메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 356-371

A content analysis of male roles in television advertising: Do traditional roles still hold?

Author keywords

commercials; content analysis; male gender roles; stereotypes

Indexed keywords


EID: 84939549293     PISSN: 13527266     EISSN: 14664445     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13527266.2013.775178     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (39)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 84939558759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stay-at-Home McKinney Dad Isn't Alone as Recession Hits Men Hard
    • E.Aasen, 2009. “Stay-at-Home McKinney Dad Isn't Alone as Recession Hits Men Hard.” The Dallas Morning News. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/yahoolatestnews/stories/072609dnmetmrmom.3dab59f.html.
    • (2009) The Dallas Morning News
    • Aasen, E.1
  • 4
    • 33845409165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to Male Models in Advertisements Leads to a Decrease in Men's Body Satisfaction
    • A.L.Baird,, and F.G.Grieve. 2006. “Exposure to Male Models in Advertisements Leads to a Decrease in Men's Body Satisfaction.” North American Journal of Psychology 8: 115–121.
    • (2006) North American Journal of Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 115-121
    • Baird, A.L.1    Grieve, F.G.2
  • 5
    • 79959787379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Bias in Leader Selection? Evidence From a Hiring Simulation Study
    • J.Bosak,, and S.Sczesny. 2011. “Gender Bias in Leader Selection? Evidence From a Hiring Simulation Study.” Sex Roles 65: 234–242.
    • (2011) Sex Roles , vol.65 , pp. 234-242
    • Bosak, J.1    Sczesny, S.2
  • 6
    • 0000949166 scopus 로고
    • The Portrayal of Men and Women in U.S. Television Commercials: A Recent Content Analysis and Trends Over 15 Years
    • D.Bretl,, and J.Cantor. 1988. “The Portrayal of Men and Women in U.S. Television Commercials: A Recent Content Analysis and Trends Over 15 Years.” Sex Roles 18: 595–609.
    • (1988) Sex Roles , vol.18 , pp. 595-609
    • Bretl, D.1    Cantor, J.2
  • 7
    • 79959237681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women Gain as Men Lose Jobs
    • D.Cauchon, 2009. “Women Gain as Men Lose Jobs.” USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-09-02-womenwork_N.htm.
    • (2009) USA Today
    • Cauchon, D.1
  • 8
    • 0031116868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work-Family Imagery and Gender Stereotypes: Television and the Reproduction of Difference
    • S.Coltrane,, and M.Adams. 1997. “Work-Family Imagery and Gender Stereotypes: Television and the Reproduction of Difference.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 50: 323–347.
    • (1997) Journal of Vocational Behavior , vol.50 , pp. 323-347
    • Coltrane, S.1    Adams, M.2
  • 9
    • 0034148061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Perpetuation of Subtle Prejudice: Race and Gender Imagery in 1990s Television Advertising
    • S.Coltrane,, and M.Messineo. 2000. “The Perpetuation of Subtle Prejudice: Race and Gender Imagery in 1990s Television Advertising.” Sex Roles 42: 363–389.
    • (2000) Sex Roles , vol.42 , pp. 363-389
    • Coltrane, S.1    Messineo, M.2
  • 10
    • 80052210880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Killing Us Softly? Investigating Portrayals of Women and Men in Contemporary Magazine Advertisements
    • T.D.Conley,, and L.R.Ramsey. 2011. “Killing Us Softly? Investigating Portrayals of Women and Men in Contemporary Magazine Advertisements.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 35: 469–478.
    • (2011) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.35 , pp. 469-478
    • Conley, T.D.1    Ramsey, L.R.2
  • 11
    • 0000339516 scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Television Day Part on Gender Portrayals in Television Commercials: A Content Analysis
    • S.R.Craig, 1992. “The Effect of Television Day Part on Gender Portrayals in Television Commercials: A Content Analysis.” Sex Roles 26: 197–211.
