JaCVAM-organized international validation study of the in vivo rodent alkaline comet assay for detection of genotoxic carcinogens: II. Summary of definitive validation study results

Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis

Volumn 786-788, Issue , 2015, Pages 45-76

  Uno, Yoshifumi ^a   Kojima, Hajime ^b   Omori, Takashi ^c   Corvi, Raffaella ^d   Honma, Masamistu ^b   Schechtman, Leonard M ^e   Tice, Raymond R ^f   Beevers, Carol ^g   Boeck, Marlies De ^h   Burlinson, Brian ⁱ   Hobbs, Cheryl A ^j   Kitamoto, Sachiko ^k   Kraynak, Andrew R ^l   McNamee, James ^m   Nakagawa, Yuzuki ⁿ   Pant, Kamala ^o   Plappert Helbig, Ulla ^p   Priestley, Catherine ^q   Takasawa, Hironao ^r   Wada, Kunio ^s   Wirnitzer, Uta ^t   Asano, Norihide ^u   Escobar, Patricia A ^v   Lovell, David ^w   Morita, Takeshi ^b   Nakajima, Madoka ^x   Ohno, Yasuo ^b   Hayashi, Makoto ^y   more..

^a MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA CORPORATION   (Japan)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (Japan)

^c KOBE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^d JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

^e Innovative Toxicology Consulting LLC   (United States)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^g UK   (United Kingdom)

^h JANSSEN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT   (Belgium)

ⁱ HUNTINGDON LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^j INTEGRATED LABORATORY SYSTEMS   (United States)

^k SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO LTD   (Japan)

^l MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (United States)

^m HEALTH CANADA   (Canada)

ⁿ HATANO RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Japan)

^o BioReliance   (United States)

^p NOVARTIS PHARMA AG   (Switzerland)

^q ASTRAZENECA   (United Kingdom)

^r LSI MEDIENCE CORPORATION   (Japan)

^s INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY   (Japan)

^t BAYER PHARMA AG   (Germany)

^u KINKI UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^v BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMACEUTICALS INC   (United States)

^w ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^x UNIVERSITY OF SHIZUOKA   (Japan)

^y Biosafety Research Center   (Japan)

more..

Author keywords

Comet assay; Genotoxicity; In vivo; JaCVAM; Rodent; Validation study

Indexed keywords

1,2 DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE; 2,6 DIAMINOTOLUENE; 4 CHLOROANILINE; ACRYLONITRILE; AMPICILLIN; ARSENITE SODIUM; BENZENE; BUSULFAN; CADMIUM CHLORIDE; CARBAMIC ACID METHYL ESTER; CARCINOGEN; CHLOROFORM; CISPLATIN; DIBROMOMETHANE; DIETHANOLAMINE; DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE; ETHIONAMIDE; FLUOROURACIL; HYDROQUINONE; ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE; MENTHOL; MESYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER; MESYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER; N (2 FLUORENYL)ACETAMIDE; PHENYLENEDIAMINE; PHTHALIC ACID BIS(2 ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER; SACCHARIN; SODIUM CHLORIDE; THIOACETAMIDE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COMET ASSAY; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENOTOXICITY ASSAY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; IN VIVO STUDY; LIVER; MALE; NONHUMAN; ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; RELIABILITY; REPRODUCIBILITY; RODENT MODEL; STOMACH; TARGET ORGAN; VALIDATION STUDY; ANIMAL; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG EFFECTS; PROCEDURES; SPRAGUE DAWLEY RAT; STANDARDS;

RODENTIA;

ANIMALS; CARCINOGENS; COMET ASSAY; DNA DAMAGE; ETHYL METHANESULFONATE; LIVER; MALE; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; STOMACH;

