Hybrid modes of organization

The Handbook of Organizational Economics

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1066-1105

  Ménard, Claude ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON SORBONNE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84940855225     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (157)

1. Achrol, Ravi S. 1997. "Changes in the Theory of Interorganizational Relations in Marketing: Toward a Network Paradigm." Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 25: 56-71.
2. Adler, Paul S. 2001. "Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism." Organization Science 12: 214-234.
3. Alchian, Armen A. 1987. "Property Rights," in John Eatwell, Murrell Milgate, and Peter Newman (eds.), The New Palgrave , volume 3. London: MacMillan, pp. 1031-1034.
4. Alchian, Armen A., and Harold Demsetz. 1972. "Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization." American Economic Review 62: 777-795.
5. Anderson, Erin. 1985. "The Salesperson as Outside Agent or Employee? ATransaction Cost Analysis." Marketing Science 4: 234-254.
6. Anderson, Erin, and Hubert Gatignon. 2005. "Firms and the Creation of New Markets," in Claude Ménard and Mary Shirley (eds.), Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Berlin: Springer, pp. 401-431.
7. Anderson, Erin, and Sandy D. Jap. 2005. "The Dark Side of Close Relationship." Sloan Management Review 46(3): 75-82.
8. Aoki, Masahiko. 1988. Information, Incentives, and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Aoki, Masahiko. 2001. Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10. Arrow, Kenneth. 1974. The Limits of Organization. New York: Norton.
11. Artz, Kendall W., and Thomas S. Brush. 2000. "Asset Specificity, Uncertainty and Relational Norms: An Examination of Coordination Costs in Collaborative Strategic Alliances." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 41: 337-362.
12. Baker, George P., Robert Gibbons, and Kevin J.Murphy. 2002. "Relational Contracts and the Theory of the Firm." Quarterly Journal of Economics 117: 39-84.
13. Baker, George P., Robert Gibbons, and Kevin J.Murphy. 2008. "Strategic Alliances: Bridges between 'Islands of Conscious Power'." Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 22: 146-163.
14. Barnett, William P. 1990. "The Organizational Ecology of Technological Systems." Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 31-60.
15. Barnett, William P., and Glenn Carroll. 1993. "How Institutional Constraints Affected the Organization of the Early American Telephone Industry." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 9:98-127.
16. Ben-Porath, Yoram. 1980. "The F-Connection: Families, Friends, and Firms and the Organization of Exchange." Population and Development Review 6(1): 1-30.
17. Bleeke, Joel, and David Ernst (eds.). 1993. Collaborating to Compete: Using Strategic Alliances and Acquisitions in the Global Marketplace. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
18. Blois, Keith J. 1972. "Vertical Quasi-Integration." Journal of Industrial Economics 20: 253-272.
19. Borys, Bryan, and David B. Jemison. 1989. "Hybrid Arrangements as Strategic Alliances: Theoretical Issues in Organizational Combinations." Academy of Management Review 14: 234-249.
20. Bradach, Jeffrey. L. 1997. "Using the Plural Form in the Management of Restaurant Chains." Administrative Science Quarterly 42: 276-303.
21. Bradach, Jeffrey L., and Robert G. Eccles. 1989. "Price, Authority, and Trust: From Ideal Types to Plural Forms." Annual Review of Sociology 15: 97-118.
22. Brickley, James A. 1999. "Incentive Conflicts and Contractual Restraints: Evidence from Franchising." Journal of Law and Economics 42: 745-774.
23. Brickley, James A., and Frederick H. Dark. 1987. "The Choice of Organizational Form: The Case of Franchising." Journal of Financial Economics 18: 401-420.
24. Brown, Wilson B. 1984. "Firm-Like Behavior in Markets. The Administered Channel." International Journal of Industrial Organization 2: 263-276.
25. Carson, Stephen J.,Anoop Madhok, and Tao Wu. 2006."Uncertainty, Opportunism, and Governance: The Effects of Volatility and Ambiguity on Formal and Relational Contracts." Academy of Management Journal 40: 1058-1077.
26. Cheung, Steven N. S. 1983. "The Contractual Nature of the Firm." Journal of Law and Economics 26:1-22.
27. Clemons, Eric K., and Michael C. Row. 1992. "Information Technology and Industrial Cooperation: The Changing Economics of Coordination and Ownership." Journal of Management Information Systems 9(2): 9-28.
