Functional alterations of astrocytes in mental disorders: Pharmacological significance as a drug target

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Volumn 9, Issue JULY, 2015, Pages

  Koyama, Yutaka ^a  

^a OSAKA OHTANI UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Astrocyte; Drug dependence; Mood disease; Neurodevelopmental disorder; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; AMITRIPTYLINE; AQUAPORIN 4; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CABERGOLINE; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLOZAPINE; CONNEXIN 43; DESIPRAMINE; DULOXETINE; FENOBAM; FLUOXETINE; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; ICOSANOID; MAVOGLURANT; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 5; METHYL CPG BINDING PROTEIN; MIANSERIN; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; PAROXETINE; RILUZOLE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ASTROCYTE; CELL COMMUNICATION; DEPRESSION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; GAP JUNCTION; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL DISEASE; MOOD DISORDER; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; RETT SYNDROME; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM;

EID: 84936937078     PISSN: 16625102     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00261     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Acarin, L., González, B., and Castellano, B. (2001). Triflusal posttreatment inhibits glial nuclear factor-kappaB, downregulates the glial response and is neuroprotective in an excitotoxic injury model in postnatal brain. Stroke 32, 2394-2402. doi: 10.1161/hs1001.097243
2. Adage, T. Trillat, A. C., Quattropani, A., Perrin, D., Cavarec, L., Shaw, J., et al. (2008). In vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of AS057278, a selective d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor with potential anti-psychotic properties. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 18, 200-214. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.06.006
3. Agulhon, C., Sun, M. Y., Murphy, T., Myers, T., Lauderdale, K., and Fiacco, T. A. (2012). Calcium signaling and gliotransmission in normal vs. reactive astrocytes. Front. Pharmacol. 3:139. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00139
4. Allaman, I., Fiumelli, H., Magistretti, P. J., and Martin, J. L. (2011). Fluoxetine regulates the expression of neurotrophic/growth factors and glucose metabolism in astrocytes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 216, 75-84. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2190-y
5. Alonso, E., Garrido, E., Díez-Fernández, C., Pérez-García, C., Herradón, G., Ezquerra, L., et al. (2007). Yohimbine prevents morphine-induced changes of glial fibrillary acidic protein in brainstem and alpha2-adrenoceptor gene expression in hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 412,163-167. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.11.002
6. Araque, A., Carmignoto, G., Haydon, P. G., Oliet, S. H., Robitaille, R., and Volterra, A. (2014). Gliotransmitters travel in time and space. Neuron 81, 728-739. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.007
7. Bachis, A., Mallei, A., Cruz, M. I., Wellstein, A., and Mocchetti, I. (2008). Chronic antidepressant treatments increase basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-binding protein in neurons. Neuropharmacology 55, 1114-1120. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.014
8. Bado, P., Madeira, C., Vargas-Lopes, C., Moulin, T. C., Wasilewska-Sampaio, A. P., Maretti, L., et al. (2011). Effects oflow-dose D-serine on recognition and working memory in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 218, 461-470. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2330-4
9. Bahi, A., Boyer, F., Chandrasekar, V., and Dreyer, J. L. (2008). Role of accumbens BDNF and ľrkB in cocaine-induced psychomotor sensitization, conditioned- place preference and reinstatement in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 199, 169-182. doi: 10.1007/s00213-008-1164-1
10. Ballas, N., Lioy, D. T., Grunseich, C., and Mandel, G. (2009). Non-cell autonomous influence of MeCP2-deficient glia on neuronal dendritic morphology. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 311-317. doi: 10.1038/nn.2275
11. Balu, D. T., Basu, A. C., Corradi, J. P., Cacace, A. M., and Coyle, J. T. (2012). NMDA receptor co-agonists, D-serine and glycine, regulate neuronal dendritic architecture in the somatosensory cortex. Neurobiol. Dis. 45, 671-682. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.006
12. Banasr, M., Chowdhury, G. M., I'erwilliger, R., Newton, S. S., Duman, R. S., Behar, K. L., et al. (2010). Glial pathology in an animal model of depression: reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate- modulating drug riluzole. Mol. Psychiatry 15, 501-511. doi: 10.1038/mp.2008.106
13. Banasr, M., and Duman, R. S. (2007). Regulation of neurogenesis and gliogenesis by stress and antidepressant treatment. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug. Targets 6, 311-320. doi: 10.2174/187152707783220929
