Pharmacological Overview of Galactogogues

Veterinary Medicine International

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Tabares, Felipe Penagos ^a   Jaramillo, Juliana V Bedoya ^a   Ruiz Cortés, Zulma Tatiana ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE ANTIOQUIA   (Colombia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84935003823     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20420048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/602894     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. S. Sjolin, Y. Hofvander, and C. Hillervik, "Factors related to early termination of breast feeding: a retrospective study in Sweden", Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 505-511, 1977.
2. A. A. Zuppa, P. Sindico, C. Orchi et al., "Safety and efficacy of galactogogues: substances that induce, maintain and increase breast milk production", Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 162-174, 2010.
3. M. Mortel and S. D. Mehta, "Systematic review of the efficacy of herbal galactogogues", Journal of Human Lactation, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 154-162, 2013.
4. M. Melnyk, Recombinant bovine somatotropin: challenging Canada's science-based regulatory system and the emergence of post-normal science [Doctoral, thesis], Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, 2005.
5. Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, "Report on the animal welfare aspects of the use of bovine somatotrophin", 1999, http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scah/out21.
6. I. P. Agrawala, M. V. Achar, R. V. Boradkar, and N. Roy, "Galactagogue action of Cuminum cyminum and Nigella staiva", Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 841-844, 1968.
7. R. E. Westfall, "Galactagogue herbs: a qualitative study and review", Canadian Journal of Midwifery Research and Practice, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 22-27, 2003.
8. S. N. Bharti, N. K. Sharma, A. K. Gupta, K. Murari, and A. Kumar, "Pharmacological actions and potential uses of diverse Galactogogues in Cattle", International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 24-28, 2012.
9. M. A. Underwood, "Human milk for the premature infant", Pediatric Clinics of North America, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 189-207, 2013.
10. A. Zapantis, J. G. Steinberg, and L. Schilit, "Use of herbals as galactagogues", Journal of Pharmacy Practice, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 222-231, 2012.
11. M. I. Baig and V. G. Bhagwat, "Study the efficacy of Galactin Vet Bolus onmilk yield in dairy cows", Veterinary World, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 140-142, 2009.
12. E. Romano-Santos, B. Fernández-González, L. Díez-Soro, and S. Martínez-Bonafont, "¿Qué sabemos de los galactogogos?" Matronas Profesión, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 27-30, 2009.
13. T. Frankič, M. Voljč, J. Salobir, and V. Rezar, "Use of herbs and spices and their extracts in animal nutrition", Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 95-102, 2009.
14. C. Vanaclocha and S. Cañigueral, Fitoterapia: Vademécum de Prescripción, Masson, Barcelona, 4th edition, 2003.
15. F. J. Haya, Uso práctico de la fitoterapia en ginecología, Médica Panamericana, Madrid, Spain, 2007.
16. A. Gurib-Fakim, "Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow", Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-93, 2006.
17. K. Chan, "Some aspects of toxic contaminants in herbal medicines", Chemosphere, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1361-1371, 2003.
18. S. Verma and S. P. Singh, "Current and future status of herbal medicines", Veterinary World, vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 347-350, 2008.
19. M. Oruganti, "Organic dairy farming: a new trend in dairy sector", Veterinary World, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 128-130, 2011.
20. A. Kauppila, S. Kivinen, and O. Ylikorkala, "A dose response relation between improved lactation and metoclopramide", The Lancet, vol. 317, no. 8231, pp. 175-177, 2001.
21. R. A. Ehrenkranz and B. A. Ackerman, "Metoclopramide effect on faltering milk production by mothers of premature infants", Pediatrics, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 614-620, 1986.
22. A. P. Gupta and P. K. Gupta, "Metoclopramide as a lactogogue", Clinical Pediatrics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 269-272, 2005.
23. P. De Camilli, D. Macconi, and A. Spada, "Dopamine inhibits adenylate cyclase in human prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas", Nature, vol. 278, no. 5701, pp. 252-254, 1979.
