEP/WMO Information Unit on Climate Change.), Geneva, Switzerland.
187. Valentini R., Matteucci G., Dolman A.J., Schulze E.-D., Rebmann C., Moors E.J., Granier A., Gross P., Jensen N.O., Pilegaard K., Lindroth A., Grelle A., Bernhofer C., Grünwald T., Aubinet M., Ceulemans R., Kowalski A.S., Vesala T., Rannik Ü., Berbigier P., Loustau D., Gudmundsson J., Thorgeirsson H., Ibrom A., Morgenstern K., Clement R., Moncrieff J., Montagnani L., Minerbi S., Jarvis P.G. Respiration as the main determinant of European forests carbon balance. Nature 2000, 404:861-865.
188. Wanninkhof R. Relationship between wind-speed and gas-exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:7373-7382.
189. Watson R.T., Rodhe H., Oeschger H., Siegenthaler U. Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment 1990, 1-40. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums (Eds.).
190. Watson R. T., Noble I. R., Bolin B., Ravindranath N. H., Verardo D. J., and Dokken D. J. (eds.) (2000) Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. A Special Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, New York.
191. White A., Cannell M.G.R., Friend A.D. Climate change impacts on ecosystems and the terrestrial carbon sink: a new assessment. Global Environ. Change 1999, 9:S21-S30.
192. Woodwell G.M. Biotic effects on the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide: a review and projection. Changing Climate 1983, 216-241. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
193. Woodwell G.M., Mackenzie F.T. Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System. Will the Warming Feed the Warming? 1995, Oxford University Press, New York.
194. Woodwell G. M. and Pecan E. V. (eds.) (1973) Carbon and the Biosphere, US Atomic Energy Commission, Symposium Series 30. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.