A Review of Parent Participation Engagement in Child and Family Mental Health Treatment

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 133-150

  Haine Schlagel, Rachel ^a,b   Walsh, Natalia Escobar ^b,c  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SERVICES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Child and family mental health treatment; Engagement; Homework completion; Involvement; Parent; Participation

Indexed keywords

CHILD; FAMILY THERAPY; HUMAN; MENTAL DISORDERS; MOTIVATION; PARENT; PATIENT PARTICIPATION;

CHILD; FAMILY THERAPY; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MOTIVATION; PARENTS; PATIENT PARTICIPATION;

EID: 84939938431     PISSN: 10964037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-015-0182-x     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Alegría, M., Roter, D. L., Valentine, A., Chen, C., Li, X., Lin, J., et al. (2013). Patient–clinician ethnic concordance and communication in mental health intake visits. Patient Education and Counseling,93(2), 188–196.
2. Al-Kubaisy, T., Marks, I. M., Logsdail, S., Marks, M. P., Lovell, K., Sungur, M., & Araya, R. (1992). Role of exposure homework in phobia reduction: A controlled study. Behavior Therapy,23(4), 599–621.
3. Allen, J. D., Linnan, L. A., & Emmons, K. M. (2012). Fidelity and its relationship to implementation effectiveness, adaptation, and dissemination. In R. C. Brownson, G. A. Colditz, & E. K. Proctor (Eds.), Dissemination and implementation research in health: Translating science to practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Armbruster, P., & Fallon, T. (1994). Clinical, sociodemographic, and systems risk factors for attrition in a children’s mental health clinic. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,64(4), 577–585.
5. Atkins, M. S., & Lakind, D. (2013). Usual care for clinicians, unusual care for their clients: Rearranging priorities for children’s mental health services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services,40(1), 48–51.
6. Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Hurlburt, M. S., Brookman-Frazee, L., Jenkins, M. M., & Hough, R. L. (2010). Comparing child, parent, and family characteristics in usual care and empirically supported treatment research samples for children with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,18(2), 82–99.
7. Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Jenkins, M. M., & Haine-Schlagel, R. (2013). Therapist, parent, and youth perspectives of treatment barriers to family-focused community outpatient mental health services. Journal of Child and Family Studies,22(6), 854–868.
8. Becker, K. D., Lee, B. R., Daleiden, E. L., Lindsey, M., Brandt, N. E., & Chorpita, B. F. (2015). The common elements of engagement in children’s mental health services: Which elements for which outcomes? Journal of Clinical & Adolescent Psychology,44(1), 30–43.
9. *Bickman, L., Heflinger, C. A., Northrup, D., Sonnichsen, S., & Schilling, S. (1998). Long term outcomes to family caregiver empowerment. Journal of Child and Family Studies,7(3), 269–282.
10. *Brookman-Frazee, L., Drahota, A., & Stadnick, N. (2012). Training community mental health therapists to deliver a package of evidence-based practice strategies for school-age children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,42(8), 1651–1661.
11. Brookman-Frazee, L., Haine, R. A., Baker-Ericzén, M., Zoffness, R., & Garland, A. F. (2010). Factors associated with use of evidence-based practice strategies in usual care youth psychotherapy. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,37(3), 254–269.
12. *Chacko, A., Wymbs, B. T., Chimiklis, A., Wymbs, F. A., & Pelham, W. E. (2012). Evaluating a comprehensive strategy to improve engagement to group-based behavioral parent training for high-risk families of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,40(8), 1351–1362.
13. *Chacko, A., Wymbs, B. T., Flammer-Rivera, L., Pelham, W. E., Walker, K. S., Arnold, F. W., et al. (2008). A pilot study of the feasibility and efficacy of the Strategies to Enhance Positive Parenting (STEPP) program for single mothers of children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders,12(3), 270–280.
14. *Chacko, A., Wymbs, B. T., Wymbs, F. A., Pelham, W. E., Swanger-Gagne, M. S. S., Girio, E., et al. (2009). Enhancing traditional behavioral parent training for single mothers of children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,38(2), 206–218.
15. *Chamberlain, P., Patterson, G., Reid, J., Kavanagh, K., & Forgatch, M. (1984). Observation of client resistance. Behavior Therapy,15(2), 144–155.
16. Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment,6(4), 284–290.
17. Clarke, A. T., Marshall, S. A., Mautone, J. A., Soffer, S. L., Jones, H. A., Costigan, T. E., et al. (2015). Parent attendance and homework adherence predict response to a family-school intervention for children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(1), 58–67.
18. Colson, D. B., Cornsweet, C., Murphy, T., O’Malley, F., Hyland, P. S., McParland, M., & Coyne, L. (1991). Perceived treatment difficulty and therapeutic alliance on an adolescent psychiatric hospital unit. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61(2), 221–229.
19. David-Ferdon, C., & Kaslow, N. J. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,37(1), 62–104.
20. DeGarmo, D. S., Chamberlain, P., Leve, L. D., & Price, J. (2009). Foster parent intervention engagement moderating child behavior problems and placement disruption. Research on Social Work Practice,19(4), 423–433.
21. Dowell, K. A., & Ogles, B. M. (2010). The effects of parent participation on child psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology,39(2), 151–162.
22. *Dumas, J. E., & Albin, J. B. (1986). Parent training outcome: Does active parental involvement matter? Behaviour Research and Therapy,24(2), 227–230.
23. Ellis, M. L., Lindsey, M. A., Barker, E. D., Boxmeyer, C. L., & Lochman, J. E. (2013). Predictors of engagement in a school-based family preventive intervention for youth experiencing behavioral difficulties. Prevention Science,14(5), 457–467.
24. Evans, S. W., Owens, J. S., et al. (2014). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,43(4), 527–551.
25. *Eyberg, S. M., & Johnson, S. M. (1974). Multiple assessment of behavior modification with families: Effects of contingency contracting and order of treated problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,42(2), 594–606.
26. Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,37(1), 215–237.
27. Fabiano, G. A. (2007). Father participation in behavioral parent training for ADHD: Review and recommendations for increasing inclusion and engagement. Journal of Family Psychology,21, 683–693.
28. *Fabiano, G. A., Chacko, A., Pelham, W. E., Robb, J., Walker, K. W., Wymbs, B. T., et al. (2009). A comparison of behavioral parent training programs for fathers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behavior Therapy,40(2), 190–204.
29. *Fawley-King, K., Haine-Schlagel, R., Trask, E. V., Zhang, J., & Garland, A. F. (2012). Caregiver participation in community-based mental health services for children receiving outpatient care. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research,40(2), 180–190.
30. *Fleischman, M. J. (1979). Using parenting salaries to control attrition and cooperation in therapy. Behavior Therapy,10(1), 111–116.
31. Flicker, S. M., Turner, C. W., Waldron, H. B., Brody, J. L., & Ozechowski, T. J. (2008). Ethnic background, therapeutic alliance, and treatment retention in functional family therapy with adolescents who abuse substances. Journal of Family Psychology,22(1), 167–170.
32. Garland, A. F., Brookman-Frazee, L., & Chavira, D. A. (2010a). Are we doing our homework? Clinical Psychology Science and Practice,17(2), 162–165.
33. Garland, A. F., Brookman-Frazee, L., Hurlburt, M., Arnold, E., Zoffness, R., Haine-Schlagel, R., & Ganger, W. (2010b). Mental health care for children with disruptive behavior problems: A view inside therapists’ offices. Psychiatric Services,61(8), 788–795.
34. Garland, A. F., Haine-Schlagel, R., Accurso, E. C., Baker-Ericzén, M. J., & Brookman-Frazee, L. (2012). Exploring the effect of therapists’ treatment practices on client attendance in community-based care for children. Psychological Services,9(1), 74–88.
35. Garland, A. F., Haine-Schlagel, R., Brookman-Frazee, L., Baker-Ericzén, M., Trask, E., & Fawley-King, K. (2013). Improving community-based mental health care for children: Translating knowledge into action. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Health Services Research,40(1), 6–22.
36. Garland, A. F., McCabe, K. M., & Yeh, M. (2008). Ethical challenges in practice-based mental health services research: Examples from research with children and families. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,15(2), 118–124.
37. Gopalan, G., Goldstein, L., Klingenstein, K., Sicher, C., Blake, C., & McKay, M. M. (2010). Engaging families into child mental health treatment: Updates and special considerations. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,19(3), 182–196.