    • (1992) Sex Roles , vol.26 , pp. 197-211
    • Craig, S.R.1
  • 12
    • 0000762517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender
    • Gilbert D.T., Fiske S.T., Lindzey G., (eds), 4th ed., Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill
    • K.Deaux,, and M.Lafrance. 1998. “Gender.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by D.T.Gilbert, S.T.Fiske, and G.Lindzey. 4th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1998) Handbook of Social Psychology
    • Deaux, K.1    Lafrance, M.2
  • 13
    • 77955091785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Meta-Analysis of Gender Roles in Advertising
    • M.Eisend, 2010. “A Meta-Analysis of Gender Roles in Advertising.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 38: 418–440.
    • (2010) Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , vol.38 , pp. 418-440
    • Eisend, M.1
  • 14
    • 12344303571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Idealized Images of the Male Body in Advertising: A Reader-Response Exploration
    • R.Elliot,, and C.Elliot. 2005. “Idealized Images of the Male Body in Advertising: A Reader-Response Exploration.” Journal of Marketing Communications 11: 3–19.
    • (2005) Journal of Marketing Communications , vol.11 , pp. 3-19
    • Elliot, R.1    Elliot, C.2
  • 15
    • 84939509767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TV Broadcast vs Cable: Enough Ad Dollars?
    • N.Finke, 2010. “TV Broadcast vs Cable: Enough Ad Dollars?” Deadline, http://www.deadline.com/2010/06/tv-broadcast-vs-cable-enough-ad-dollars/.
    • (2010) Deadline
    • Finke, N.1
  • 16
    • 84874507019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Role Attitudes and Characteristics of Stay-at-Home and Employed Fathers
    • J.Fischer,, and V.N.Anderson. 2012. “Gender Role Attitudes and Characteristics of Stay-at-Home and Employed Fathers.” Psychology of Men & Masculinity 13: 16–31.
    • (2012) Psychology of Men & Masculinity , vol.13 , pp. 16-31
    • Fischer, J.1    Anderson, V.N.2
  • 17
    • 21344490393 scopus 로고
    • The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts
    • M.Friestad,, and P.Wright. 1994. “The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts.” Journal of Consumer Research 21: 1–31.
    • (1994) Journal of Consumer Research , vol.21 , pp. 1-31
    • Friestad, M.1    Wright, P.2
  • 18
    • 77952109106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Product Gender Perceptions and Antecedents of Product Gender Congruence
    • D.L.Fugate,, and J.Phillips. 2010. “Product Gender Perceptions and Antecedents of Product Gender Congruence.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 27: 251–261.
    • (2010) Journal of Consumer Marketing , vol.27 , pp. 251-261
    • Fugate, D.L.1    Phillips, J.2
  • 19
    • 0142215934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Content Analysis of Prime Time Commercials: A Contextual Framework of Gender Representation
    • D.J.Ganahl,, T.J.Prinsen, and S.Baker Netzley. 2003. “A Content Analysis of Prime Time Commercials: A Contextual Framework of Gender Representation.” Sex Roles 49: 545–551.
    • (2003) Sex Roles , vol.49 , pp. 545-551
    • Ganahl, D.J.1    Prinsen, T.J.2    Baker Netzley, S.3
  • 20
    • 77749289954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Advertising a Barrier to Male Movement Toward Gender Change?
    • J.Gentry,, and R.Harrison. 2010. “Is Advertising a Barrier to Male Movement Toward Gender Change?” Marketing Theory 10: 74–96.
    • (2010) Marketing Theory , vol.10 , pp. 74-96
    • Gentry, J.1    Harrison, R.2
  • 22
    • 0001072441 scopus 로고
    • Male Role and Gender Role Conflict: Relations to Help-Seeking in Men
    • G.E.Good,, D.M.Dell, and L.B.Mintz. 1989. “Male Role and Gender Role Conflict: Relations to Help-Seeking in Men.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 36: 295–300.
