Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents

Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 105-130

  Silverman, Wendy K ^a   Pina, Armando A ^b   Viswesvaran, Chockalingam ^a  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FAMILY THERAPY; GROUP THERAPY; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PHOBIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; COGNITIVE THERAPY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FAMILY THERAPY; HUMANS; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PSYCHOTHERAPY, GROUP;

EID: 42549091633     PISSN: 15374416     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15374410701817907     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1986). Manual for the Teacher Report Form. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. American Psychiatric Association, (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Anderson, J. C., Williams, S. M., McGee, R., & Silva, P. A. (1987). DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children: Prevalence in a large sample from the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 69-76.
7. Asher, S. R., & Wheeler, V. A. (1985). Children's loneliness: A comparison of rejected and neglected peer status. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 500-505.
8. Baer, S., & Garland, J. (2005). Pilot study of community-based cognitive behavioral group therapy for adolescents with social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 258-264.
9. Bandura, A., Grusec, J. E., & Menlove, F. L. (1967). Vicarious extintion of avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 16-23.
10. Barmish, A., & Kendall, P. C. (2005). Should parents be co-clients in cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious youth? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 569-581.
11. Barrett, P. M. (1998). Evaluation of cognitive-behavioral group treatments for childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 459-468.
12. Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 333-342.
13. Barrett, P. M., Duffy, A. L., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children: Long-term (6-year) follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 135-141.
14. Barrett, P., & Ferrel, L. (2007). Behavioral intervention for childhood anxiety. In J. M. Briesmeister & G E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of parent training: Helping parents prevent and solver problem behaviors (pp. 133-163). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
15. Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The social phobia and anxiety inventory for children, Psychological Assessment, 7, 73-79.
16. Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (2000). Behavioral treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 1072-1080.
17. Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Young, B., & Paulson, A. (2005). Social effectiveness training for children: Three-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 721-725.
18. Berman, S. L., Weems, C. F., Silverman, W. K., & Kurtines, W. M. (2000). Predictors of outcome in exposure-based cognitive and behavioral treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children. Behavior Therapy, 31, 713-731.
19. Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Cully, M., Balach, L., Kaufman, J., et al. (1997). The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric properties. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 545-553.
20. Blanton, H., & Jaccard, J. (2006). Arbitrary metrics in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 27-41.
21. Bloom, B. L. (1985). A factor analysis of self-report measures of family functioning. Family Process, 24, 225-239.
22. Bögels, S. M., & Siqueland, L. (2006). Family cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with clinical anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 134-141.
23. Chambless, D. L., Baker, M. J., Baucom, D. H., Beutler, L. E., Calhoun, K. S., et al. (1998). Update on empirically validated therapies, II. The Clinical Psychologist, 51, 3-16.
24. Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7-18.
25. Chambless, D. L., Sanderson, W. C., Shoham, V., Johnson, S. B., Pope, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., et al. (1996). An update on empirically validated therapies. The Clinical Psychologist, 49, 5-18.
26. Chorpita, B. F., & Southam-Gerrow, M. A. (2006). Fears and anxieties. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (pp. 271-335). New York: Guilford.
27. Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffit, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: A revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 835-855.
28. Cobham, V. E., Dadds, M. R., & Spence, S. H. (1998). The role of parental anxiety in the treatment of childhood anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 893-905.
29. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Commission on Anxiety Disorders. (2005). In D. L. Evans, E. B. Foa, R. E. Gur, H. Hendin, C. P. O'Brien, & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Treating and preventing adolescent mental health disorders: What we know and don't know (pp. 161-247). New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Cornwall, E., Spence, S. H., & Schotte, D. (1996). The effectiveness of emotive imagery in the treatment of darkness phobia in children. Behaviour Change, 13, 223-229.
32. Crawford, A. M., & Manassis, K. (2001). Familial predictors of treatment outcome in childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1182-1189.
33. Derogatis, L. R. (1983). SCL-90-R Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual-II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
34. Derogatis, L. R. (1992). BSI: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual - II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
35. Di Nardo, P. A., Brown, P. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV-lifetime. New York: Oxford University Press.
36. Endicott, J. S., Spitzer, R. L., Fleiss, J., & Cohen, J. (1976). The global assessment scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 766-771.
37. Eysenck, S. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1968). The measurement of psychoticism: A study of factor stability and reliability. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 7, 286-294.