28. Coase, Ronald H. 1937. "The Nature of the Firm." Economica 2: 386-405.
29. Coase, Ronald H. 1992. "The Institutional Structure of Production." American Economic Review 82: 713-719.
30. Cohen, Wesley M., and Daniel A. Levinthal. 1990. "Absoptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation." Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 128-152.
31. Cook, Michael L., and Constantine Iliopoulos. 2000. "Ill-Defined Property Rights in Collective Action: The Case of US Agricultural Cooperatives," in Claude Ménard (ed.), Institutions, Contracts and Organizations. Perspectives from New Institutional Economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 335-348.
32. Dwyer, F. Robert, and Sajo Oh. 1988. "A Transaction Cost Perspective on Vertical Contractual Structure and Interchannel Competitive Strategies." Journal of Marketing 52: 21-34.
33. Dyer, Jeffrey H. 1997. "Effective Interfirm Collaboration: How Firms Minimize Transaction Costs and Maximize Transaction Value." Strategic Management Journal 18: 535-556.
34. Dyer, Jeffrey H., and Habir Singh. 1998. "The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage." Academy of Management Review 23: 660-679.
35. Eccles, Robert G. 1981. "The Quasifirm in the Construction Industry." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 2: 335-357.
36. Ehrenberg, Ronald G., and Michael Bognanno. 1990. "The Incentive Effects of Tournaments Revisited: Evidence from the PGA Tour." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 43(3): 74-88.
37. Estache, Antonio, and Lucia Quesada. 2002. "Concession Contract Renegotiations: Some Efficiency vs. Equity Dilemmas."World Bank Policy Research WP 2705,World Bank, Washington, DC.
38. Farrell, Joseph, and Susan Scotchmer. 1988. "Partnerships." Quarterly Journal of Economics 103: 279-297.
39. Fehr, Ernst, and Karl M. Schmidt. 1999. "A Theory of Fairness, Competition and Cooperation." Quarterly Journal of Economics 114: 817-868.
40. Ghosh, Mrinal, and George John. 1999. "Governance Value Analysis and Marketing Strategy." Journal of Marketing 63: 131-145.
41. Goldberg, Victor P. 1980. "Relational Exchange: Economics and Complex Contracts." American Behavioral Scientist 23: 337-352.
42. Grandori, Anna, and Eugenia Cacciatori. 2006. "From Relational to Constitutional Contracting: The Case of Project-Based Strategic Alliances."Working paper, Bocconi University, Milan.
43. Grandori, Anna, and Mario Furlotti. 2006. "The Bearable Lightness of Interfirm Strategic Alliances: Associational and Procedural Contracts," in Africa Arino and Jeffrey J. Reuer (eds.), Strategic Alliances: Governance and Contracts. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 31-41.
44. Grandori, Anna, and Giuseppe Soda. 1995. "Inter-Firm Networks: Antecedents, Mechanisms and Forms." Organization Studies 16: 183-214.
45. Granovetter, Mark. 1985. "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology 91: 481-510.
46. Greif, Avner. 1993. "Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghribi Traders." American Economic Review 83: 525-547.
47. Greif, Avner. 2005. "Commitment, Coercion and Markets: The Nature and Dynamics of Institutions Supporting Exchanges," in Claude Ménard and Mary Shirley (eds.), Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Berlin: Springer, pp. 727-786.
48. Gulati, Ranjay. 1995a. "Does Familiarity Breeds Trust? The Implication of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances." Academy of Management Journal 38: 85-112.
49. Gulati, Ranjay. 1995b. "Social Structure and Alliance Formation Patterns: A Longitudinal Analysis." Administrative Science Quarterly 40: 619-652.
50. Gulati, Ranjay. 1998. "Alliances and Networks." Strategic Management Journal 19: 293-317.
51. Gulati, Ranjay, and Martin Gargiulo. 1999. "Where Do Interorganizational Networks Come From?" American Journal of Sociology 104: 1439-1493.
52. Gulati, Ranjay, and Harber Singh. 1998. "The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropriation Concerns in Strategic Alliances." Administrative Science Quarterly 43:781-814.