    • (1989) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 295-300
    • Good, G.E.1    Dell, D.M.2    Mintz, L.B.3
  • 23
    • 0011865216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Psychology of Men and Masculinity: Research Status and Future Directions
    • Kesler Unger R., (ed), Ipswich, MA: Wiley
    • G.E.Good,, and N.B.Sherrod. 2001. “The Psychology of Men and Masculinity: Research Status and Future Directions.” In Handbook of The Psychology of Women and Gender, edited by R.Kesler UngerRhoda. Ipswich, MA: Wiley.
    • (2001) Handbook of The Psychology of Women and Gender
    • Good, G.E.1    Sherrod, N.B.2
  • 24
    • 43049177874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies
    • S.Grabe,, J.Hyde, and L.Ward. 2008. “The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies.” Psychological Bulletin 134: 460–476.
    • (2008) Psychological Bulletin , vol.134 , pp. 460-476
    • Grabe, S.1    Hyde, J.2    Ward, L.3
  • 26
    • 0040731180 scopus 로고
    • The Relation of Sex Role Stereotyping to Body Image
    • R.F.Guy,, B.A.Rankin, and M.J.Norvell. 1980. “The Relation of Sex Role Stereotyping to Body Image.” Journal of Psychology 105: 167–173.
    • (1980) Journal of Psychology , vol.105 , pp. 167-173
    • Guy, R.F.1    Rankin, B.A.2    Norvell, M.J.3
  • 27
    • 21844515210 scopus 로고
    • Women and Body-isms in Television Beer Commercials
    • C.C.Hall,, and M.J.Crum. 1994. “Women and Body-isms in Television Beer Commercials.” Sex Roles 31: 329–337.
    • (1994) Sex Roles , vol.31 , pp. 329-337
    • Hall, C.C.1    Crum, M.J.2
  • 29
    • 18244367673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mags and Abs: Media Consumption and Bodily Concerns in Men
    • I.J.Hatoum,, and D.Belle. 2004. “Mags and Abs: Media Consumption and Bodily Concerns in Men.” Sex Roles 51: 397–407.
    • (2004) Sex Roles , vol.51 , pp. 397-407
    • Hatoum, I.J.1    Belle, D.2
  • 30
    • 34250155582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three Decades of Sexual Content on Prime-Time Network Programming: A Longitudinal Meta-Analytic Review
    • A.Hetsroni, 2007. “Three Decades of Sexual Content on Prime-Time Network Programming: A Longitudinal Meta-Analytic Review.” Journal of Communication 57: 318–348.
    • (2007) Journal of Communication , vol.57 , pp. 318-348
    • Hetsroni, A.1
  • 31
    • 8744293232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Man-of-Action Heroes: The Pursuit of Heroic Masculinity in Everyday Consumption
    • D.B.Holt,, and C.J.Thompson. 2004. “Man-of-Action Heroes: The Pursuit of Heroic Masculinity in Everyday Consumption.” Journal of Consumer Research 31: 425–440.
    • (2004) Journal of Consumer Research , vol.31 , pp. 425-440
    • Holt, D.B.1    Thompson, C.J.2
  • 32
    • 0001805096 scopus 로고
    • Traditional Gender Roles: Do They Make, and then Break, Our Relationships?
    • W.Ickes, 1993. “Traditional Gender Roles: Do They Make, and then Break, Our Relationships?” Journal of Social Issues 49: 71–85.
    • (1993) Journal of Social Issues , vol.49 , pp. 71-85
    • Ickes, W.1
  • 33
    • 0035256261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marketing Molly and Melville: Dating in a Postmodern
    • E.Jagger, 2001. “Marketing Molly and Melville: Dating in a Postmodern.” Consumer Society. Sociology 35: 39–57.
    • (2001) Consumer Society. Sociology , vol.35 , pp. 39-57
    • Jagger, E.1
  • 34
    • 0033237532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumer Socialization of Children: A Retrospective Look at Twenty-Five Years of Research
    • D.R.John, 1999. “Consumer Socialization of Children: A Retrospective Look at Twenty-Five Years of Research.” Journal of Consumer Research 26: 183–213.