38. Ferrell, G B., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2004). Assessment and treatment of socially phobic children: A cross cultural comparison. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 260-268.
39. Flannery-Schroeder, E. C., & Kendall, P. G (2000). Group and individual cognitive-behavioral treatments for youth with anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 251-278.
40. Gallagher, H. M., Rabian, B. A., & McCloskey, M. S. (2003). A brief group cognitive behavioral intervention for social phobia in childhood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 459-479.
41. García-López, L., Olivares, J., Beidel, D. C., Albano, A. M., Turner, S. M., & Rosa, A. I. (2006). Efficacy of three treatment protocols for adolescents with social anxiety disorder: A 5-year follow-up assessment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 175-191.
42. Ginsburg, G. S., & Drake, K. (2002). School-based treatment for anxious African-American adolescents: A controlled pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 768-775.
43. Gullone, E., & King, N. J. (1992). Psychometric evaluation of a revised fear survey schedule for chidlren and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 987-998.
44. Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the self-perception profile for children. Denver, CO: University of Denver.
45. Hayward, C., Varady, S., Albano, A. M., Thienemann, M., Henderson, L., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia in female adolescents: Results of a pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 721-726.
46. Heyne, D., King, N., Tonge, B., Rollings, S., Young, D., Pritchard, M., et al. (2002). Evaluation of child therapy and caregiver training in the treatment of school refusal. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 687-695.
47. Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Process, mechanism, and explanation related to externalizing behavior problems in developmental psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 431-446.
48. Hodes, R. L., Cook, E. W., & Lang, P. J. (1985). Individual differences in autonomic response: Conditioned association or conditioned fear? Psychophysiology, 22, 545-560.
49. Howard, B. L., & Kendall, P. C. (1996). Cognitive-behavioral family therapy for anxiety-disordered children: A multiple-baseline evaluation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 423-443.
50. Jaccard, J., & Guilamo-Ramos, V. (2002a). Analyses of variance frameworks in clinical child and adolescent psychology: Issues and recommendations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 130-146.
51. Jaccard, J., & Guilamo-Ramos, V. (2002b). Analyses of variance frameworks in clinical child and adolescent psychology: Advanced issues and recommendations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 278-294.
52. Kazdin, A. E., & Bass, D. (1989). Power to detect differences between alternative treatments in comparative psychotherapy outcome research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 138-147.
53. Kendall, P. G (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 200-210.
54. Kendall, P. G (2006). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxious children: Therapist manual (3rd ed.) Ardmore, PA: Workbook Publishing.
55. Kendall, P. C., Brady, E. U., & Verduin, T. L. (2001). Comorbidity in childhood anxiety disorders and treatment outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 784-794.
56. Kendall, P. C., Chu, B., Gifford, A., Hayes, C., & Nauta, M. (1998). Breathing life into a manual: Flexibility and creativity with manual-based treatments. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 5, 177-198.
57. Kendall, P. C., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Panichelli-Mindel, S. M., Southam-Gerow, M., Henin, A., & Warman, M. (1997). Therapy for youth with anxiety disorders: A second randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 366-380.
58. Kendall, P. C., Safford, S., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Webb, A. (2004). Child anxiety treatment: Outcomes in adolescence and impact on substance use and depression at 7.4 year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 276-287.
59. Kendall, P. C., & Southam-Gerow, M. A. (1996). Long-term follow-up of a cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 724-730.
60. Kendall, P. C., & Sugarman, A. (1997). Attrition in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 883-888.
61. King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Heyne, D., Pritchard, M., Rollings, S., Young, D., et al. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school-refusing children: A controlled evaluation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 395-403.
62. King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Heyne, D., Turner, S. Pritchard, M., Young, D., et al. (2001). Cognitive-behavioural treatment of school refusing children: Maintenance of improvement at 3- to 5-year follow-up. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 30, 85-89.
63. Kondas, O. (1967). Reduction of examination anxiety and "state fright" by group desensitization and relaxation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 275-281.
64. Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory Manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
65. Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, W. S. (2002). Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 877-883.
66. La Greca, A. M., & Stone, W. L. (1993). Social anxiety scale for children-Revised: Factor structure and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 17-27.
67. Last, C. G., Hansen, C., & Franco, N. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 404-411.
68. Last, C. G., Perrin, S., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1992). DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1070-1076.