14. Banasr, M., and Duman, R. S. (2008). Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors. Biol. Psychiatry 64, 863-870. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.008
15. Bassell, G. J., and Warren, S. T. (2008). Fragile X syndrome: loss of local mRNA regulation alters synaptic development and function. Neuron 60, 201-214. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.004
16. Basu, A. C., Isai, G. E., Ma, C. L., Ehmsen, J. T., Mustafa, A. K., Han, L., et al. (2009). largeted disruption of serine racemase affects glutamatergic neurotransmission and behavior. Mol. Psychiatry 14, 719-727. doi: 10.1038/mp.2008.130
17. Beardsley, P. M., and Hauser, K. F. (2014). Glial modulators as potential treatments of psychostimulant abuse. Adv. Pharmacol. 69, 1-69. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00001-9
18. Bendikov, I., Nadri, C., Amar, S., Panizzutti, R., De Miranda, J., Wolosker, H., et al. (2007). A CSF and postmortem brain study of D-serine metabolic parameters in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 90, 41-51. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.10.010
19. Bernard, R., Kerman, I. A., ľhompson, R. C., Jones, E. G., Bunney, W. E., Barchas, J. D., et al. (2011). Altered expression of glutamate signaling, growth factor and glia genes in the locus coeruleus of patients with major depression. Mol Psychiatry 16, 634-646. doi: 10.1038/mp.2010.44
20. Buffo, A., Rolando, C., and Ceruti, S. (2010). Astrocytes in the damaged brain: molecular and cellular insights into their reactive response and healing potential. Biochem. Pharmacol. 79, 77-89. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.09.014
21. Caldinelli, L., Sacchi, S., Molla, G., Nardini, M., and Pollegioni, L. (2013). Characterization of human DAAO variants potentially related to an increased risk of schizophrenia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1832, 400-410. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.11.019
22. Carbone, M., Duty, S., and Rattray, M. (2012). Riluzole neuroprotection in a Parkinson's disease model involves suppression of reactive astrocytosis but not GLU regulation. BMC Neurosci. 13:38. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-38
23. Carnicella, S., Ahmadiantehrani, S., He, D. Y., Nielsen, C. K., Bartlett, S. E., Janak, P. H., et al. (2009). Cabergoline decreases alcohol drinking and seeking behaviors via glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Biol. Psychiatry 66, 146-153. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.022
24. Carnicella, S., and Ron, D. (2009). GDNF-a potential target to treat addiction. Pharmacol. Ther. 122, 9-18. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.12.001
25. Chen, R. Z., Akbarian, S., Tudor, M., and Jaenisch, R. (2001). Deficiency of methyl- CpG-binding protein 2 in CNS neurons results in a Rett-like phenotype in mice. Nat. Genet. 27, 327-331. doi: 10.1038/85906
26. Choudary, P. V., Molnar, M., Evans, S. J., ľomita, H., Li, J. Z., Vawter, M. P., et al. (2005). Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 102, 15653-15658. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507901102
27. Cifra, A., Nani, F., and Nistri, A. (2011). Riluzole is a potent drug to protect neonatal rat hypoglossal motoneurons in vitro from excitotoxicity due to glutamate uptake block. Eur. J. Neurosci. 33, 899-913. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07579.x
28. Colangelo, A. M., Alberghina, L., and Papa, M. (2014). Astrogliosis as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci.Lett. 565, 59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.01.014
29. Comery, T. A., Harris, J. B., Willems, P. J., Oostra, B. A., Irwin, S. A., Weiler, I. J., et al. (1997). Abnormal dendritic spines in fragile X knockout mice: maturation and pruning deficits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5401-5404. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5401
30. Cotter, D., Mackay, D., Chana, G., Beasley, C., Landau, S., and Everall, I. P. (2002). Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with major depressive disorder. Cereb. Cortex 12, 386-394. doi: 10.1093/cercor/12.4.386
31. Coyle, J. T. (2006). Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis. Cell. Mol Neurobiol 26, 365-384. doi: 10.1007/s10571-006-9062-8
32. Czéh, B., Simon, M., Schmelting, B., Hiemke, C., and Fuchs, E. (2006). Astroglial plasticity in the hippocampus is affected by chronic psychosocial stress and concomitant fluoxetine treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 1616-1626. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300982
33. Darlington, C. L. (2005). Astrocytes as targets for neuroprotective drugs. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 6, 700-703
34. Dwivedi, Y., Rizavi, H. S., Conley, R. R., Roberts, R. C., Tamminga, C. A., and Pandey, G. N. (2003). Altered gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and receptor tyrosine kinase B in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60, 804-815. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.804