38. Haine-Schlagel, R., Brookman-Frazee, L., Fettes, D. L., Baker-Ericzén, M., & Garland, A. F. (2012). Therapist focus on parent involvement in community-based youth psychotherapy. Journal of Child and Family Studies,21(4), 646–656.
39. Haine-Schlagel, R., Garcia, A. R., Brookman-Frazee, L., Stadnick, N., Drahota, A., & Garland, A. F. (2011). Disparities in parent active participation in community-based care for youth. Paper presented at the Family & Youth Roundtable Conference, San Diego, CA.
40. Haine-Schlagel, R., Roesch, S. C., Trask, E. V., Fawley-King, K., Ganger, W., & Aarons, G. A. (in preparation). Use of the parent participation engagement measure in child mental health services: Reliability and validity in an ethnically diverse sample.
41. *Hansen, D. J., & Warner, J. E. (1994). Treatment adherence of maltreating families: A survey of professionals regarding prevalence and enhancement strategies. Journal of Family Violence,9(1), 1–19.
42. Hawley, K. M., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). Youth versus parent working alliance in usual clinical care: Distinctive associations with retention, satisfaction, and treatment outcome. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,34(1), 117–128.
43. Hoagwood, K. E. (2005). Family-based services in children’s mental health: A research review and synthesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,46(7), 690–713.
44. Hoagwood, K. E., Jensen, P. S., Acri, M. C., Olin, S. S., Lewandowski, E., & Herman, R. J. (2012). Outcome domains in child mental health research since 1996: Have they changed and why does it matter? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,51(12), 1241–1260.
45. Hodges, K., Bickman, L., Ring-Kurtz, S., & Reiter, M. (1991). A multi-dimensional measure of level of functioning in children and adolescents. In A. Algarin & R. M. Friedman (Eds.), The fourth annual research conference: A system of care for children’s mental health: Building a research base. Tampa: University of South Florida, Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children’s Mental Health.
46. Huang, L., Stroul, B., Friedman, R., Mrazek, P., Friesen, B., Pires, S., & Mayberg, S. (2005). Transforming mental health care for children and their families. American Psychologist,60(6), 615–627.
47. In-Ablon, T., & Schneider, S. (2007). Psychotherapy of childhood anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychsomatics,76, 15–24.
48. Ingoldsby, E. M. (2010). Review of interventions to improve family engagement and retention in parent and child mental health programs. Journal of Child and Family Studies,19(5), 629–645.
49. Israel, P., Thomsen, P. H., Langeveld, J. H., & Stormark, K. M. (2004). Parental engagement in psychotherapy with adolescents: A preliminary study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry,58(2), 133–138.
50. Israel, P., Thomsen, P. H., Langeveld, J. H., & Stormark, K. M. (2007). Child factors associated with parent involvement in usual clinical care of children and adolescents: A national register study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry,61(3), 173–181.
51. Jaccard, J., Dodge, T., & Dittus, P. (2002). Parent–adolescent communication about sex and birth control: A conceptual framework. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development,2002(97), 9–42.
52. *Jensen, S. A., & Grimes, L. K. (2010). Increases in parent attendance to behavioral parent training due to concurrent child treatment groups. Child & Youth Care Forum,39(4), 239–251.
53. Karver, M. S., Handelsman, J. B., Fields, S., & Bickman, L. (2005). A theoretical model of common process factors in youth and family therapy. Mental Health Services Research,7(1), 35–51.
54. Karver, M. S., Handelsman, J. B., Fields, S., & Bickman, L. (2006). Meta-analysis of therapeutic relationship variables in youth and family therapy: The evidence for different relationship variables in the child and adolescent treatment outcome literature. Clinical Psychology Review,26(1), 50–65.
55. Kazantzis, N., Deane, F. P., & Ronan, K. R. (2000). Homework assignments in cognitive and behavioral therapy: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,7(2), 189–202.
56. Kazantzis, N., Whittington, C., & Dattilio, F. (2010). Meta-analysis of homework effects in cognitive and behavioral therapy: A replication and extension. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,17(2), 144–156.
57. Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,66(1), 19–36.
58. Keel, P. K., & Haedt, A. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for eating problems and eating disorders. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,37(1), 39–61.
59. *Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,62(1), 100–110.