69. Lyneham, H. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Evaluation of therapist-supported parent-implemented CBT for anxiety disorders in rural children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1287-1300.
70. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, G M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
71. Manassis, K., Avery, D., Butalia, S. & Mendlowitz, S. L. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy with childhood anxiety disorders: Functioning in adolescence. Depression and Anxiety, 19, 209-216.
72. Manassis, K., Mendlowitz, S. L., Scapillato, D., Avery, D., Fiksenbaum, L., Freire, M., et al. (2002). Group and individual cognitive behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1423-1430.
73. March, J. S., Parker, J. D. A., Sullivan, K., Stallings P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children. (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554-565.
74. Masia, C. L., Klein, R. G., Storch, E. A., & Corda, B. (2001). School-based behavioral treatment for social anxiety disorder in adolescents: Results of a pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 780-786.
75. McClure, E. B., & Pine, D. S. (2006). Social anxiety and emotion regulation: A model for developmental psychopathology perspectives on anxiety disorders. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (pp. 470-502). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
76. Mendlowitz, S. L., Manassis, K., Bradley, S., Scapillato, D., Miezitis, S., & Shaw, B. F. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral group treatments in childhood anxiety disorders: The role of parental involvement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1223-1229.
77. Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Melick, M. (2002). Treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: A preliminary comparison between cognitive-behavioral group therapy and a psychological placebo intervention. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental. Psychiatry, 33, 143-158.
78. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Holdrinet, I., & Sijsenaar, M. (1998). Treating phobic children: Effects of EMDR versus exposure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 193-198.
79. Muris, P., Meesters, C., & van Melick, M. (2002). Treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: A preliminary comparison between cognitive-behavioral group therapy and a psychological placebo intervention. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33, 143-158.
80. Nathan, P. E., & Gorman, J. M. (2002). A guide to treatments that work (2nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
81. Nauta, M. H., Schooling, A., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Minderaa, R. B. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral theory for children with anxiety disorders in a clinical setting: No additional effect of a cognitive parent training. Journal of the American Academy of Child and dolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1270-1278.
82. Newman, D. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Magdol, L., Silva, P. A., & Stanton, W. R. (1996). Psychiatric disorder in a birth cohort of young adults: Prevalence, comorbidity, clinical significance, and new case incidence from, ages 11-21. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 552-562.
83. Olivares, J., & Garcia-López, L. J. (1998). Therapy for adolescents with social phobia generalized: a new cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol for social phobia in adolescence. Unpublished manuscript.
84. Ollendick, T. H. (1983). Reliability and validity of the revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-R). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 685-962.
85. Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (1998). Empirically supported treatments for children with phobic and anxiety disorders: Current status. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 156-167.
86. Ollendick, T. H., & March, J. S. (Eds.). (2004). Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A clinician's guide to effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. New York: Oxford University Press.
87. Öst, L., Svensson, L., Hellström, K., & Lindwall, R. (2001). One-session treatment of specific phobia in youth: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 814-824.
88. Pina, A. A., & Silverman, W. K. (2004). Clinical phenomenology, somatic symptoms, and distress in Hispanic/Latino and European American youths with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 227-236.
89. Pina, A. A., Silverman, W. K., Fuentes, R. M., Kurtines, W. M., & Weems, C. F. (2003). Exposure-based cognitive behavioral treatment for phobic and anxiety disorders: Treatment effects and maintenance for Hispanic American relative to European American youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1179-1187.
90. Pina, A. A., Silverman, W. K., Weems, G F., Kurtines, W. M., & Goldman M. L. (2003). A comparison of completers and non-completers of exposure-based cognitive and behavioral treatment for phobic and anxiety disorders in youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 701-705.
91. Rapee, R. M., Abbott, M. J., & Lyneham, H. J. (2006). Bibliotherapy for children with anxiety disorders using written materials for parents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 436-444.
92. Rapee, R. M., Wignall, A., Hudson, J. L., & Schniering, C. A. (2000). Treating anxious children and adolescents. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
93. Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral scale reliability and measurement invariance evaluation using latent variable modeling. Behavior Therapy, 35, 299-331.
94. Reich, W. (2000). Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents (DICA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 59-66.
95. Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271-280.