35. Evans, S. J., Choudary, P. V., Neal, C. R., Li, J. Z., Vawter, M. P., Tomita, H., et al. (2004). Dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factor system in major depression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15506-15511. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0406788101
36. Fattore, L., Puddu, M. C., Picciau, S., Cappai, A., Fratta, W., Serra, G. P., et al. (2002). Astroglial in vivo response to cocaine in mouse dentate gyrus: a quantitative and qualitative analysis by confocal microscopy. Neuroscience 110, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00598-x
37. Fiacco, T. A., Agulhon, C., Taves, S. R., Petravicz, J., Casper, K. B., Dong, X., et al. (2007). Selective stimulation of astrocyte calcium in situ does not affect neuronal excitatory synaptic activity. Neuron 54, 611-626. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.04.032
38. Freeman, M. R., and Rowitch, D. H. (2013). Evolving concepts of gliogenesis: a look way back and ahead to the next 25 years. Neuron 80, 613-623. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.034
39. Fujio, M., Nakagawa, T., Sekiya, Y., Ozawa, T., Suzuki, Y., Minami, M., et al. (2005). Gene transfer of GLT-1, a glutamate transporter, into the nucleus accumbens shell attenuates methamphetamine- and morphine- induced conditioned place preference in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22, 2744-2754. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04467.x
40. Fumagalli, E., Funicello, M., Rauen, T., Gobbi, M., and Mennini, T. (2008). Riluzole enhances the activity of glutamate transporters GLAST, GLT1 and EAAC1. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 578, 171-176. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.023
41. Gangoso, E., Ezan, P., Valle-Casuso, J. C., Herrero-González, S., Koulakoff, A., Medina, J. M., et al. (2012). Reduced connexin43 expression correlates with c- Src activation, proliferation and glucose uptake in reactive astrocytes after an excitotoxic insult. Glia 60, 2040-2049. doi: 10.1002/glia.22418
42. Ghitza, U. E., Zhai, H., Wu, P., Airavaara, M., Shaham, Y., and Lu, L. (2010). Role ofBDNF and GDNF in drug reward and relapse: a review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35, 157-171. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.009
43. Giacometti, E., Luikenhuis, S., Beard, C., and Jaenisch, R. (2007). Partial rescue of MeCP2 deficiency by postnatal activation of MeCP2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 104, 1931-1936. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0610593104
44. Guy, J., Gan, J., Selfridge, J., Cobb, S., and Bird, A. (2007). Reversal of neurological defects in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Science 315, 1143-1147. doi: 10.1126/science.1138389
45. Habl, G., Zink, M., Petroianu, G., Bauer, M., Schneider-Axmann, T., von Wilmsdorff, M., et al. (2009). Increased D-amino acid oxidase expression in the bilateral hippocampal CA4 of schizophrenic patients: a post-mortem study. J. Neural Transm. 116, 1657-1665. doi: 10.1007/s00702-009-0312-z
46. Hall, F. S., Drgonova, J., Goeb, M., and Uhl, G. R. (2003). Reduced behavioral effects of cocaine in heterozygous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 1485-1490. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300192
47. Hamby, M. E., and Sofroniew, M. V. (2010). Reactive astrocytes as therapeutic targets for CNS disorders. Neurotherapeutics 7, 494-506. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.07.003
48. Hamidi, M., Drevets, W. C., and Price, J. L. (2004). Glial reduction in amygdala in major depressive disorder is due to oligodendrocytes. Biol. Psychiatry 55, 563-569. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.006
49. Hashimoto, K., Fujita, Y., Horio, M., Kunitachi, S., Iyo, M., Ferraris, D., et al. (2009). Co-administration of a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor potentiates the efficacy of D-serine in attenuating prepulse inhibition deficits after administration of dizocilpine. Biol. Psychiatry 65, 1103-1106. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.002
50. Hashimoto, K., Fukushima, T., Shimizu, E., Komatsu, N., Watanabe, H., Shinoda, N., et al. (2003). Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60, 572-576. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.6.572
51. Hatami, H., Oryan, S., Semnanian, S., Kazemi, B., Bandepour, M., and Ahmadiani, A. (2007). Alterations of BDNF and NT-3 genes expression in the nucleus paragigantocellularis during morphine dependency and withdrawal. Neuropeptides 41, 321-328. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.04.007
52. Hebert, M. A., and O’Callaghan, J. P. (2000). Protein phosphorylation cascades associated with methamphetamine-induced glial activation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 914,238-262. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05200.x