60. *Kendall, P. C., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Panichelli-Mindel, S. M., Southam-Gerow, M., Henin, A., & Warman, M. (1997). Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: A second randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,65(3), 366–380.
61. Kim, H., Munson, M. R., & McKay, M. M. (2012). Engagement in mental health treatment among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal,29(3), 241–266.
62. Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics,33(1), 159–174.
63. Landrum, B., Knight, D. K., & Flynn, P. M. (2012). The impact of organizational stress and burnout on client engagement. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,42(2), 222–230.
64. Lindhiem, O., Higa, J., Trentacosta, C. J., Herschell, A. D., & Kolko, D. J. (2014). Skill acquisition and utilization during evidence-based psychosocial treatments for childhood disruptive behavior problems: A review and meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review,17(1), 41–66.
65. Lindhiem, O., & Kolko, D. J. (2010). Trajectories of symptom reduction and engagement during treatment for childhood behavior disorders: Differences across settings. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,38(7), 995–1005.
66. Lindsey, M. A., Brandt, N. E., Becker, K. D., Lee, B. R., Barth, R. P., Daleiden, E. L., & Chorpita, B. F. (2014). Identifying the common elements of treatment engagement interventions in children’s mental health services. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(3), 283–298.
67. Logan, D. E., & King, C. A. (2001). Parental facilitation of adolescent mental health services utilization: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice,8(3), 319–333.
68. Macdonald, E., Lee, E., Geraghty, K., McCann, K., Mohay, H., & O’Brien, T. (2007). Towards a developmental framework of consumer and carer participation in child and adolescent mental health services. Australasian Psychiatry,15(6), 504–508.
69. Mausbach, B. T., Moore, R., Roesch, S., Cardenas, V., & Patterson, T. L. (2010). The relationship between homework compliance and therapy outcomes: An updated meta-analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research,34(5), 429–438.
70. McCabe, K. M. (2002). Factors that predict premature termination among Mexican-American children in outpatient psychotherapy. Journal of Child and Family Studies,11(3), 347–359.
71. McKay, M. M., & Bannon, W. M. (2004). Engaging families in child mental health services. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,13(4), 505–521.
72. McKay, M. M., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J. J. (1996a). Addressing the barriers to mental health services for inner city children and their caretakers. Community Mental Health Journal,32(4), 353–361.
73. McKay, M. M., Nudelman, R., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J. (1996b). Evaluating a social work engagement approach to involving inner-city children and their families in mental health care. Research on Social Work Practice,6(4), 462–472.
74. McKay, M. M., Stoewe, J., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J. (1998). Increasing access to child mental health services for urban children and their caretakers. Health and Social Work,23(1), 9–15.
75. Miller, L. M., Southam-Gerow, M. A., & Allin, R. B, Jr. (2008). Who stays in treatment? Child and family predictors of youth client retention in a public mental health agency. Child & Youth Care Forum,37(4), 153–170.
76. Miranda, J., Acozar, F., Organista, K. C., Dwyer, E., & Areane, P. (2003). Treatment of depression among impoverished primary care patients from ethnic minority groups. Psychiatric Services,54, 219–225.
77. Nock, M. K., & Ferriter, C. (2005). Parent management of attendance and adherence in child and adolescent therapy: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review,8(2), 149–166.
78. *Nock, M. K., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for increasing participation in parent management training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,73(5), 872–879.
79. *Noser, K., & Bickman, L. (2000). Quality indicators of children’s mental health services: Do they predict improved client outcomes? Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,8(1), 9–18.
80. Olin, S., Hoagwood, K. E., Rodriguez, J., Ramos, B., Burton, G., Penn, M., et al. (2010). The application of behavior change theory to family-based services: Improving parent empowerment in children’s mental health. Journal of Child and Family Studies,19(4), 462–470.
81. Orrell-Valente, J. K., Pinderhughes, E. E., Valente, E, Jr, Laird, R. D., & The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1999). If it’s offered, will they come? Influences on parents’ participation in a community-based conduct problems prevention program. American Journal of Community Psychology,27(6), 753–783.
82. *Patterson, G. R., & Forgatch, M. S. (1985). Therapist behavior as a determinant for client noncompliance: A paradox for the behavior modifier. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,53(6), 846–851.