EID: 84937978418     PISSN: 13835718     EISSN: 18793592     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.04.010     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Tice R.R., Agurell E., Anderson D., Burlinson B., Hartmann K., Kobayashi H., Miyamae Y., Rojas E., Ryu J.C., Sasaki Y.F. Single cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2000, 35:206-221.
2. Hartmann A., Agurell E., Beevers C., Brendler-Schwaab S., Burlinson B., Clay P., Collins A., Smith A., Speit G., Thybaud V., Tice R.R. Recommendation for conducting the in vivo alkaline comet assay. Mutagenesis 2003, 18:45-51.
3. Burlinson B., Tice R.R., Speit G., Agurell E., Brendler-Schwaab S.Y., Collins A.R., Escobar P., Honma M., Kumaravel T.S., Nakajima M., Sasaki Y.F., Thybaud V., Uno Y., Vasquez M., Hartmann A. Fourth international workgroup on genotoxicity testing: result of the in vivo comet assay workgroup. Mutat. Res. 2007, 627:31-35.
4. Uno Y., Kojima H., Omori T., Corvi R., Honma M., Schechtman L.M., Tice R.R., Burlinson B., Escobar P., Kraynak A.R., Nakagawa Y., Nakajim M., Pant K., Asano N., Lovell D., Morita T., Ohno Y., Hayashi M. JaCVAM-organized international validation study of in vivo rodent alkaline comet assay for the detection of genotoxic carcinogens: I. Summary of pre-validation study results. Mutat. Res. 2015, (in press).
5. Gocke E., Bürgin H., Müller L., Pfister T. Literature review on the genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity of ethyl methanesulfonate. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 190:254-265.
6. Morita T., Uno Y., Honma M., Kojima H., Hayashi M., Tice R.R., Corvi R., Schectman L. The JaCVAM international validation study on the in vivo comet assay: selection of test chemicals. Mutat. Res. 2015, (in press).
7. Kirkland D., Aardema M., Henderson L., Müller L. Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens. I. Sensitivity, specificity and relative predictivity. Mutat. Res. 2005, 584:1-256.
8. Kirkland D., Kasper P., Müller L., Corvi R., Speit G. Recommended list of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests: a follow-up to an ECVAM workshop. Mutat. Res. 2008, 653:99-108.
9. McNamee J.P., McLean J.R.N., Ferrarotto C.L., Bellier P.V. Comet assay: rapid processing of multiple samples. Mutat. Res. 2000, 466:63-69.
10. Wakata A., Miyamae Y., Sato S., Suzuki T., Morita T., Asano N., Awogi T., Kondo K., Hayashi M. Evaluation of the rat micronucleus test with bone marrow and peripheral blood: summary of the 9th collaborative study by CSGMT/JEMS.MMS. Collaborative study group for the micronucleus test. Environmental mutagen society of Japan. Mammalian mutagenicity study group. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 1998, 32:84-100.
11. Sekihashi K., Yamamoto A., Matsumura Y., Ueno S., Watanabe-Akanuma M., Kassie F., Knasmüller S., Tsuda S., Sasaki Y.F. Comparative investigations of multiple organs of mice and rats in the comet assay. Mutat. Res. 2002, 517:53-74.
12. IARC (International Agency on Research on Cancer), Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, Supplement 7, 1987. Available at . http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/PDFs/index.php.
13. HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank), Thioacetamide, HSDB Number 1318, Last revision: August 29, 2003. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
14. Chieli E., Aliboni F., Saviozzi M., Malvaldi G. Induction of micronucleated erythrocytes by primary thioamides and their metabolites in the mouse. Mutat. Res. 1987, 192:141-143.
15. Sasaki Y.F., Sekihashi K., Izumiyama F., Nishidate E., Saga A., Ishida K., Tsuda S. The comet assay with multiple mouse organs: comparison of comet assay results and carcinogenicity with 208 chemicals selected from the IARC monographs and U.S. NTP carcinogenicity database. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2000, 30:629-799.
16. NTP (National Toxicology Program), Testing status of agents at NTP, 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AIDS), NTP Study ID 860655, Available at . http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/%3Fobjectid=BD898D33-123F-7908-7B6B824BD9F097C4.