53. Heine, V. M., Maslam, S., Zareno, J., Joels, M., and Lucassen, P. J. (2004). Suppressed proliferation and apoptotic changes in the rat dentate gyrus after acute and chronic stress are reversible. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 131-144. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.03100.x
54. Herberg, L. J., and Rose, I. C. (1990). Excitatory amino acid pathways in brain-stimulation reward. Behav. Brain Res. 39, 230-239. doi: 10.1016/0166-4328(90)90029-e
55. Higashimori, H., Morel, L., Huth, J., Lindemann, L., Dulla, C., Taylor, A., et al. (2013). Astroglial FMRP-dependent translational down-regulation of mGluR5 underlies glutamate transporter GLT1 dysregulation in the fragile X mouse. Hum. Mol Genet. 22, 2041-2054. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddt055
56. Hisaoka, K., Nishida, A., Koda, T., Miyata, M., Zensho, H., Morinobu, S., et al. (2001). Antidepressant drug treatments induce glial cell line- derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) synthesis and release in rat C6 glioblastoma cells. J. Neurochem. 79, 25-34. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00531.x
57. Horger, B. A., Iyasere, C. A., Berhow, M. T., Messer, C. J., Nestler, E. J., and Taylor, J. R. (1999). Enhancement of locomotor activity and conditioned reward to cocaine by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J. Neurosci. 19, 4110-4122
58. Jacobs, S., and Doering, L. C. (2010). Astrocytes prevent abnormal neuronal development in the fragile x mouse. J. Neurosci. 30, 4508-4514. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5027-09.2010
59. Jacobs, S., Nathwani, M., and Doering, L. C. (2010). Fragile X astrocytes induce developmental delays in dendrite maturation and synaptic protein expression. BMC Neurosci. 11:132. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-132
60. Jansson, L., Wennstrom, M., Johanson, A., and Tingstrom, A. (2009). Glial cell activation in response to electroconvulsive seizures. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 33, 1119-1128. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.007
61. Javitt, D. C., and Zukin, S. R. (1991). Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 148, 1301-1308. doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.10.1301
62. John, C. S., Smith, K. L., Van’t Veer, A., Gompf, H. S., Carlezon, W. A. Jr., Cohen, B. M., et al. (2012). Blockade of astrocytic glutamate uptake in the prefrontal cortex induces anhedonia. Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 2467-2475. doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.105
63. Karasawa, J., Hashimoto, K., and Chaki, S. (2008). D-Serine and a glycine transporter inhibitor improve MK-801-induced cognitive deficits in a novel object recognition test in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 186, 78-83. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.07.033
64. Kargieman, L., Santana, N., Mengod, G., Celada, P., and Artigas, F. (2007). Antipsychotic drugs reverse the disruption in prefrontal cortex function produced by NMDA receptor blockade with phencyclidine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 14843-14848. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0704848104
65. Kawaura, K., Koike, H., Kinoshita, K., Kambe, D., Kaku, A., Karasawa, J. I., et al. (2014). Effects of a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor and D-serine on MK-801- induced immobility in the forced swimming test in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 278, 186-192. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.046
66. Keilhoff, G., Becker, A., Grecksch, G., Bernstein, H. G., and Wolf, G. (2006). Cell proliferation is influenced by bulbectomy and normalized by imipramine treatment in a region-specific manner. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 1165-1176. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300924
67. Kittel-Schneider, S., Kenis, G., Schek, J., van den Hove, D., Prickaerts, J., Lesch, K. P., et al. (2012). Expression of monoamine transporters, nitric oxide synthase 3 and neurotrophin genes in antidepressant-stimulated astrocytes. Front. Psychiatry 3:33. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00033
68. Kong, H., Sha, L. L., Fan, Y., Xiao, M., Ding, J. H., Wu, J., et al. (2009). Requirement of AQP4 for antidepressive efficiency of fluoxetine: implication in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuropsychopharmacology34, 1263-1276. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.185
69. Kong, H., Zeng, X. N., Fan, Y., Yuan, S. T., Ge, S., Xie, W. P., et al. (2014). Aquaporin-4 knockout exacerbates corticosterone-induced depression by inhibiting astrocyte function and hippocampal neurogenesis. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 20, 391-402. doi: 10.1111/cns.12222
70. Koulakoff, A., Ezan, P., and Giaume, C. (2008). Neurons control the expression of connexin 30 and connexin 43 in mouse cortical astrocytes. Glia 56, 1299-1311. doi: 10.1002/glia.20698
