Male body image and magazine standards: Considering dimensions of age and ethnicity

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 84, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 525-545

  Pompper, Donnalyn ^a   Soto, Jorge ^b   Piel, Lauren ^b  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE; ETHNICITY; MALE;

EID: 38749150368     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900708400308     Document Type: Article

References (120)

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30. Pamela S. McKay-Parks and Marsha H. Read, "Adolescent Male Athletes: Body Image, Diet and Exercise," Adolescence 32 (fall 1997): 593-603;
31. Pope, Phillips, and Olivardia, The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession.
32. See William H. Sheldon, Stanley S. Stevens, and William B. Tucker, Varieties of Human Physique: An Introduction to Constitutional Psychology (NY: Harper and Brothers, 1940).
33. See Joseph Henrich and Francisco Gil-White, "The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Status as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission," Evolution and Human Behavior 22 (May 2001): 1-32.
34. See Harrison G. Pope, Amanda J. Gruber, Barbara Mangweth, Benjamin Bureau, Christine deCole, Roland Jouvent, and James I. Hudson, "Body Image Perception among Men in Three Countries," American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (August 2000): 1297-1301.
35. Roger Horrocks, Masculinity in Crisis: Myths, Fantasies, and Realities (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1994).
36. Marita P. McCabe and Lina A. Ricciardelli, "Body Image Dissatisfaction among Males across the Lifespan: A Review of Past Literature," Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56 (June 2004): 675-85.
37. Mishkind et al., "The Embodiment of Masculinity: Cultural, Psychological, and Behavioral Dimensions."
38. McCabe and Ricciardelli, "Body Image Dissatisfaction among Males across the Lifespan: A Review of Past Literature."
39. Richard A. Leit, Harrison G. Pope, and James J. Gray, "Cultural Expectations of Muscularity in Men: The Evolution of Playgirl Centerfolds," International Journal of Eating Disorders 29 (January 2001): 90-93;
40. Harrison G. Pope, Roberto Olivardia, John J. Borowiecki, and Geoffrey H. Cohane, "The Growing Commercial Value of the Male Body: A Longitudinal Survey of Advertising in Women's Magazines," Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 70 (July-August 2001): 189-92;
41. Harrison G. Pope, Roberto Olivardia, Amanda J. Gruber, and John J. Borowiecki, "Evolving Ideals of Male Body Image as Seen Through Action Toys," International Journal of Eating Disorders 26 (July 1999): 65-72;
42. Brenda L. Spitzer, Katherine A. Henderson, and Marilyn T. Zivian, "Gender Differences in Population Versus Media Body Sizes: A Comparison over Four Decades," Sex Roles 40 (April 1999): 545-65.
43. David A. Frederick, Daniel M. T. Fessler, and Martie G. Haselton, "Do Representations of Male Muscularity Differ in Men's and Women's Magazines?" Body Image 2 (March 2005): 81-86.
44. See Kenneth MacKinnon, Representing Men: Maleness and Masculinity in the Media (NY: Oxford University Press Inc., 2003).
45. Norma Pecora, "Superman/Superboys/Supermen: The Comic Book Hero as Socializing Agent," in Men, Masculinity, and the Media, ed. Steve Craig (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992), 61-77;
46. Marjorie J. Kostelnik, Alice Phipps Whiren, and Laura C. Stein, "Living with He-Man," Young Children 41 (May 1986): 3-9.
47. John F. Morgan, "From Charles Atlas to Adonis Complex: Fat Is More Than a Feminist Issue," Lancet 356 (October 2000): 1372-74.
48. Pope et al., "Evolving Ideals of Male Body Image as Seen Through Action Toys";
49. Kelly D. Brownell and Melissa A. Napolitano, "Distorting Reality for Children: Body Size Proportions of Barbie and Ken Dolls," International Journal of Eating Disorders 18 (November 1995): 295-98.
50. Leit, Pope, and Gray, "Cultural Expectations of Muscularity in Men: The Evolution of Playgirl Centerfolds."
51. Stern, "Masculinism(s) and the Male Image: What Does It Mean to Be a Man?" 226.
52. Victor Jeleniewski Seidler, Man Enough: Embodying Masculinities (London: Sage, 1997);
53. Dick Hebdidge, "After the Masses" in New Times, ed. Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1989), 76-93.
54. Herb Goldberg, The Hazards of Being Male: Surviving the Myth of Masculine Privilege (NY: New American Library, 1977);