53. Gulati, Ranjay, Nitin Nohria, and Akbar Zaheir. 2000. "Strategic Networks." Strategic Management Journal 21: 203-215.
54. Hakansson, Hakan. 1989.Corporate Technological Behavior.Cooperation and Networks. London: Routledge.
55. Hakansson, Hakan, and Jan Johansson. 1993. "The Network as a Governance Structure: Interfirm Cooperation beyond Markets and Hierarchies," in Gernot Grabher (ed.),The Embedded Firm: On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks . London: Routledge, pp. 35-51.
56. Halonen, Maija. 2002. "Reputation and the Allocation of Ownership." Economic Journal 112: 539-558.
57. Hansmann, Henry. 1988. "The Ownership of the Firm." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4: 267-304.
58. Hart, Oliver, and John Moore. 1990. "Property Rights and the Nature of the Firm." Journal of Political Economy 98: 1119-1158.
59. Heide, Jan B. 1994. "Interorganizational Governance in Marketing Channels." Journal of Marketing 58(1): 71-85.
60. Heide, Jan B., and George John. 1992. "Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships?" Journal of Marketing 56(2): 32-44.
61. Heiman, Bruce, and Jack A.Nickerson. 2002. "Towards Reconciling Transaction Cost Economics and the Knowledge-Based View of the Firm: The Context of Interfirm Collaboration." International Journal of the Economics of Business 9: 97-116.
62. Helper, Susan, and David I. Levine. 1992. "Long-Term Supplier Relations and Product Market Structure." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 8: 561-581.
63. Hendrikse, George. 2004. "Governance in Chains and Networks," in Theo Camps, Pieter J. M. Dierderen, Geert J. Hofstede, and Bert Vos (eds.), The Emerging World of Chains and Networks. Amsterdam: Reed Business, pp. 189-204.
64. Hennart, Jean François. 1988. "A Transaction Cost Theory of Equity Joint Ventures." Strategic Management Journal 9: 361-374.
65. Hergert, Michael, and Deigan Morris. 1988. "Trends in International Collaborative Agreements," in Farok K. Contractor and Peter Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, pp. 99-110.
66. Hodgson, G. 2002. "The Legal Nature of the Firm and the Myth of the Firm-Market Hybrid." International Journal of the Economics of Business 9: 37-60.
67. Holmström, Bengt. 1989. "Agency Costs and Innovation." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 12: 305-327.
68. Holmström, Bengt. 1999. "The Firmas a Subeconomy." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15: 74-102.
69. Holmström, Bengt, and Paul Milgrom. 1991. "Multi-Task Principal-Agent Analysis." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 7(special issue): 24-52.
70. Holmström, Bengt, and John Roberts. 1998. "The Boundaries of the Firm Revisited." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(4): 73-94.
71. John, George, and Barton A.Weitz. 1988. "Forward Integration in to Distribution: An Empirical Test of Transaction Cost Analysis." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4: 337-355.
72. Jones, Candace, William S. Hesterly, and Stephen P. Borgatti. 1997. "A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms." Academy of Management Review 22:911-945.
73. Jorde, Thomas M., and David J. Teece. 1989. "Competition and Cooperation: Striking the Right Balance." California Management Review 31(3): 25-37.
74. Joshi, Ashwin, and Rodney L. Stump. 1999. "Transaction Cost Analysis: Integration of Recent Refinements and an Empirical Test." Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing 5(4): 33-71.
75. Khanna, Tarun. 1998. "The Scope of Alliances." Organization Science 93: 340-355.
76. Klein, Benjamin. 1996. "Why Do Hold-Ups Occur? The Self-Enforcing Range of Contractual Relationships." Economic Inquiry 34: 444-463.
77. Klein, Benjamin, and Kevin Murphy. 1988. "Vertical Restraints as Contract Enforcement Mechanisms." Journal of Law and Economics 31: 265-297.
78. Klein, Benjamin, Robert G. Crawford, and Armen A. Alchian. 1978. "Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process." Journal of Law and Economics 21: 297-326.
79. Knoeber, Charles R. 1989. "A Real Game of Chicken: Contracts, Tournaments, and the Production of Broilers." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 5: 271-292.