71. Koyama, Y. (2014). Signaling molecules regulating phenotypic conversions of astrocytes and glial scar formation in damaged nerve tissues. Neurochem. Int. 78, 35-42. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.08.005
72. Koyama, Y., Tsujikawa, K., Matsuda, T., and Baba, A. (2003). Intracerebroventricular administration of an endothelin ETb receptor agonist increases expressions of gDNF and BDNF in rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 887-894. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02797.x
73. Krystal, J. H., Karper, L. P., Seibyl, J. P., Freeman, G. K., Delaney, R., Bremner, J. D., et al. (1994). Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive and neuroendocrine responses. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 199-214. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004
74. Labrie, V., Fukumura, R., Rastogi, A., Fick, L., Wang, W., Boutros, P. C., et al. (2009). Serine racemase is associated with schizophrenia susceptibility in humans and in a mouse model. Hum. Mol Genet. 18, 3227-3243. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddp261
75. Labrie, V., Wang, W., Barger, S. W., Baker, G. B., and Roder, J. C. (2010). Genetic loss ofD-amino acid oxidase activity reverses schizophrenia-like phenotypes in mice. Genes Brain Behav. 9, 11-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00529.x
76. Laruelle, M. (2014). Schizophrenia: from dopaminergic to glutamatergic interventions. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 14, 97-102. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.01.001
77. Lee, Y., Gaskins, D., Anand, A., and Shekhar, A. (2007). Glia mechanisms in mood regulation: a novel model of mood disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191, 55-65. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0652-4
78. Levenga, J., Hayashi, S., de Vrij, F. M., Koekkoek, S. K., van der Linde, H. C., Nieuwenhuizen, I., et al. (2011). AFQ056, a new mGluR5 antagonist for treatment of fragile X syndrome. Neurobiol. Dis. 42, 311-317. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.022
79. Lipina, T., Labrie, V., Weiner, I., and Roder, J. (2005). Modulators of the glycine site on NMDA receptors, D-serine and ALX 5407, display similar beneficial effects to clozapine in mouse models of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 179, 54-67. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-2210-x
80. Liu, Q., Zhu, H. Y., Li, B., Wang, Y. Q., Yu, J., and Wu, G. C. (2012). Chronic clomipramine treatment restores hippocampal expression of glial cell line- derived neurotrophic factor in a rat model of depression. J. Affect. Disord. 141, 367-372. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.018
81. Madeira, C., Freitas, M. E., Vargas-Lopes, C., Wolosker, H., and Panizzutti, R. (2008). Increased brain D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 101, 76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.002
82. Maezawa, I., Swanberg, S., Harvey, D., LaSalle, J. M., and Jin, L. W. (2009). Rett syndrome astrocytes are abnormal and spread MeCP2 deficiency through gap junctions. J. Neurosci. 29, 5051-5061. doi: 10.1523/JNEUR0SCI.0324-09.2009
83. Mallei, A., Shi, B., and Mocchetti, I. (2002). Antidepressant treatments induce the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in cortical and hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol. 61, 1017-1024. doi: 10.1124/mol.61.5.1017
84. Manley, G. T., Fujimur, M., Ma, T., Noshita, N., Filiz, F., Bollen, A. W., et al. (2000). Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke. Nat. Med. 6, 159-163. doi: 10.1038/72256
85. Martineau, M., Parpura, V., and Mothet, J. P. (2014). Cell-type specific mechanisms of D-serine uptake and release in the brain. Front. Synaptic Neurosci. 6:12. doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00012
86. Martínez-ľurrillas, R., Del Río, J., and Frechilla, D. (2005). Sequential changes in BDNF mRNA expression and synaptic levels of AMPA receptor subunits in rat hippocampus after chronic antidepressant treatment. Neuropharmacology 49, 1178-1188. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.07.006
87. Messer, C. J., Eisch, A. J., Carlezon, W. A. Whisler, K., Shen, L., Wolf, D. H., et al. (2000). Role for GDNF in biochemical and behavioral adaptations to drugs of abuse. Neuron 26, 247-257. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81154-x
88. Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J., Wilson, B. A., Hussain, S., Meshram, A., Rajkowska, G., and Stockmeier, C. A. (2014). Reduced connexin 43 immunolabeling in the orbitofrontal cortex in alcohol dependence and depression. J. Psychiatr. Res. 55, 101-109. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.007
89. Molofsky, A. V., Krencik, R., Ullian, E. M., ľsai, H. H., Deneen, B., Richardson, W. D., et al. (2012). Astrocytes and disease: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Genes Dev. 26,891-907. doi: 10.1101/gad.188326.112
