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We used three biogeochemical models (Biome-BGC, Century, and TEM) for our analyses here. Detailed description of the three models can be found in Running and Hunt [S. W. Running and E. R. Hunt Jr., in Scaling Processes Between Leaf and Landscape Levels, J. R. Ehleringer and C. Field, Eds. (Academic Press, Ortando, FL, 1993), pp. 141-158] for Biome-BGC, in Parton et al. [W. J. Parton, D. S. Schimel, D. S. Ojima, C. V. Cole, in Quantitative Modeling of Soil Forming Processes, R. B. Bryant and R. W. Arnold, Eds. (Special Publication 39, Soil Science Society of America, Madison. WI, 1994), pp. 147-167] for Century; and in (6) for the TEM.
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The VEMAP data layer for current vegetation cover was developed from the 1990 1-km EROS Data Center (EDC) Conterminous U.S. Seasonal Land Cover Classification (13) (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/glis/ hyper/guide/landchar). The 154 classes from the 1-km EDC classification were assigned to 33 VEMAP current vegetation types (22 unmanaged classes, 11 managed classes) by VEMAP participants. The reclassed 1-km data were then aggregated to the standard VEMAP 0.5° grid cells by majority.
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21
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0343169747
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Managed vegetation classes were subdivided by regional management practices and growing season length. This was done based on data from the 1995 Cropping Practices Survey (http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/data-sets/inputs/93018/) conducted by the Resource Information System Section of the Resources and Technology Division of the Economic Research Service for all crops except sorghum and hay (USDA, 1991 (r 1995i* Cropping Practices Survey, unofficial USDA data files). Sorghum information is from the 1991 Cropping Practices Survey (http://usda. mannlib.cornell.edu/data-sets/inputs/93018/), and hay practices are based on yield data from state-level reports (1995 USDA Annual Crop Summary by state, National Agricultural Statistics Service) (http://usda. mannlib.cornell.edu:70/0/data-sets/crops/9X180/ 97180/2/fieldcrp.txt). Where management practices (irrigation, fertilization, planting or harvest date, tillage practices, or rotation) differed considerably within a land cover class, the land cover class was spatially subdivided to capture these significant differences.
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note
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VEMAP is sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute, NASA, and the U.S. Forest Service. Additional support for VEMAP data set development comes from NOAA, NSF, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). NCAR is sponsored by NSF. We thank NOAA's National Climate Data Center for their assistance with climate station data and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service for access to snowpack data. We thank C. Daly and W. Gibson (Oregon Climate Service, Oregon State University), A. Royle (currently with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), H. Fisher (NCAR), and NSF's Geophysical Statistics Project at NCAR for their crucial role in data set preparation.
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