96. Ronan, K. R., Kendall, P. C., & Rowe, M. (1994). Negative affectivity in children: Development and validation of a self-assessment questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 509-528.
97. Schoenwald, S. K., & Hoagwood, K. (2001). Effectiveness, transportability, and dissemination of interventions: What matters when? Psychiatric Services, 52, 1190-1197.
98. Schwartz, R. M., & Garamoni, G. L. (1986). A structural model of positive and negative states of mind: Asymmetry in the internal dialogue. In P. G Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy (Vol. 5, pp. 1-62). New York: Academic Press.
99. Sechrest, L., McKnight, P., & McKnight, K. (1996). Calibration of measures for psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 51, 1065-1071.
100. Shapiro, F. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocol and procedures. New York: Guilford.
101. Shortt, A. L., Barrett, P. M., & Fox, T. L. (2001). Evaluating the FRIENDS program: A cognitive-behavioral group treatment for anxious children and their parents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 30, 525-535.
102. Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and Parent Versions. New York: Oxford University Press.
103. Silverman, W. K., & Berman, S. L. (2001). Psychosocial interventions for anxiety disorders in children: Status and future directions. In W. K. Silverman & P. D. A. Treffers (Eds.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Research, assessment and intervention (pp. 313-334). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
104. Silverman, W. K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B., & Peterson, R. A. (1991). Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 162-168.
105. Silverman, W. K., & Kurtines, W. M. (1996). Anxiety and phobic disorders: A pragmatic approach. New York: Plenum.
106. Silverman, W. K., Kurtines, W. M., Ginsburg, G. S., Weems, C. F., Lumpkin, P. W., & Carmichael, D. H. (1999). Treating anxiety disorders in children with group cognitive-behavioral therapy: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 995-1003.
107. Silverman, W. K., Kurtines, W. M., Ginsburg, G. S., Weems, C. F., Rabian, B., & Serafini, L. T. (1999). Contingency management, self-control, and education support in the treatment of childhood phobic disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 675-687.
108. Silverman, W. K., Kurtines, W. M., & Hoagwood, K. (2004). Research progress on effectiveness, transportability, and dissemination of empirically supported treatments: Integrating theory and research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 295-299.
109. Silverman, W. K., & Nelles, W. B. (1988). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 772-778.
110. Silverman, W. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 380-411.
111. Southam-Gerow, M. A., Weisz, J. R., & Kendall, P. C. (2003). Youth with anxiety disorders in research and service clinics: Examining client differences and similarities. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 375-385.
112. Spence, S. H. (1997). Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 280-297.
113. Spence, S. H., Donovan, C., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. (2000). The treatment of childhood social phobia: The effectiveness of a social skills training-based, cognitive-behavioral intervention, with and without parental involvement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 713-726.
114. Spence, S. H., Holmes, J. M., March, S., & Lipp, O. V. (2006). The feasibility and outcome of clinic plus internet delivery of cognitive-behavior therapy for childhood anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 614-621.
115. Spielberger, C. D. (1973). Preliminary test manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
116. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
117. Stock, S. L., Werry, J. S., & McClellan, J. M. (2001). Pharmacological treatment of pediatric anxiety. In W. K. Silverman & P. D. Treffers (Eds.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Research, assessment and intervention (pp. 335-367). New York: Cambridge University Press.
118. Thienemann, M., Moore, P., & Tompkins, K. (2006). A parent only group intervention for children with anxiety disorders: Pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 37-46.
119. Treadwell, K. R. H., Flannery-Schroeder, E. C., & Kendall, P. C. (1995). Ethnicity and gender in relation to adaptive functioning, diagnostic status, and treatment outcome in children from an anxiety clinic. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 373-384.
120. Treadwell, K. R. H., & Kendall, P. G (1996). Self-talk in youth with anxiety disorders: States of mind, content specificity, and treatment outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 941-950.
121. Walkup, J. T., Labellarte, M. J., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2002). The pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders. International Review of Psychiatry, 14, 135-142.
122. Weems, C. F. (2005). Childhood anxiety disorders: An overview of recent guides for professionals and parents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 772-778.
123. Weersing, V. R., & Weisz, J. R. (2002). Mechanisms of action in youth psychotherapy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 3-29.
124. Wood, J. J., Piacentini, J. C., Southam-Gerow, M., Chu, B., & Sigman, M. (2006). Family cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 314-321.