80. Lafontaine, Francine. 1993. "Contractual Arrangements as Signaling Devices: Evidence from Franchising." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 9: 256-289.
81. Lafontaine, Francine, and Margaret Slade. 1997. "Retail Contracting: Theory and Practice." Journal of Industrial Economics 45: 1-25.
82. Lafontaine, Francine, and Margaret Slade. 2007. "Vertical Integration and Firm Boundaries: The Evidence." Journal of Economic Literature 45: 629-685.
83. Langlois, Richard N. 2002."Modularity in Technology and Organization." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 49: 19-37.
84. Lerner, Josh, Hilary Shane, and Alexander Tsai. 2003. "Do Equity Financing Cycles Matter? Evidence from Biotechnology Alliances." Journal of Financial Economics 67: 411-446.
85. Lorenzoni, Gianni, and Charles Baden-Fuller. 1995. "Creating a Strategic Center to Manage a Web of Partners." California Management Review 37(3): 146-163.
86. Lumineau, Fabrice, and Joanne E. Oxley. 2012. "Let's Work It Out (or We'll See You in Court.. )-Litigation and Private Dispute Resolution in Vertical Exchange Relationships." Organization Science, forthcoming.
87. Macaulay, Stewart. 1963. "Non-Contractual Relations in Business: A Preliminary Study." American Sociological Review 28: 55-67.
88. MacLeod, W. Bentley. 2007. "Reputations, Relationships, and Contract Enforcement." Journal of Economic Literature 45: 595-628.
89. MacNeil, Ian R. 1974. "The Many Futures of Contracts." Southern California Law Review 47: 691-816.
90. MacNeil, Ian R. 1978. "Contracts: Adjustments of a Long Term Economic Relation under Classical, Neoclassical, and Relational Contract Law." Northwestern University Law Review 72: 854-906.
91. Madhok, Anoop, and Stephen B.Tallman. 1998. "Resources, Transactions and Rents: Managing Value through Interfirm Collaborative Relationships." Organization Science 9: 326-339.
92. Maness, Robert. 1996. "Incomplete Contracts and the Choice between Vertical Integration and Franchising." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 32: 101-115.
93. Masten, Scott E. (ed.). 1996. Case Studies in Contracting and Organization. London and New York: Oxford University Press.
94. Mazé, Armelle, and Claude Ménard. 2010. "Private Ordering, Collective Action, and the Self-Enforcing Range of Contracts. The Case of French Livestock Industry." European Journal of Law and Economics 29: 131-153.
95. Ménard, Claude. 1996. "On Clusters, Hybrids and Other Strange Forms. The Case of the French Poultry Industry." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 152: 154-183.
96. Ménard, Claude. 1997. "Le Pilotage des formes organisationnelles hybrides." Revue Economique 48(3): 741-750.
97. The English version can be found in "The Governance of Hybrid Organizational Forms," in C. Ménard (ed.). 2004. International Library of New Institutional Economics, volume IV.Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, pp. 105-113.]
98. Ménard, Claude. 2003. "Nouvelle économie in stitutionnelle et politique de la concurrence: le cas des formes organisationnelles hybrides." Economie Rurale 277-278: 3-18.
99. Ménard, Claude. 2004. "The Economics of Hybrid Organizations." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 160: 345-376.
100. Ménard, Claude. 2007a. "The Inadequacy of Competition Policies: ANew Institutional Approach," in Nicholas Mercuro (ed.), Law and Economics , volume 3. London: Routledge, pp. 345-376.
101. Ménard, Claude. 2007b. "Cooperatives: Hierarchies or Hybrids?" in Jerker Nilsson and Kostas Karantininis (eds.), Vertical Markets and Cooperative Hierarchies. Berlin, Boston, Dordrecht, and New York: Springer, pp. 7-27.
102. Ménard, Claude. 2009. "Oliver Williamson and the Economics of Hybrid Organizations," in Mario Morroni (ed.), Corporate Governance, Organization Design and the Firm. Cooperation and Outsourcing in the Global Economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 87-103.
103. Ménard, Claude, and Peter Klein. 2004. "Organizational Issues in the Agri-Food Sector: Toward a Comparative Approach." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86: 746-751.