17. NTP (National Toxicology Program), Testing status of agents at NTP, 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AIDS), NTP Study ID A88072, Available at . http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/%3Fobjectid=BD898D33-123F-7908-7B6B824BD9F097C4.
18. Ayers K.M., Clive D., Tucker W.E., Hajian G., de Miranda P. Nonclinical toxicology studies with zidovudine: genetic toxicity tests and carcinogenicity bioassays in mice and rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1996, 32:148-158.
19. Vikram A., Tripathi D.N., Pawar A.A., Ramarao P., Jena G.B. Pre-bled-young-rats in genotoxicity testing: a model for peripheral blood micronucleus assay. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 52:147-157.
20. Meng Q., Su T., Olivero O.A., Poirier M.C., Shi X., Ding X., Walker V.E. Relationships between DNA incorporation, mutant frequency, and loss of heterozygosity at the TK locus in human lymphoblastoid cells exposed to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Toxicol. Sci. 2000, 54:322-329.
21. Torres S.M., Walker D.M., Carter M.M., Cook D.L., McCash C.L., Cordova E.M., Olivero O.A., Poirier M.C., Walker V.E. Mutagenicity of zidovudine lamivudine, and abacavir following in vitro exposure of human lymphoblastoid cells or in utero exposure of CD-1 mice to single agents or drug combinations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2007, 48:224-238.
22. Seifried H.E., Seifried R.M., Clarke J.J., Junghans T.B., San R.H. A compilation of two decades of mutagenicity test results with the Ames Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutation assays. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2006, 19:627-644. [Erratum in Chem. Res. Toxicol. 21 (2008) 627-644].
23. Wang J., Sawyer J.R., Chen L., Chen T., Honma M., Mei N., Moore M.M. The mouse lymphoma assay detects recombination, deletion, and aneuploidy. Toxicol. Sci. 2009, 109:96-105.
24. IARC, Some antiviral and antineoplastic drugs, and other pharmaceutical agents, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 76, 2000. Available at . http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/PDFs/index.php.
25. US NTP, NTP Results Report, Results, status and publication and information on all NTP chemicals, produced from NTP chemtrac system, October 8, 2000. . http://www.predictive-toxicology.org/data/ntp/original_ntp_data.txt.
26. Celik A., Buyukakilli B., Cimen B., Tasdelen B., Ozturk M.I., Eke D. Assessment of cadmium genotoxicity in peripheral blood and bone marrow tissues of male Wistar rats. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 2009, 19:135-140.
27. Mavournin K.H., Blakey D.H., Cimino M.C., Salamone M.F., Heddle J.A. The in vivo micronucleus assay in mammalian bone marrow and peripheral blood. A report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat. Res. 1990, 239:29-80.
28. IARC, A review of human carcinogens, Part C: Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 100, 2009.
29. IARC, A review of human carcinogens, Part C: Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 100C, 2012. Available at . http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/PDFs/index.php.
30. HSDB, 4-Chloroaniline, HSDB Number 2047, Last revision: December 13, 2005. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
31. HSDB, 2,6-Diaminotoluene, HSDB Number 4131, Last revision: February 14, 2003. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
32. IARC, Occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal user of hair colourants, some hair dyes, cosmetic colourants, industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 57, 1993. Available at . http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/PDFs/index.php.
33. Morita T., Asano N., Awogi T., Sasaki Y.F., Sato S., Shimada H., Sutou S., Suzuki T., Wakata A., Sofuni T., Hayashi M. Evaluation of the rodent micronucleus assay in the screening of IARC carcinogens (groups 1, 2A, and 2B), the summary report of the 6th collaboration study by CSGMT/JEMS.MMS. Mutat. Res. 1997, 389:3-122. [Erratum, Mutat. Res. 391 (1997) 259-267].