24. R. C. Rogers, M. J. Barnes, and G. E. Hermann, "Leptin "gates" thermogenic action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the hindbrain", Brain Research, vol. 1295, pp. 135-141, 2009.
25. N. Ben-Jonathan and R. Hnasko, "Dopamine as a prolactin (PRL) inhibitor", Endocrine Reviews, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 724-763, 2001.
26. R. M. Akers, D. E. Bauman, A. V. Capuco, G. T. Goodman, and H. A. Tucker, "Prolactin regulation of milk secretion and biochemical differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in periparturient cows", Endocrinology, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 23-30, 1981.
27. V. Guzman, G. Toscano, E. S. Canales, and A. Zarate, "Improvement of defective lactation by using oralmetoclopramide", Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 53-55, 1979.
28. P. O. Anderson and V. Valdés, "A critical review of pharmaceutical galactagogues", Breastfeeding Medicine, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 229-242, 2007.
29. D. N. Bateman, C. Kahn, and D. S. Davies, "The pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide in man with observations in the dog", British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 371-377, 1980.
30. C. Plumb, Veterinary Drug Handbook, Pharma Vet, Stockholm, Wis, USA, 6th edition, 2008.
31. J. Ingram, H. Taylor, C. Churchill, A. Pike, and R. Greenwood, "Metoclopramide or domperidone for increasing maternal breast milk output: a randomised controlled trial", Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. F241-F245, 2012.
32. M. Kahn, Manual Merck de Veterinaria, Grupo Editorial Océano, Barcelona, España, 2007.
33. J. A. Barone, "Domperidone: a peripherally acting dopamine2-receptor antagonist", Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 429-440, 1999.
34. E. W. Wan, K. Davey, M. Page-Sharp, P. E. Hartmann, K. Simmer, and K. F. Ilett, "Dose-effect study of domperidone as a galactagogue in preterm mothers with insufficient milk supply, and its transfer into milk", The British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 283-289, 2008.
35. A. Osadchy, M. E. Moretti, and G. Koren, "Effect of domperidone on insufficient lactation in puerperal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", Obstetrics and Gynecology International, vol. 2012, Article ID 642893, 7 pages, 2012.
36. J. Heykants, R. Hendriks, W. Meuldermans, M. Michiels, H. Scheygrond, and H. Reyntjens, "On the pharmacokinetics of domperidone in animals and man. IV. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous domperidone and its bioavailability in man following intramuscular, oral and rectal administration", European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 61-70, 1981.
37. O. P. Da Silva and D. C. Knoppert, "Domperidone for lactating women", Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 171, no. 7, pp. 725-726, 2004.
38. D. Guillaume, P. Chavatte-Palmer, Y. Combarnous et al., "Induced lactation with a dopamine antagonist in mares: different responses between ovariectomized and intact mares", Reproduction in Domestic Animals, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 394-400, 2003.
39. D. L. Cross, L. M. Redmond, and J. R. Strickland, "Equine fescue toxicosis: signs and solutions", Journal of Animal Science, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 899-908, 1995.
40. K. Yoshida, B. Smith, M. Craggs, and R. Kumar, "Neuroleptic drugs in breast-milk: a study of pharmacokinetics and of possible adverse effects in breast-fed infants", Psychological Medicine, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 81-91, 1998.
41. P. K. Talwalker, J. Meites, C. S. Nicoll, and T. F. Hopkins, "Effects of chlorpromazine on mammary glands of rats", The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 199, pp. 1073-1076, 1960.
42. C. E. Weichert, "Lactational reflex recovery in breast-feeding failure", Pediatrics, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 799-803, 1979.
43. G. Wampler, "The pharmacology and clinical effectiveness of phenothiazines and related drugs for managing chemotherapyinduced emesis", Drugs, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 35-51, 1983.