104. Ménard, Claude, and Emmanuel Raynaud. 2010. "Ulysses and the Sirens: Hands-Tying Governance in Hybrid Forms."Working paper, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris.
105. Ménard, Claude, and Mary Shirley (eds.). 2005. Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Berlin: Springer.
106. Ménard, Claude, and Egizio Valceschini. 2005. "New Institutions for Governing the Agri-Food Industry." European Review of Agricultural Economics 32: 421-440.
107. Milgrom, Paul, Douglass C.North, and Barry Weingast. 1989. "The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade: The Law Merchant, Private Judges, and the Champagne Fairs." Economics and Politics 2:1-23.
108. Mohr, J., and R. Spekman. 1994. "Characteristics of Partnership Success: Partnership Attributes, Communication Behavior, and Conflict Resolution Techniques." Strategic Management Journal 15:135-152.
109. Nalebuff, Barry, and Adam Brandenburger. 1998. Co-opetition. New York: Currency and Doubleday.
110. Nooteboom, Bart. 1999. Inter-Firm Alliances.Analysis and Design. London and New York: Routledge.
111. Oliver, Amalya L., and Mark Ebers. 1998. "Networking Network Studies: An Analysis of Conceptual Configurations in the Study of Inter-Organizational Relationships." Organization Studies 19: 549-583.
112. Ouchi, William G. 1980. "Markets, Bureaucracies, and Clans." Administrative Science Quarterly 25:129-141.
113. Oudot, Jean-Michel, and Claude Ménard. 2010. "Opportunisme ou équité? Le cas des contrats d'approvisionnement de défense." Revue Française d'Economie 24(3): 196-226.
114. Oxley, Joanne. 1997. "Appropriability Hazards and Governance in Strategic Alliances: A Transaction Cost Approach." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 13: 387-409.
115. Oxley, Joanne. 1999. "Institutional Environment and the Mechanism of Governance: The Impact of Intellectual Property Protection on the Structure of Inter-Firm Alliances." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 38: 283-309.
116. Paché, Gilles, and Claude Paraponaris. 1993. L'entreprise en réseau. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
117. Palay, Thomas M. 1984. "Comparative Institutional Economics: The Governance of the Rail Freight Contract." Journal of Legal Studies 13: 265-288.
118. Palay, Thomas M. 1985. "Avoiding Regulatory Constraints: Contracting Safeguards and the Role of Informal Agreements." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 1: 155-175.
119. Park, Seung Ho. 1996. "Managing an Interorganizational Network: A Framework of the Institutional Mechanism for Network Control." Organization Studies 17: 795-824.
120. Parkhe, Arvind. 1993. "Strategic Alliance Structuring: A Game Theoretic and Transaction Cost Examination of Interfirm Cooperation." Academy of Management Journal 36: 794-829.
121. Podolny, Joel, and Karen Page. 1998. "Network Forms of Organizations." Annual Review of Sociology 24: 57-76.
122. Poppo, Laura, and Todd Zenger. 2002. "Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements?" Strategic Management Journal 23: 707-725.
123. Poppo, Laura, Kevin Zheng Zhou, and Sungmin Ryu. 2008. "Alternative Origins to Interorganizational Trust: An Interdependence Perspective on the Shadow of the Past and the Shadow of the Future." Organization Science 19: 39-55.
124. Powell, Walter W. 1990. "Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization," in L. L. Cummpings and B. Staw (eds.), Readings in Organizational Behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 295-336.
125. Powell, Walter W. 1996. "Inter-Organizational Collaboration in the Biotechnology Industry." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 152: 197-215.
126. Powell, Walter W. 2003. "The Capitalist Firm in the 21st Century. Emerging Patterns," in Paul J. Di Maggio (ed.),The Twenty-First Century Firm: Changing Economic Organization in International Perspective. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
127. Powell, Walter W., Kenneth W. Koput, and Laurel Smith-Doerr. 1996. "Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology." Administrative Science Quarterly 41: 116-145.
128. Raynaud, Emmanuel. 1997. Propriété et exploitation partagée d'une marque commerciale: aléas contractuels et ordre privé. PhD the sis, Université de Paris (Panthéon-Sorbonne), Paris.