34. George E., Westmoreland C. Evaluation of the in vivo genotoxicity of the structural analogues 2,6-diaminotoluene and 2,4-diaminotoluene using the rat micronucleus test and rat liver UDS assay. Carcinogenesis 1991, 12:2233-2237.
35. Takasawa H., Takashima R., Hattori A., Narumi K., Kawasako K., Morita T., Hayashi M., Hamada S. Development of a repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay using adult rats (II): further investigation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and 2,6-diaminotoluene. Mutat. Res. 2013, 751:12-18.
36. Sasaki Y.F., Fujikawa K., Ishida K., Kawamura N., Nishikawa Y., Ohta S., Satoh M., Madarame H., Ueno S., Susa N., Matsusaka N., Tsuda S. The alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay with mouse multiple organs: results with 30 aromatic amines evaluated by the IARC and U.S. NTP. Mutat. Res. 1999, 440:1-18.
37. Rothfuss A., O'Donovan M., De Boeck M., Brault D., Czich A., Custer L., Hamada S., Plappert-Helbig U., Hayashi M., Howe J., Kraynak A.R., van der Leede B.-J., Nakajima M., Priestley C., Thybaud V., Saigo K., Sawant S., Shi J., Storer R., Struwe M., Vock E., Galloway S. Collaborative study on fifteen compounds in the rat-liver comet assay integrated into 2- and 4-week repeat-dose studies. Mutat. Res. 2010, 702:40-69.
38. Lambert I.B., Singer T.M., Boucher S.E., Douglas G.R. Detailed review of transgenic rodent mutation assays. Mutat. Res. 2005, 590:1-280.
39. Suter W., Ahiabor R., Blanco B., Locher F., Mantovani F., Robinson M., Sreenan G., Staedtler F., Swingler T., Vignutelli A., Perentes E. Evaluation of the in vivo genotoxic potential of three carcinogenic aromatic amines using the big blue transgenic mouse mutation assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 1996, 28:354-362.
40. Taningher M., Pelusoa M., Parodia S., Ledda-Columbanoc G.M., Columbanoc A. Genotoxic and non-genotoxic activities of 2,4- and 2,6-diaminotoluene, as evaluated in Fischer-344 rat liver. Toxicology 1995, 99:1-10.
41. HSDB, Toluene-2,4-diamine, HSDB Number 2849, Last revision: August 29, 2003. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
42. Séverin I., Jondeau A., Dahbi L., Chagnon M.C. 2,4-Diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT)-induced DNA damage, DNA repair and micronucleus formation in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Toxicology 2005, 213:138-146.
43. Madle S., Dean S.W., Andae U., Brambilla G., Burlinson B., Doolittle D.J., Furihata C., Hertner T., McQueen C.A., Mori H. Recommendations for the performance of UDS tests in vitro and in vivo. Mutat. Res. 1994, 312:263-285.
44. Hachiya N., Motohashi Y. Examination of lacZ mutant induction in the liver and testis of Muta mouse following injection of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons classified as human carcinogens. Ind. Health 2000, 38:213-220.
45. Working P.K., Smith-Oliver T., White R.D., Butterworth B.E. Induction of DNA repair in rat spermatocytes and hepatocytes by 1,2-dibromoethane: the role of glutathione conjugation. Carcinogenesis 1986, 7:467-472.
46. IARC, Re-Evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 71, 1999. Available at . http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/PDFs/index.php.
47. HSDB, Ethylene dibromide, HSDB Number 536, Last revision: June 24, 2005. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
48. Data Book of Chromosomal Abberation Test In Vitro 1999, LIC Inc, Tokyo. Revised edition 1998. T. Sofuni (Ed.).
49. Ghia M., Robbiano L., Allavena A., Martelli A., Brambilla G. Genotoxic activity of 1,3-dichloropropene in a battery of in vivo short-term tests. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1993, 120:120-125.
50. Kevekordes S., Gebel T., Pav K., Edenharder R., Dunkelberg H. Genotoxicity of selected pesticides in the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test and in the sister-chromatid exchange test with human lymphocytes in vitro. Toxicol. Lett. 1996, 89:35-42.
51. IARC, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, volumes 1-100A, as of 2 April 2009. . http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php.
52. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer Network, Air Toxics Web Site, 1,3-Dichloropropene. . http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/dichl-pe.html.
53. Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System (CCRIS), 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (CASRN: 540-73-8), CCRIS Record Number: 259, Last Revision Date: 20020410, Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FCCRIS.
54. HSDB, Methyl methanesulfonate, HSDB Number 5103, Last revision: April 14, 2008. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
55. Mavournin K.H., Blakey D.H., Cimino M.C., Salamone M.F., Heddle J.A. The in vivo micronucleus assay in mammalian bone marrow and peripheral blood. A report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat. Res. 1990, 239:29-80.
56. Watanabe M., Honda S., Hayashi M., Matsuda T. Mutagenic effects of combinations of chemical carcinogens and environmental pollutants in mice as shown by the micronucleus test. Mutat. Res. 1982, 97:43-48.
57. HSDB, N-Nitrosodimethylamine, HSDB Number 1667, Last revision: June 23, 2005. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
58. L.S. Gold, The carcinogenic potency database (CPDB). In the Carcinogenicity Potency Project, Last updated: September 1, 2011. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cpdb/.
59. California Environmental Protection Agency, Evidence on the carcinogenicity of 2-aminofluorene, Draft, September 1998, Available at . http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/pdf/hid2amin.pdf.
60. Rothfuss A., Honma M., Czich A., Aardema M.J., Burlinson B., Galloway S., Hamada S., Kirkland D., Heflich R.H., Howe J., Nakajima M., O'Donovan M., Plappert-Helbig U., Priestley C., Recio L., Schuler M., Uno Y., Martus H.J. Improvement of in vivo genotoxicity assessment: combination of acute tests and integration into standard toxicity testing. Mutat. Res. 2011, 723:108-120.
61. Stiborová M., Miksanová M., Sulc M., Rýdlová H., Schmeiser H.H., Frei E. Identification of a genotoxic mechanism for the carcinogenicity of the environmental pollutant and suspected human carcinogen o-anisidine. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 116:667-678.
62. Ashby J., Lefevre P.A., Tinwell H., Brunborg G., Schmezer P., Pool-Zobel B., Shanu-Wilson R., Holme J.A., Soderlund E.J., Gulati D., et al. The non-genotoxicity to rodents of the potent rodent bladder carcinogens o-anisidine and p-cresidine. Mutat. Res. 1991, 250:115-133.
63. NTP, Bioassay of o-anisidine hydrochloride for possible carcinogenicity (CAS No. 134-29-2), TR-080, 1987. Available at . http://tools.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cmf.
64. NTP, Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies), TR-298, 1986. Available at . http://tools.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cmf.
65. US EPA, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2), Available at . http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0276.htm.
66. IARC, A review of human carcinogens, Part A: Pharmaceuticals, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 100, 2009.
67. IARC, A review of human carcinogens, Part A: pharmaceuticals, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 100A, 2012. Available at . http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/PDFs/index.php.
68. McKenna D.J., Gallus M., McKeown S.R., Downes C.S., McKelvey-Martin V.J. Modification of the alkaline comet assay to allow simultaneous evaluation of mitomycin C-induced DNA cross-link damage and repair of specific DNA sequences in RT4 cells. DNA Repair 2003, 2:879-890.
69. Nesslany F., Zennouche N., Simar-Meintières S., Talahari I., NKili-Mboui E.N., Marzin D. In vivo comet assay on isolated kidney cells to distinguish genotoxic carcinogens from epigenetic carcinogens or cytotoxic compounds. Mutat. Res. 2007, 630:28-41.
70. Pant K., Krsmanovic L., Bruce S.W., Kelley T., Arevalo M., Atta-Safoh S., Debelie F., LaForce M.L.K., Springer S., Sly J., Paranjpe M., Lawlor T., Aardema M. Combination comet/micronucleus assay validation performed by BioReliance under the JaCVAM initiative. Mutat. Res. 2015, 786-788:87-97.