55. John MacInnes, The End of Masculinity (Buckingham/Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1998);
56. Stern, "Masculinism(s) and the Male Image: What Does It Mean to Be a Man?"
57. John Beynon, Masculinities and Culture (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 2002);
58. Andrea Cornwall and Nancy Lindisfarne, Dislocating Masculinity: Comparative Ethnographies (London: Routledge, 1994).
59. Kenneth Clatterbaugh, Contemporary Perspectives on Masculinity: Men, Women, and Politics in Modern Society (NY: Westview Press, 1996), 25.
60. Susan Bordo, The Male Body: A New Look at Men in Public and in Private (NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999).
61. Diane Barthel, "When Men Put on Appearances: Advertising and the Social Construction of Masculinity," in Men, Masculinity, and the Media, ed. Steve Craig (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992), 137-53, 150;
62. MacKinnon, Representing Men: Maleness and Masculinity in the Media.
63. Nicholas Lemann, "The Battle over Boys: Will Feminists or Their Foes Win the Teenage Soul?" New Yorker, July 10, 2000, 79-83.
64. Roger Horrocks and Jo Campling, Masculinity in Crisis: Myths, Fantasies, and Realities (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1994);
65. Sidney M. Jourard, The Transparent Self (Princeton: Van Nostrand Press, 1971).
66. Teruko Inoue, "Gender to Media (Gender and Media)," in Media Literacy No Genzai to Mirai (The Present and the Future of Media Literacy), ed. Midori Suzuki (Tokyo: Sekai Shisoo-sha, 2001), 118-39.
67. Tim Edwards, "Sex, Booze and Fags: Masculinity, Style and Men's Magazines," in Masculinity and Men's Lifestyle Magazines, ed. Bethan Benwell (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Sociological Review, 2003), 132-46.
68. Bethan Benwell, "Introduction: Masculinity and Men's Lifestyle Magazines," in Masculinity and Men's Lifestyle Magazines, ed. Bethan Benwell (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Sociological Review, 2003), 6-29.
69. Jonathan Rutherford, "Preface," in Masculinity and Men's Lifestyle Magazines, ed. Bethan Benwell (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Sociological Review, 2003), 1-5, 4.
70. Bill Osgerby, Playboys in Paradise: Masculinity, Youth and Leisure-Style in Modern America (Oxford: Berg, 2001).
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72. Benwell, "Introduction: Masculinity and Men's Lifestyle Magazines."
73. John Robb, The Nineties (London: Ebury, 1999).
74. Stevenson, Jackson, and Brooks, "Reading Men's Lifestyle Magazines: Cultural Power and the Information Society."
75. Peter Jackson, Nick Stevenson, and Kate Brooks, Making Sense of Men's Magazines (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001);
76. Jonathan E. Schroeder and Detlev Zwick, "Mirrors of Masculinity: Representation and Identity in Advertising Images," Consumption, Markets and Culture 7 (March 2004): 21-52.
77. Bordo, The Male Body: A New Look at Men in Public and in Private, 185.
78. Barthel, "When Men Put on Appearances: Advertising and the Social Construction of Masculinity."
79. Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963), 128.
80. See Ian M. Harris, Messages Men Hear: Constructing Masculinities (London: Taylor & Francis, 1995);
81. Kenneth MacKinnon, Representing Men: Maleness and Masculinity in the Media (NY: Oxford University Press Inc., 2003)
82. Gullette, Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat and the Politics of the Midlife, 139.
83. Gullette, Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat and the Politics of the Midlife;
84. Beynon, Masculinities and Culture;
85. Michael S. Kimmel, "Foreword" in Men, Masculinity, and the Media, ed. Steven Craig (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992), xi-xii.
86. Matthew C. Gutmann, "Introduction: Discarding Manly Dichotomies in Latin America," in Changing Men and Masculinities in Latin America, ed. Matthew C. Gutmann (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003), 1-26.
87. See Kobena Mercer and Isaac Julien, "Race, Sexual Politics and Black Masculinity: A Dossier," in Male Order: Unwrapping Masculinity, ed. Rowena Chapman and Jonathan Rutherford (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988), 97-164.
88. Gullette, Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat and the Politics of the Midlife.
89. Bordo, The Male Body: A New Look at Men in Public and in Private, 248.