90. Morioka, N., Suekama, K., Zhang, F. F., Kajitani, N., Hisaoka-Nakashima, K., ľakebayashi, M., et al. (2014). Amitriptyline up-regulates connexin43-gap junction in rat cultured cortical astrocytes via activation of the p38 and c-Fos/AP-1 signalling pathway. Br. J. Pharmacol. 171, 2854-2867. doi: 10.1111/bph.12614
91. Nakagawa, T., Fujio, M., Ozawa, T., Minami, M., and Satoh, M. (2005). Effect of MS-153, a glutamate transporter activator, on the conditioned rewarding effects ofmorphine, methamphetamine and cocaine in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 156, 233-239. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.05.029
92. Narita, M., Miyatake, M., Narita, M., Shibasaki, M., Shindo, K., Nakamura, A., et al. (2006). Direct evidence of astrocytic modulation in the development of rewarding effects induced by drugs of abuse. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 2476-2488. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301007
93. Narita, M., Miyatake, M., Shibasaki, M., ľsuda, M., Koizumi, S., Narita, M., et al. (2005). Long-lasting change in brain dynamics induced by methamphetamine: enhancement of protein kinase C-dependent astrocytic response and behavioral sensitization. J.Neurochem. 93, 1383-1392. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03097.x
94. Nimchinsky, E. A., Oberlander, A. M., and Svoboda, K. (2001). Abnormal development of dendritic spines in FMR1 knock-out mice. J.Neurosci. 21, 5139-5146
95. Ninan, I., Jardemark, K. E., and Wang, R. Y. (2003). Differential effects of atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs on N-methyl-D-aspartate- and electrically evoked responses in the pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Synapse 48, 66-79. doi: 10.1002/syn.10189
96. Niwa, M., Nitta, A., Yamada, Y., Nakajima, A., Saito, K., Seishima, M., et al. (2007). An inducer for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha protects against methamphetamine-induced rewarding effects and sensitization. Biol.Psychiatry 61, 890-901. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.016
97. Ohta, K., Fujinami, A., Kuno, S., Sakakimoto, A., Matsui, H., Kawahara, Y., et al. (2004). Cabergoline stimulates synthesis and secretion of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by mouse astrocytes in primary culture. Pharmacology 71, 162-168. doi: 10.1159/000077451
98. Ohta, K., Kuno, S., Mizuta, I., Fujinami, A., Matsui, H., and Ohta, M. (2003). Effects of dopamine agonists bromocriptine, pergolide, cabergoline and SKF- 38393 on GDNF, NGF and BDNF synthesis in cultured mouse astrocytes. Life Sci. 73, 617-626. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00321-7
99. Ongür, D., Drevets, W. C., and Price, J. L. (1998). Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13290-13295. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13290
100. Ongür, D., Pohlman, J., Dow, A. L., Eisch, A. J., Edwin, F., Heckers, S., et al. (2007). Electroconvulsive seizures stimulate glial proliferation and reduce expression of Sprouty2 within the prefrontal cortex of rats. Biol. Psychiatry 62, 505-512. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.014
101. Otsuki, K., Uchida, S., Watanuki, T., Wakabayashi, Y., Fujimoto, M., Matsubara, T., et al. (2008). Altered expression of neurotrophic factors in patients with major depression. J. Psychiatr. Res. 42, 1145-1153. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.010
102. Panatier, A., Theodosis, D. T., Mothet, J. P., Touquet, B., Pollegioni, L., Poulain, D. A., et al. (2006). Glia-derived D-serine controls NMDA receptor activity and synaptic memory. Cell 125, 775-784. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.051
103. Parpura, V., Heneka, M. T., Montana, V., Oliet, S. H., Schousboe, A., Haydon, P. G., et al. (2012). Glial cells in (patho)physiology. J. Neurochem. 121, 4-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07664.x
104. Perea, G., Navarrete, M., and Araque, A. (2009). Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trends Neurosci. 32, 421-431. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.001
105. Perez, S. M., and Lodge, D. J. (2014). New approaches to the management of schizophrenia: focus on aberrant hippocampal drive of dopamine pathways. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 8, 887-896. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.s42708
106. Petravicz, J., Fiacco, T. A., and McCarthy, K. D. (2008). Loss of IP3 receptor- dependent Ca2+ increases in hippocampal astrocytes does not affect baseline CA1 pyramidal neuron synaptic activity. J. Neurosci. 28, 4967-4973. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5572-07.2008
107. Pop, A. S., Gomez-Mancilla, B., Neri, G., Willemsen, R., and Gasparini, F. (2014). Fragile X syndrome: a preclinical review on metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonists and drug development. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 231, 1217-1226. doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3330-3