129. Raynaud, Emmanuel, Loïc Sauvée, and Egizio Valceschini. 2009. "Aligning Branding Strategies and Governance of Vertical Transactions in Agri-Food Chains." Industrial and Corporate Change 18:869-899.
130. Rey, Patrick, and Jean Tirole. 1986. "The Logic of Vertical Restraints." American Economic Review 76:921-939.
131. Rey, Patrick, and Jean Tirole. 2001. "Alignment of Interest and the Governance of Joint Ventures." Institut d'Economie Industrielle Working Paper 441, University of Toulouse, France.
132. Richardson, George B. 1972. "The Organization of Industry." Economic Journal 82: 383-396.
133. Robinson, David T., and Toby Stuart. 2007. "Network Effects in the Governance of Strategic Alliances." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 25: 242-273.
134. Rubin, Paul H. 1978. "The Theory of the Firm and the Structure of the Franchise Contract." Journal of Law and Economics 21: 223-233.
135. Rubin, Paul H. 2005. "Legal Systems as Frameworks for Market Exchanges," in Claude Ménard and Mary Shirley (eds.), Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Berlin: Springer, pp. 205-228.
136. Ryall, Michael D., and Rachelle C. Sampson. 2006. "Do Prior Alliances Influence Contract Structure?" in Africa Arino and Jeffrey J. Reuer (eds.), Strategic Alliances: Governance and Contracts. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 206-216.
137. Sako, Mari. 2005. "Governing Automotive Supplier Parks: Leveraging the Benefits of Outsourcing and Co-Location?"Working paper, Said Business School, University of Oxford, Oxfords.
138. Sako, Mari, and Susan Helper. 1998. "Determinants of Trust in Supplier Relations: Evidence from the Automotive Industry in Japan and the United States." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 34: 387-417.
139. Sampson, Rachelle C. 2005. "Experience Effects and Collaborative Returns in R&DAlliances." Strategic Management Journal 26: 1009-1031.
140. Saussier, Stéphane. 2000. "Contractrual Completeness and Transaction Costs." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 42: 189-206.
141. Sauvée, Loic. 2002. "Effectiveness, Efficiency, and the Design of Network Governance," in Chain and Network Management in Agribusiness and the Food Industry. Conference Proceedings. Noordwijkaan-Zee, the Netherlands: 673-684.
142. Simon, Herbert A. 1951. "A Formal Theory of the Employment Relationship." Econometrica 19: 293-305.
143. Stuart, Toby E., and Joel Podolny. 1996. "Local Search and the Evolution of Technological Capabilities." Strategic Management Journal 17: 21-38.
144. Teece, David E., Gary P. Pisano, and Ann Shuen. 1997. "Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management." Strategic Management Journal 18: 509-533.
145. Thorelli, Henry B. 1986. "Networks: Between Markets and Hierarchies." Strategic Management Journal 7: 37-51.
146. Tirole, Jean. 1986. "Hierarchies and Bureaucracies: On the Role of Collusion in Organizations." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 2: 181-214.
147. Tirole, Jean. 1999. "Incomplete Contracts: Where Do We Stand?" Econometrica 67: 741-782.
148. Tsoulouhas, Theofanis, and Tomislav Vukina. 2001. "Regulating Broilers Contracts: Tournaments versus Fixed Performance Standards." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83: 1062-1073.
149. Uzzi, Brian. 1997. "Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness." Administrative Science Quarterly 42: 35-67.
150. Visser, Bauke, and Otto H. Swank. 2007. "On Committees of Experts."Quarterly Journal of Economics 122: 337-372.
151. Wernerfelt, Birner. 1984. "AResource-Based Viewof the Firm." Strategic Management Journal 5: 171-180.
152. Williamson, Oliver E. 1975.Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: Free Press.
153. Williamson, Oliver E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press and Macmillan.
154. Williamson, Oliver E. 1991. "Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives." Administrative Science Quarterly 36: 269-296.
155. Williamson, Oliver E. 1996. The Mechanisms of Governance. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
156. Wu, Steven, and Brian Roe. 2006. "Tournaments, Fairness, and Risks."American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88: 561-573.
157. Zucker, Lynne G. 1986. "Production of Trust: Institutional Sources of Economic Structure, 1840-1920," in Research in Organizational Behavior, volume 8. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 53-111.