90. For a review, see Eric Stice, "A Review of the Evidence for a Sociocultural Model of Bulimia Nervosa and an Exploration of the Mechanisms of Action," Clinical Psychology Review 14 (July 1994): 633-61;
91. Heather Shaw, Lisa Ramirez, Ariel Trost, Pat Randall, and Eric Stice, "Body Image and Eating Disturbances across Ethnic Groups: More Similarities than Differences," Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 18 (March 2004): 12-18.
92. bell hooks, We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity (NY: Routledge, 2004), 21.
93. See hooks, We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity;
94. Bordo, The Male Body: A New Look at Men in Public and in Private, 60.
95. See Richard Majors and Janet Mancini Billson, Cool Poise: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America (NY: Lexington Books, 1992);
96. Shane White and Graham White, Stylin' (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).
97. Robert A. Nye, "Locating Masculinity: Some Recent Work on Men," Signs 30 (2005): 1937-63;
98. Donald Sabo and Sue Curry Jansen, "Images of Men in Sport Media: The Social Reproduction of Gender Order," in Men, Masculinity, and the Media, ed. Steven Craig (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992), 169-84.
99. Sabo and Jansen, "Images of Men in Sport Media: The Social Reproduction of Gender Order," 180.
100. James A. Rada and K. Tim Wulfemeyer, "Calling Class: Sports Announcers and the Culture of Poverty," in Class and News, ed. Don Heider (NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004), 150-64.
101. Mark Anthony Neal, New Black Man (NY: Routledge, 2005), 29.
102. Terms "Hispanic" and "Latino" are used interchangeably. These terms are used at the risk of over-generalizing identities of various ethnicities that are culture-specific. This is to say that there are a myriad number of differences between and among Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, etc.
103. See Nye, "Locating Masculinity: Some Recent Work on Men";
104. Gutmann, "Introduction: Discarding Manly Dichotomies in Latin America."
105. Socrates Nolasco, O Mito de Masculinidade (Rio de Janeiro: Editorial Rocco, 1993).
106. Rafael L. Ramirez, What It Means to Be a Man: Reflections on Puerto Rican Masculinity (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999), 31.
107. Again, we acknowledge that there are numerous cultures and ethnicities associated with the term, "Asian."
108. Keiko Tanaka, "The Language of Japanese Men's Magazines: Young Men Who Don't Want to Get Hurt," in Masculinity and Men's Lifestyle Magazines, ed. Bethan Benwell (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Sociological Review, 2003), 222-42, 222.
109. MEDLINEplus Health Information, 2003, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html, September 11, 2006.
110. Asian respondents described their ethnic heritage as rooted in China and Korea.
111. One respondent identified himself as Nigerian.
112. Hispanic/Latino respondents described their ethnic heritage as rooted in Bolivia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Philippines, and Puerto Rico.
113. Richard A. Krueger, Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988).
114. Claire V. Wiseman, James J. Gray, James E. Mosimann, and Anthony H. Ahrens, "Cultural Expectations of Thinness in Women: An Update," International Journal of Eating Disorders 11 (January 1992): 85-89.
115. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss, The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1967).
116. The pre-focus group / interview questionnaire listed five magazine categories: news/general interest, health/fitness, fashion/style, sports, special interest/hobby We believe that because Maxim and FHM were the most frequently cited magazines in a different probe, that respondents may have been unsure of how to categorize these magazines.
117. Kitch, Pages from the Past: History & Memory in American Magazines.
118. Henrich and Gil-White, "The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Status as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission."
119. Stevenson, Jackson, and Brooks, "Reading Men's Lifestyle Magazines: Cultural Power and the Information Society," 128.
120. David Abrahamson, Rebecca Lynn Bowman, Mark Richard Greer, and William Brian Yeado, "A Quantitative Analysis of U.S. Consumer Magazines: A Ten-Year Longitudinal Study," The Journal of Magazine and New Media Research 5 (spring 2003), retrieved December 15, 2006, from http://aejmcmagazine.bsu.edu/journal/archive/Spring_2003/Abrahamson.htm