108. Pu, L., Liu, Q. S., and Poo, M. M. (2006). BDNF-dependent synaptic sensitization in midbrain dopamine neurons after cocaine withdrawal. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 605-607. doi: 10.1038/nn1687
109. Pubill, D., Canudas, A. M., Pallàs, M., Camins, A., Camarasa, J., and Escubedo, E. (2003). Different glial response to methamphetamine- and methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 367, 490-499. doi: 10.1007/s00210-003-0747-y
110. Puhl, M. D., Mintzopoulos, D., Jensen, J. E., Gillis, T. E., Konopaske, G. T., Kaufman, M. J., et al. (2014). In vivo magnetic resonance studies reveal neuroanatomical and neurochemical abnormalities in the serine racemase knockout mouse model of schizophrenia. Neurobiol. Dis. 73C, 269-274. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.009
111. Rouach, N., Avignone, E., Même, W., Koulakoff, A., Venance, L., Blomstrand, F., et al. (2002). Gap junctions and connexin expression in the normal and pathological central nervous system. Biol. Cell. 94, 457-475. doi: 10.1016/s0248-4900(02)00016-3
112. Saadoun, S., Papadopoulos, M. C., Watanabe, H., Yan, D., Manley, G. T., and Verkman, A. S. (2005). Involvement of aquaporin-4 in astroglial cell migration and glial scar formation. J.Cell Sci. 118(Pt. 24), 5691-5698. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02680
113. Samaco, R. C., and Neul, J. L. (2011). Complexities of Rett syndrome and MeCP2. J.Neurosci. 31, 7951-7959. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0169-11.2011
114. Sanacora, G., and Banasr, M. (2013). From pathophysiology to novel antidepressant drugs: glial contributions to the pathology and treatment of mood disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 73, 1172-1179. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.032
115. Santarelli, L., Saxe, M., Gross, C., Surget, A., Battaglia, F., Dulawa, S., et al. (2003). Requirement ofhippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 301, 805-809. doi: 10.1126/science.1083328
116. Scemes, E., and Spray, D. C. (2012). Extracellular K+; and astrocyte signaling via connexin and pannexin channels. Neurochem. Res. 37, 2310-2316. doi: 10.1007/s11064-012-0759-4
117. Scharf, S. H., Jaeschke, G., Wettstein, J. G., and Lindemann, L. (2015). Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 as drug target for Fragile X syndrome. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 20C, 124-134. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.11.004
118. Shen, F., Meredith, G. E., and Napier, T. C. (2006). Amphetamine-induced place preference and conditioned motor sensitization requires activation of tyrosine kinase receptors in the hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 26, 11041-11051. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.2898-06.2006
119. Skucas, V. A., Mathews, I. B., Yang, J., Cheng, Q., Treister, A., Duffy, A. M., et al. (2011). Impairment of select forms of spatial memory and neurotrophin- dependent synaptic plasticity by deletion of glial aquaporin-4. J. Neurosci. 31, 6392-6397. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6249-10.2011
120. Smith, S. M., Uslaner, J. M., Yao, L., Mullins, C. M., Surles, N. O., Huszar, S. L., et al. (2009). The behavioral and neurochemical effects of a novel D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor compound 8 [4H-thieno [3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid] and D-serine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 328, 921-930. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.147884
121. Sofroniew, M. V. (2009). Molecular dissection ofreactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Trends Neurosci. 32, 638-647. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.08.002
122. Stehberg, J., Moraga-Amaro, R., Salazar, C., Becerra, A., Echeverría, C., Orellana, J. A., et al. (2012). Release of gliotransmitters through astroglial connexin 43 hemichannels is necessary for fear memory consolidation in the basolateral amygdala. FASEB J. 26, 3649-3657. doi: 10.1096/fj.11-198416
123. Stockmeier, C. A., Mahajan, G. J., Konick, L. C., Overholser, J. C., Jurjus, G. J., Meltzer, H. Y., et al. (2004). Cellular changes in the postmortem hippocampus in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry56, 640-650. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.022
124. Sun, J. D., Liu, Y., Yuan, Y. H., Li, J., and Chen, N. H. (2012). Gap junction dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex induces depressive-like behaviors in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 1305-1320. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.319
125. Tabernero, A., Medina, J. M., and Giaume, C. (2006). Glucose metabolism and proliferation in glia: role of astrocytic gap junctions. J. Neurochem. 99, 1049-1061. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04088.x
126. Tanahashi, S., Yamamura, S., Nakagawa, M., Motomura, E., and Okada, M. (2012). Clozapine, but not haloperidol, enhances glial D-serine and L-glutamate release in rat frontal cortex and primary cultured astrocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 165, 1543-1555. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01638.x