    • (1999) Journal of Consumer Research , vol.26 , pp. 183-213
    • John, D.R.1
  • 35
    • 77954688757 scopus 로고
    • Yes! More Content Analysis
    • L.Jolliffe, 1993. “Yes! More Content Analysis.” Newspaper Research Journal 14: 93–97.
    • (1993) Newspaper Research Journal , vol.14 , pp. 93-97
    • Jolliffe, L.1
  • 36
    • 0033478351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Portrayal of Men's Family Roles in Television Commercials
    • G.Kaufman, 1999. “The Portrayal of Men's Family Roles in Television Commercials.” Sex Roles 41: 439–458.
    • (1999) Sex Roles , vol.41 , pp. 439-458
    • Kaufman, G.1
  • 37
    • 84929226211 scopus 로고
    • Advertising Masculinity: The Representation of Males in Esquire Advertisements
    • D.Kervin, 1990. “Advertising Masculinity: The Representation of Males in Esquire Advertisements.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 14: 51–70.
    • (1990) Journal of Communication Inquiry , vol.14 , pp. 51-70
    • Kervin, D.1
  • 38
    • 0000881830 scopus 로고
    • Content-Analysis Research: An Examination of Applications with Directives for Improving Research Reliability
    • R.H.Kolbe,, and M.S.Burnett. 1991. “Content-Analysis Research: An Examination of Applications with Directives for Improving Research Reliability.” Journal of Consumer Research 18: 243–250.
    • (1991) Journal of Consumer Research , vol.18 , pp. 243-250
    • Kolbe, R.H.1    Burnett, M.S.2
  • 39
    • 0002642494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Man-to-Man: A Content Analysis of Sole-Male Images in Male-Audience Magazines
    • R.H.Kolbe,, and P.Albanese. 1996. “Man-to-Man: A Content Analysis of Sole-Male Images in Male-Audience Magazines.” Journal of Advertising 25 (4): 1–20.
    • (1996) Journal of Advertising , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-20
    • Kolbe, R.H.1    Albanese, P.2
  • 40
    • 34247438527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who's Afraid of a Black Bourgeoisie? Consumer Magazines for Black South Africans as an Apparatus of Change
    • S.Laden, 2003. “Who's Afraid of a Black Bourgeoisie? Consumer Magazines for Black South Africans as an Apparatus of Change.” Journal of Consumer Culture 3: 191–216.
    • (2003) Journal of Consumer Culture , vol.3 , pp. 191-216
    • Laden, S.1
  • 42
    • 0035164771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural Expectations of Muscularity in Men: The Evolution of Playgirl Centerfolds
    • R.A.Leit,, H.G.Pope Jr, and J.J.Gray. 2001. “Cultural Expectations of Muscularity in Men: The Evolution of Playgirl Centerfolds.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 29: 90–93.
    • (2001) International Journal of Eating Disorders , vol.29 , pp. 90-93
    • Leit, R.A.1    Pope, H.G.2    Gray, J.J.3
  • 43
    • 0001201550 scopus 로고
    • Traditional Family Ideology and Its Relation to Personality
    • D.J.Levinson,, and P.E.Huffman. 1955. “Traditional Family Ideology and Its Relation to Personality.” Journal of Personality 23: 251–273.
    • (1955) Journal of Personality , vol.23 , pp. 251-273
    • Levinson, D.J.1    Huffman, P.E.2
  • 44
    • 85006486926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beefcake versus Cheesecake in the 1990s : Sexist Portrayals of Both Genders in Television Commercials
    • C.A.Lin, 1997. “Beefcake versus Cheesecake in the 1990s: Sexist Portrayals of Both Genders in Television Commercials.” Howard Journal of Communications 8: 237–249.
    • (1997) Howard Journal of Communications , vol.8 , pp. 237-249
    • Lin, C.A.1
  • 46
    • 82755191838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the Marlboro Man the only Alternative? The Role of Gender Identity and Self-Construal Salience in Evaluations of Male Models
    • B.A.S.Martin,, and J.Gnoth. 2009. “Is the Marlboro Man the only Alternative? The Role of Gender Identity and Self-Construal Salience in Evaluations of Male Models.” Marketing Letters 20: 353–367.