71. NTP, Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of hydroquinone (CAS No. 123-31-9) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies), TR-366, 1989. Available at . http://tools.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cmf.
72. McGregor D. Hydroquinone: an evaluation of the human risks from its carcinogenicity and mutagenic properties. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2007, 37:887-914.
73. NTP, Bioassay of 4,4'-oxydianiline for possible carcinogenicity (CAS No. 101-80-4), TR-205, 1980. Available at . http://tools.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cmf.
74. Maronpot R.R., Pitot H.C., Peraino C. Use of rat liver altered focus models for testing chemicals that have completed two-year carcinogenicity studies. Toxicol. Pathol. 1989, 17:651-662.
75. Biswas R., Poddar S., Mukherjee A. Investigation on the genotoxic effects of long-term administration of sodium arsenite in bone marrow and testicular cells in vivo using the comet assay. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 2007, 26:29-37.
76. Kadirvel R., Sundaram K., Mami S., Samuel S., Elango N., Panneerselvam C. Supplementation of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol prevents arsenic-induced protein oxidation and DNA damage induced by arsenic in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2007, 26:939-946.
77. Tice R.R., Yager J.W., Andrews P., Crecelius E. Effect of hepatic methyl donor status on urinary excretion and DNA damage in B6C3F1 mice treated with sodium arsenite. Mutat. Res. 1997, 386:315-334.
78. Shelby M.D., Erexson G.L., Hook G.J., Tice R.R. Evaluation of a three-exposure mouse bone marrow micronucleus protocol: results with 49 chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 1993, 21:160-179.
79. HSDB, 8-Hydroxyquinoline, HSDB Number 4073, Last revision: August 6, 2002. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
80. US EPA, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Quinoline (CAS No. 91-22-5), Available at . http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/1004.htm.
81. O'Donovan M.R. Mutagenicity of some intercalating agents in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Mutat. Res. 1984, 137:117-122.
82. HSDB, p-Anisidine, HSDB Number 1603, Last revision: June 24, 2005. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
83. Pritchard J.B., French J.E., Davis B.J., Haseman J.K. The role of transgenic mouse models in carcinogen identification. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111:444-454.
84. Nakamura M., Fort F.L., Kikuchi Y. Fetal liver micronucleus assay in mice of 5-fluorouracil and related compounds. Mutat. Res. 1993, 291:29-34.
85. HSDB, Fluorouracil, HSDB Number 3228, Last revision: October 11, 2007. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
86. HSDB, 1,4-Diaminobenzene dihydrochloride, HSDB Number 5436, Last revision: August 6, 2002. Available at . http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen%3FHSDB.
87. Butterworth B.E., Templin M.V., Borghoff S.J., Conolly R.B., Kedderis G.L., Wolf D.C. The role of regenerative cell proliferation in chloroform-induced cancer. Toxicol. Lett. 1995, 82/83:23-26.
88. Hayashi M., Dearfield K., Kasper P., Lovell D., Martus H.J., Thybaud V. Compilation and use of genetic toxicity historical control data. Mutat. Res. 2011, 723:87-90.
89. Tice R.R., Andrews P.W., Hirai O., Singh N.P. The single cell gel (SCG) assay: an electrophoretic technique for the detection of DNA damage in individual cells. Biological Reactive Intermediates IV, Molecular and Cellular Effects and their Impact on Human Health 1991, 157-164. Plenum Press, New York, NY. C.R. Witmer, R.R. Synder, D.J. Jollow, G.F. Kalf, J.J. Kocsis, I.G. Sipes (Eds.).
90. Brendler-Schwaab S.Y., Schmezer P., Liegibel U., Weber S., Michalek K., Tompa A., Pool-Zobel B.L. Cells of different tissues for in vitro and in vivo studies in toxicology: compilation of isolation methods. Toxicol. In Vitro 1994, 8:1285-1302.