Global carbon sinks and their variability inferred from atmospheric O2 and δ13C

Science

Volumn 287, Issue 5462, 2000, Pages 2467-2470

  Battle, M ^a,f   Bender, M L ^a   Tans, P P ^b   White, J W C ^c   Ellis, J T ^d   Conway, T ^b   Francey, R J ^e  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^e CSIRO   (Australia)

^f BOWDOIN COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; OXYGEN;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON SINK; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION;

ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION; ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; BIOSPHERE; COMBUSTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEA; SOIL;

ATMOSPHERE; CARBON; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON ISOTOPES; ECOSYSTEM; NITROGEN; OCEANS AND SEAS; OXYGEN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS;

EID: 0034737821     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5462.2467     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. G. Marland et al., in Fifth International Carbon Dioxide Conference Extended Abstracts, R. Baum, I. Enting, R. Francey, M. Hopkins, P. Holper, Eds. (CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia, 1997), p. 4.
2. 2 by 0.471 ppm.
3. L. Machta and E. Hughes, Science 168, 199 (1970).
4. R. F. Keeling and S. R. Shertz, Nature 358, 723 (1992).
5. C. D. Keeling, S. C. Piper, M. Heimann, in Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and Western Americas, D. H. Peterson, Ed. [Geophys. Monog. Am. Geophys. U. 55 (1989)], pp. 305-363.
6. 2 makes up 20.9% of air.
7. R. F. Keeling et al., Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 7, 37 (1993).
8. M. Bender et al., Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 10, 9 (1996).
9. P. Ciais et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100, 5051 (1995).
10. M. Heimann and E. Maier-Reimer, Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 10, 89 (1996).
11. M. Trolier et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 25897 (1996).
12. K. Masarie et al., in preparation.
13. R. Francey et al., Nature 373, 326 (1995).
14. P. Ciais et al., Science 269, 1098 (1995).
15. R. F. Keeling, S. C. Piper, M. Heimann, Nature 381, 218 (1996).
16. R. F. Keeling, thesis, Harvard University (1988).
17. J. P. Severinghaus, thesis, Columbia University (1995).
18. 2 data are measured relative to a different standard, we adjust those data by 66.7 per meg [the mean difference between the URI and Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) records at Cape Grim during the 5-year period of overlap]. The adjusted SIO data that predate URI measurements are appended to the beginning of the URI record, and fits are made to the composite record.
19. 2 reaches a minimum at each station (an ̃10-week interval starting on 16 February and 21 August at Barrow and Cape Grim, respectively). Results shown are the average of these two methods. We consider criterion (ii) in order to select times when the deep mixed layer makes it most likely that the ocean will be in equilibrium with the atmosphere and the effect of ventilation imbalances will be minimized.
20. P. P. Tans, J. A. Berry, R. F. Keeling, Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 7, 353 (1993).
21. T. J. Conway et al., J. Geophys. Res. 99, 22831 (1994).
22. R. Langenfelds et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1897 (1999).
23. M. Battle et al., Nature 383, 231 (1996).
24. P. Rayner, I. Enting, R. Francey, R. Langenfelds, Tellus 51, 213 (1999).
25. J. Sarmiento and E. Sundquist, Nature 356, 589 (1992).
26. K. W. Thoning, P. P. Tans, W. D. Komhyr, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 8549 (1989).
27. R. Francey et al., NOAA Tech. Rep. 22 (1994).
28. For fitting purposes, the first year of each record is taken as representative of the previous 2 years of (nonexistant) data. Similarly for the last year of data. Thus, short-term fluctuations at the beginnings and ends of the records can greatly distort the fit.
29. D. S. Schimel, Global Change Biol. 1, 77 (1995).
30. C. Keeling et al., Nature 375, 666 (1995).
31. M. L. Bender et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 4751 (1995).
32. R. J. Andres, personal communication.
33. R. Wanninkhof, Tellus 37B, 128 (1985).
34. U. Sieghethaler and K. Münnich, in Carbon Cycle Modeling, B. Bolin, Ed. (Wiley, New York, 1981), pp. 249-257.
35. Samples were collected from the following stations: Alert (82°28′N, 62°30′W), Barrow (79°19′N, 156°36′W), American Samoa (14°15′S, 170°34′W), Cape Grim (40°41′S, 144°41′E), Baring Head (41°20′S, 174°50′E), and Syowa (69°00′S, 39°35′E).
36. The result of Langenfelds et al., applied to the years 1978-1997. Using the results from this work for the period 1991.5-1997, we infer the values for the period 1978-1991.5. This is the quantity shown in Fig. 3. Errors for the Langenfelds et al., result and our work are highly correlated because of common data and methods.
37. We thank the staffs of the various observatories for their careful collection of air samples and R. Keeling, R. Langenfelds, and M. Heimann for helpful discussions. Supported by grants from NSF, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the NOAA Global Change Research Program.