    • (2009) Marketing Letters , vol.20 , pp. 353-367
    • Martin, B.A.S.1    Gnoth, J.2
  • 47
    • 28044442351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representations of Race in Television Commercials: A Content Analysis of Prime-Time Advertising
    • D.E.Mastro,, and S.R.Stern. 2003. “Representations of Race in Television Commercials: A Content Analysis of Prime-Time Advertising.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 47: 638–647.
    • (2003) Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , vol.47 , pp. 638-647
    • Mastro, D.E.1    Stern, S.R.2
  • 48
    • 33749445396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Male Consumer as Loser: Beer and Liquor Ads in Mega Sports Media Events
    • M.A.Messner,, and J.Montez de Oca. 2005. “The Male Consumer as Loser: Beer and Liquor Ads in Mega Sports Media Events.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30: 1879–1909.
    • (2005) Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society , vol.30 , pp. 1879-1909
    • Messner, M.A.1    Montez de Oca, J.2
  • 49
    • 67349167431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessibility of Gender Stereotype Domains: Developmental and Gender Differences in Children
    • C.F.Miller,, L.E.Lurye, K.M.Zosuls, and D.N.Ruble. 2009. “Accessibility of Gender Stereotype Domains: Developmental and Gender Differences in Children.” Sex Roles 60: 870–881.
    • (2009) Sex Roles , vol.60 , pp. 870-881
    • Miller, C.F.1    Lurye, L.E.2    Zosuls, K.M.3    Ruble, D.N.4
  • 50
    • 21344487130 scopus 로고
    • Career Plans and Gender-Role Attitudes of College Students in the United States, Japan, and Slovenia
    • Y.Morinaga,, I.H.Frieze, and A.Ferligoj. 1993. “Career Plans and Gender-Role Attitudes of College Students in the United States, Japan, and Slovenia.” Sex Roles 29: 317–334.
    • (1993) Sex Roles , vol.29 , pp. 317-334
    • Morinaga, Y.1    Frieze, I.H.2    Ferligoj, A.3
  • 51
    • 0001099167 scopus 로고
    • Consumer Socialization: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
    • G.P.Moschis,, and G.A.Churchill Jr. 1978. “Consumer Socialization: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Marketing Research 15: 599–609.
    • (1978) Journal of Marketing Research , vol.15 , pp. 599-609
    • Moschis, G.P.1    Churchill, G.A.2
  • 52
    • 16544374461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960-2002
    • C.L.Ogden,, C.D.Fryar, M.D.Carroll, and C.M.Flegal. 2004. “Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960-2002.” Advance Data 347: 1–17.
    • (2004) Advance Data , vol.347 , pp. 1-17
    • Ogden, C.L.1    Fryar, C.D.2    Carroll, M.D.3    Flegal, C.M.4
  • 53
    • 79751534130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examination of Gender-Role Portrayals in Television Advertising Across Seven Countries
    • H.Paek,, M.R.Nelson, and A.M.Vilela. 2011. “Examination of Gender-Role Portrayals in Television Advertising Across Seven Countries.” Sex Roles 64: 192–207.
    • (2011) Sex Roles , vol.64 , pp. 192-207
    • Paek, H.1    Nelson, M.R.2    Vilela, A.M.3
  • 54
    • 0001220166 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of Nominal Data based on Qualitative Judgments
    • W.D.Perreault,, Jr, and L.E.Leigh. 1989. “Reliability of Nominal Data based on Qualitative Judgments.” Journal of Marketing Research 26: 135–148.
    • (1989) Journal of Marketing Research , vol.26 , pp. 135-148
    • Perreault, W.D.1    Leigh, L.E.2
  • 55
    • 70849113817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Depiction of Female Models in Sport Television Commercials in the United States by Degree of Slenderness: An Appraisal
    • R.T.Peterson,, B.Xu, and Y.Limbu. 2009. “The Depiction of Female Models in Sport Television Commercials in the United States by Degree of Slenderness: An Appraisal.” Journal of Promotion Management 15: 184–203.