83. Perepletchikova, F., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Treatment integrity and therapeutic change: Issues and research recommendations. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,12(4), 365–383.
84. *Podell, J. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2011). Mothers and fathers in family cognitive–behavioral therapy for anxious youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies,20(2), 182–195.
85. *Prinz, R. J., & Miller, G. E. (1994). Family-based treatment for childhood antisocial behavior: Experimental influences on dropout and engagement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,62(3), 645–650.
86. Quinn, K. P., Epstein, M. H., & Cumblad, C. L. (1995). Developing comprehensive, individualized community-based services for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders: Direct service providers’ perspectives. Journal of Child and Family Studies,4(1), 19–42.
87. *Richards, M. M., Bowers, M. J., Lazicki, T., Krall, D., & Jacobs, A. K. (2008). Caregiver involvement in the Intensive Mental Health Program: Influence on changes in child functioning. Journal of Child and Family Studies,17(2), 241–252.
88. Robbins, M. S., Liddle, H. A., Turner, C. W., Dakof, G. A., Alexander, J. F., & Kogan, S. M. (2006). Adolescent and parent therapeutic alliance as predictors of dropout in multidimensional family therapy. Journal of Family Psychology,20(1), 108–116.
89. Rowan-Szal, G. A., Joe, G. W., Hiller, M. L., & Simpson, D. D. (1997). Increasing early engagement in methadone treatment. Journal of Maintenance in Addictions,1(1), 49–61.
90. Sanisteban, D. A., Szapocznik, J., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W. M., Murray, E. J., & LaPerriere, A. (1996). Efficacy of intervention for engaging youth and families into treatment and some variables that may contribute to differential effectiveness. Journal of Family Psychology,10(1), 35–44.
91. Schoenwald, S. K., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2001). Effectiveness, transportability, and dissemination of interventions: What matters when? Psychiatric Services,52(9), 1190–1197.
92. Schoenwald, S. K., Sheidow, A. J., Letourneau, E. J., & Liao, J. G. (2003). Transportability of multisystemic therapy: Evidence for multilevel influences. Mental Health Services Research,5(4), 223–239.
93. Shirk, S., Jungbluth, N., & Karver, M. (2012). Change processes and active components. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (4th ed., pp. 471–498). New York: Guildford Publications.
94. Shirk, S. R., & Saiz, C. C. (1992). Clinical, empirical, and developmental perspectives on the therapeutic relationship in child psychotherapy. Development and Psychopathology,4(4), 713–728.
95. Silverman, P., & Viswesvaran, (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobia and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,37(1), 105–130.
96. Snell-Johns, J. M., Mendez, J. L., & Smith, B. H. (2004). Evidence based solutions for overcoming access barriers, decreasing attrition, and promoting change with underserved families. Journal of Family Psychology,18(1), 19–35.
97. Southam-Gerow, M. A., Ringeisen, H. L., & Sherrill, J. T. (2006). Integrating interventions and services research: Progress and prospects. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,13(1), 1–8.
98. Staudt, M. (2007). Treatment engagement with caregivers of at-risk children: Gaps in research and conceptualization. Journal of Child and Family Studies,16(2), 183–196.
99. *Stoolmiller, M., Duncan, T., Bank, L., & Patterson, G. R. (1993). Some problems and solutions in the study of change: Significant patterns in client resistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,61(6), 920–928.
100. Tetley, A., Jinks, M., Huband, N., & Howells, K. (2011). A systematic review of measures of therapeutic engagement in psychosocial and psychological treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology,67(9), 927–941.
101. Thompson, S. J., Bender, K., Lantry, J., & Flynn, P. M. (2007). Treatment engagement: Building therapeutic alliance in home-based treatment with adolescents and their families. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal,29(1–2), 39–55.
102. Tolan, P. H., & Dodge, K. A. (2005). Children’s mental health as a primary care and concern: A system for comprehensive support and service. American Psychologist,60(6), 601–614.
103. Villano, C. L., Rosenblum, A., Magura, S., & Fong, C. (2002). Improving treatment engagement and outcome for cocaine-using methadone patients. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Addiction,28(2), 213–230.
104. Zwaanswijk, M., Verhaak, P. M., Bensing, J. M., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2003). Help seeking for emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents: A review of recent literature. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,12(4), 153–161.