127. Theodoric, N., Bechberger, J. F., Naus, C. C., and Sin, W. C. (2012). Role of gap junction protein connexin43 in astrogliosis induced bybrain injury. PLoS One 7:e47311. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047311
128. Tsai, G. E., and Lin, P. Y. (2010). Strategies to enhance N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor-mediated neurotransmission in schizophrenia, a critical review and meta-analysis. Curr.Pharm.Des. 16, 522-537. doi: 10.2174/138161210790361452
129. Tsuda, M., Kohro, Y., Yano, T., Tsujikawa, T., Kitano, J., Tozaki-Saitoh, H., et al. (2011). JAK-STAT3 pathway regulates spinal astrocyte proliferation and neuropathic pain maintenance in rats. Brain. 134(Pt. 4), 1127-1139. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr025
130. Tuominen, H. J., Tiihonen, J., and Wahlbeck, K. (2005). Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 72, 225-234. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.05.005
131. Van Horn, M. R., Sild, M., and Ruthazer, E. S. (2013). D-serine as a gliotransmitter and its roles in brain development and disease. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 7:39. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00039
132. van Huijstee, A. N., and Mansvelder, H. D. (2015). Glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in the mesocorticolimbic system in addiction. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 8:466. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00466
133. Vargas-Perez, H., Bahi, A., Bufalino, M. R., Ting-A-Kee, R., Maal-Bared, G., Lam, J., et al. (2014). BDNF signaling in the VTA links the drug-dependent state to drug withdrawal aversions. J. Neurosci. 34, 7899-7909. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3776-13.2014
134. Vargas-Perez, H., Ting-A Kee, R., Walton, C. H., Hansen, D. M., Razavi, R., Clarke, L., et al. (2009). Ventral tegmental area BDNF induces an opiate-dependent¬like reward state in naive rats. Science 324, 1732-1734. doi: 10.1126/science.1168501
135. Verkman, A. S., Binder, D. K., Bloch, O., Auguste, K., and Papadopoulos, M. C. (2006). Three distinct roles of aquaporin-4 in brain function revealed by knockout mice. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1758, 1085-1093. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.018
136. Vinueza Veloz, M. F., Buijsen, R. A., Willemsen, R., Cupido, A., Bosman, L. W., Koekkoek, S. K., et al. (2012). The effect of an mGluR5 inhibitor on procedural memory and avoidance discrimination impairments in Fmr1KO mice. Genes Brain Behav. 11, 325-331. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00763.x
137. Weng, S. M., Bailey, M. E., and Cobb, S. R. (2011). Rett syndrome: from bed to bench. Pediatr. Neonatol. 52, 309-316. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2011.08.002
138. Wolosker, H., Blackshaw, S., and Snyder, S. H. (1999). Serine racemase: a glial enzyme synthesizing D-serine to regulate glutamate-N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotransmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 13409-13414. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13409
139. Xiao, M., and Hu, G. (2014). Involvement of aquaporin 4 in astrocyte function and neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Neurosci.Ther. 20, 385-390. doi: 10.1111/cns.12267
140. Yan, H. T., Wu, N., Lu, X. Q., Su, R. B., Zheng, J. Q., and Li, J. (2013). Aquaporin- 4 deficiency attenuates opioid dependence through suppressing glutamate transporter-1 down-regulation and maintaining glutamate homeostasis. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 19, 12-19. doi: 10.1111ns.12012
141. Yan, Y., Yamada, K., Niwa, M., Nagai, T., Nitta, A., and Nabeshima, T. (2007) . Enduring vulnerability to reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behavior in glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor mutant mice. FASEB J. 21, 1994-2004. doi: 10.1096/fj.06-7772com
142. Yang, Q., Feng, B., Zhang, K., Guo, Y. Y., Liu, S. B., Wu, Y. M., et al. (2012). Excessive astrocyte-derived neurotrophin-3 contributes to the abnormal neuronal dendritic development in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. PLoS Genet. 8:e1003172. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003172
143. Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Su, H., Tao, J., Xie, Y., Han, B., et al. (2014). Increased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels during opiate withdrawal. Neurosci.Lett. 571, 61-65. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.048
144. Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Xie, C., Xi, G., Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., et al. (2008). Effect of treatment on serum glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in depressed patients. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol.Psychiatry 32, 886-890. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.01.004