    • (2009) Journal of Promotion Management , vol.15 , pp. 184-203
    • Peterson, R.T.1    Xu, B.2    Limbu, Y.3
  • 56
    • 77951218949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weight Status and Body Image Satisfaction in Adult Men and Women
    • N.Phillips,, and A.F.de Man. 2010. “Weight Status and Body Image Satisfaction in Adult Men and Women.” North American Journal of Psychology 12: 171–183.
    • (2010) North American Journal of Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 171-183
    • Phillips, N.1    de Man, A.F.2
  • 57
    • 84993924285 scopus 로고
    • The Male Sex Role: Definitions, Problems, and Sources of Change
    • J.H.Pleck, 1976. “The Male Sex Role: Definitions, Problems, and Sources of Change.” Journal of Social Issues 32: 155–164.
    • (1976) Journal of Social Issues , vol.32 , pp. 155-164
    • Pleck, J.H.1
  • 58
    • 33845330242 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes Toward Male Roles Among Adolescent Males: A Discriminant Validity Analysis
    • J.H.Pleck,, F.L.Sonenstein, and L.C.Ku. 1994. “Attitudes Toward Male Roles Among Adolescent Males: A Discriminant Validity Analysis.” Sex Roles 30: 481–501.
    • (1994) Sex Roles , vol.30 , pp. 481-501
    • Pleck, J.H.1    Sonenstein, F.L.2    Ku, L.C.3
  • 59
    • 38749150368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male Body Image and Magazine Standards: Considering Dimensions of Age and Ethnicity
    • D.Pompper,, J.Soto, and L.Piel. 2007. “Male Body Image and Magazine Standards: Considering Dimensions of Age and Ethnicity.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 84: 525–545.
    • (2007) Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , vol.84 , pp. 525-545
    • Pompper, D.1    Soto, J.2    Piel, L.3
  • 62
    • 77954689021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Context of Current Content Analysis of Gender Roles: An Introduction
    • R.M.Rudy,, L.Popova, and D.G.Linz. 2010. “The Context of Current Content Analysis of Gender Roles: An Introduction to a ” Sex Roles 62: 705–720.
    • (2010) Sex Roles , vol.62 , pp. 705-720
    • Rudy, R.M.1    Popova, L.2    Linz, D.G.3
  • 63
    • 85044891625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working Hard or Hardly Working? Gender, Humor, and the Performance of Domestic Chores in Television Commercials
    • E.D.Scharrer,, D.Kim, K.Lin, and Z.Liu. 2006. “Working Hard or Hardly Working? Gender, Humor, and the Performance of Domestic Chores in Television Commercials.” Mass Communication & Society 9: 215–238.
    • (2006) Mass Communication & Society , vol.9 , pp. 215-238
    • Scharrer, E.D.1    Kim, D.2    Lin, K.3    Liu, Z.4
  • 64
    • 0037651407 scopus 로고
    • Trends in Sex Roles in Television Commercials
    • K.C.Schneider,, and S.B.Schneider. 1979. “Trends in Sex Roles in Television Commercials.” Journal of Marketing 4: 79–84.
    • (1979) Journal of Marketing , vol.4 , pp. 79-84
    • Schneider, K.C.1    Schneider, S.B.2
  • 65
    • 18844425646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mirrors of Masculinity: Representation and Identity in Advertising Images
    • J.E.Schroeder,, and D.Zwick. 2004. “Mirrors of Masculinity: Representation and Identity in Advertising Images.” Consumption, Markets and Culture 7: 21–52.
    • (2004) Consumption, Markets and Culture , vol.7 , pp. 21-52
    • Schroeder, J.E.1    Zwick, D.2
  • 67
    • 0033112816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Differences in Population versus Media Body Sizes: A Comparison Over Four Decades
    • B.L.Spitzer,, K.A.Henderson, and M.T.Zivian. 1999. “Gender Differences in Population versus Media Body Sizes: A Comparison Over Four Decades.” Sex Roles 40: 545–565.
