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note
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2 and by processes other than turbulent transport are likely small Exchange (NEE and GEE) from the atmosphere is considered a negative flux Ecosystem processes such as carbon storage (NEP) and photosynthesis (gross production) are discussed as positive.
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85069132408
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note
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2 concentration at eight altitudes (4). Hourly eddy flux and storage change were summed to calculate NEE.
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13
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85069139030
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note
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The sum of autotrophic dark respiration and heterotrophic respiration.
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14
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85069130543
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note
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The sum of photosynthetic carboxylation and oxygenation.
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-1 in 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively.
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19
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85069143317
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Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA
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NOAA Meteorological Data (Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA). Snow depth, precipitation, and maximum and minimum temperature 1.6 km from the site has been recorded daily since 1964
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NOAA Meteorological Data
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20
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85069138318
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note
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-1) (8).
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21
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85069134080
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note
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Annual GEE and R were integrated over different intervals (10) and therefore do not sum exactly to NEE
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85069131257
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note
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We used a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the probability that differences in flux were a result of sampling uncertainties caused by discontinuous observations (8), Differences in cumulative uptake were considered significant if fewer than 5% of the Monte Carlo simulations overlapped and, to guard against misinterpretations of a shift in measurement gain (8) as a shift in activity, the fluxes differed by at least 10% Intervals were considered anomalous if they differed from at least two of the other years We used this approach to determine the significance of both annual (Table 1) and seasonal (Fig 2, bottom) shifts in NEE, R, and GEE. Patterns similar to those in Fig. 2 were obtained after changing the demarcations between seasons and also when significance was determined by Student's t test.
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23
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85069128925
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Daily mean above 0°C integrated since DOY 100
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Daily mean above 0°C integrated since DOY 100.
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24
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85069137955
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note
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2. Primes and σ denote instantaneous deviations and standard deviations from the 30-min mean quantity, respectively (9).
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25
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0027802798
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10 is the fractional change in the rate of respiration for a temperature change of 10°C, a value near 2 0 is typical of temperate soils [J W. Raich and W. H Schlesinger Tellus B 44, 81 (1992)].
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This work was supported by grants to Harvard University from the U.S. National Science Foundation (BSR-8919300, DEB-9411975), the U.S National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAGW-3082), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the Northeast Regional Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change (NIGEC, DOE Cooperative Agreement DE-FC03-90ER61010), and the Terrestrial Carbon Processes program (DE-FG02-95ER62002), and by Harvard University (Harvard Forest and Division of Applied Sciences) We thank A Goldstein, D Button, M Potosnak, and S Roy for technical support, and K. Moore and D. Fitzjarrald for unpublished data and helpful discussions
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This work was supported by grants to Harvard University from the U.S. National Science Foundation (BSR-8919300, DEB-9411975), the U.S National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAGW-3082), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the Northeast Regional Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change (NIGEC, DOE Cooperative Agreement DE-FC03-90ER61010), and the Terrestrial Carbon Processes program (DE-FG02-95ER62002), and by Harvard University (Harvard Forest and Division of Applied Sciences) We thank A Goldstein, D Button, M Potosnak, and S Roy for technical support, and K. Moore and D. Fitzjarrald for unpublished data and helpful discussions
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