    • (1999) Sex Roles , vol.40 , pp. 545-565
    • Spitzer, B.L.1    Henderson, K.A.2    Zivian, M.T.3
  • 68
    • 85044812975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Portrayals Across the Life Span: A Content Analytic Look at Broadcast Commercials
    • S.R.Stern,, and D.E.Mastro. 2004. “Gender Portrayals Across the Life Span: A Content Analytic Look at Broadcast Commercials.” Mass Communication & Society 7: 215–236.
    • (2004) Mass Communication & Society , vol.7 , pp. 215-236
    • Stern, S.R.1    Mastro, D.E.2
  • 69
    • 84939535449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Women Better Educated Than Men: Census Data
    • The Independent. 2010. “US Women Better Educated Than Men: Census Data.” The Independent, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/house-and-home/us-women-better-educated-than-men-census-data-1949549.html.
    • (2010) The Independent
  • 70
    • 0031531380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Television Cartoons: Do Children Notice it's a Boy's World?
    • T.L.Thompson,, and E.Zerbinos. 1997. “Television Cartoons: Do Children Notice it's a Boy's World?” Sex Roles 37: 415–432.
    • (1997) Sex Roles , vol.37 , pp. 415-432
    • Thompson, T.L.1    Zerbinos, E.2
  • 71
    • 84861306686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Differences in Brand Commitment, Impulse Buying, and Hedonic Consumption
    • S.Tifferet,, and R.Herstein. 2012. “Gender Differences in Brand Commitment, Impulse Buying, and Hedonic Consumption.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 21: 176–182.
    • (2012) Journal of Product & Brand Management , vol.21 , pp. 176-182
    • Tifferet, S.1    Herstein, R.2
  • 73
    • 84939520707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Employment and Earnings
    • U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2008. “Employment and Earnings.” Annual Averages and the Monthly Labor Review, http://www.dol.gov/wb/factsheets/Qf-ESWM08.htm.
    • (2008) Annual Averages and the Monthly Labor Review
  • 74
    • 0001852530 scopus 로고
    • Consumer Socialization: Initial Study Results
    • S.Ward,, and D.Wackman. 1974. “Consumer Socialization: Initial Study Results.” Advances in Consumer Research 1: 120–125.
    • (1974) Advances in Consumer Research , vol.1 , pp. 120-125
    • Ward, S.1    Wackman, D.2
  • 76
    • 0000554304 scopus 로고
    • Sex Category and Gender in Social Psychology
    • Cook K.S., Fine G.A., House J.S., (eds), Boston: Allyn and Bacon
    • M.G.Wiley, 1995. “Sex Category and Gender in Social Psychology.” In Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, edited by K.S.Cook, G.A.Fine, and J.S.House, 362–386. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
    • (1995) Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology , pp. 362-386
    • Wiley, M.G.1
  • 77
    • 84939484841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women Earn More Doctorates Than Men
    • P.Wingert, 2010. “Women Earn More Doctorates Than Men.” Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/2010/09/15/women-earn-most-doctorates-but-find-colleges-not-family-friendly.html.
    • (2010) Newsweek
    • Wingert, P.1
  • 78
    • 19244386535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental Influence on Children's Socialization to Gender Roles
    • S.D.Witt, 1997. “Parental Influence on Children's Socialization to Gender Roles.” Adolescence 32: 253–259.
    • (1997) Adolescence , vol.32 , pp. 253-259
    • Witt, S.D.1
  • 79
    • 4043149016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Issues in Advertising – An Oversight Synthesis of Research: 1970-2002
    • L.D.Wolin, 2003. “Gender Issues in Advertising – An Oversight Synthesis of Research: 1970-2002.” Journal of Advertising Research 43: 111–129.
    • (2003) Journal of Advertising Research , vol.43 , pp. 111-129
    • Wolin, L.D.1
  • 80
    • 36849028962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More Men Developing Eating Disorders
    • K.Zelman, 2005. “More Men Developing Eating Disorders.” WebMD Health News, http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/news/20051024/more-men-developing-eating-disorders.
    • (2005) WebMD Health News
    • Zelman, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.