44. M. P. Gabay, "Galactogogues: medications that induce lactation", Journal of Human Lactation, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 274-279, 2002.
45. M. Jeanmougin, M. Sigal-Nahum, J. R. Manciet, A. Petit, B. Flageul, and L. Dubertret, "Photosensibilisation rémanente induite par la chlorproéthazine", Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie, vol. 120, no. 11, pp. 840-843, 1993.
46. A. S. Zelickson and H. C. Zeller, "A new and unusual reaction to chlorpromazine", The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 188, no. 4, pp. 394-396, 1964.
47. A. M. Mancini, A. Guitelman, C. A. Vargas, L. Debeljuk, and N. J. Aparicio, "Effect of sulpiride on serum prolactin levels in humans", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 181-184, 1976.
48. T. Aono, T. Aki, K. Koike, and K. Kurachi, "Effect of sulpiride on poor puerperal lactation", The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 143, no. 8, pp. 927-932, 1982.
49. F. Polatti, "Sulpiride isomers and milk secretion in puerperium", Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 144-147, 1982.
50. O. Ylikorkala, A. Kauppila, S. Kivinen, and L. Viinikka, "Sulpiride improves inadequate lactation", British Medical Journal, vol. 285, no. 6337, pp. 249-251, 1982.
51. A. S. Alam, A. R. Imondi, J. Udinsky, and L. M. Hagerman, "Bioavailability of 14C-sulpiride in dogs", Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, vol. 242, no. 1, pp. 4-13, 1979.
52. J. Segura, L. Borja, and O. M. Bakke, "Pharmacokinetics of sulpiride after oral and intravenous administration in the rat and dog", Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, vol. 223, no. 1, pp. 88-95, 1976.
53. F. A. Wiesel, G. Alfredsson, M. Ehrnebo, and G. Sedvall, "The pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral sulpiride in healthy human subjects", European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 385-391, 1980.
54. P. Chavatte-Palmer, G. Arnaud, C. Duvaux-Ponter et al., "Quantitative and qualitative assessment of milk production after pharmaceutical induction of lactation in the mare", Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 472-477, 2002.
55. G. Gimpl and F. Fahrenholz, "The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation", Physiological Reviews, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 629-683, 2001.
56. M. J. Renfrew, S. Lang, and M. Woolridge, "Oxytocin for promoting successful lactation", Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 2, 2000.
57. V. Lollivier, P. Marnet, S. Delpal et al., "Oxytocin stimulates secretory processes in lactating rabbit mammary epithelial cells", Journal of Physiology, vol. 570, no. 1, pp. 125-140, 2006.
58. M. Peaker and C. J. Wilde, "Feedback control of milk secretion from milk", Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 307-315, 1996.
59. J. E. Hillerton and K. E. Kliem, "Effective treatment of Streptococcus uberis clinical mastitis to minimize the use of antibiotics", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 1009-1014, 2002.
60. S. Jonsson and M. O. Pulkkinen, "Mastitis today: incidence, prevention and treatment", Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae, vol. 208, pp. 84-87, 1994.
61. A. M. Homeida and R. G. Cooke, "Biological half-life of oxytocin in the goat", Research in Veterinary Science, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 364-365, 1984.
62. J. D. Cleverley and S. J. Folley, "The blood levels of oxytocin during machine milking in cows with some observations on its half-life in the circulation", Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 347-361, 1970.
63. T. Higuchi, K. Honda, T. Fukuoka, H. Negoro, and K. Wakabayashi, "Release of oxytocin during suckling and parturition in the rat", Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 105, no. 3, pp. 339-346, 1985.
64. D. Schams, B. Schmidt-Polex, and V. Kruse, "Oxytocin determination by radioimmunoassay in cattle. I. Method and preliminary physiological data", Acta Endocrinologica, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 258-270, 1979.
65. E. A. Wachs, R. C. Gorewit, and W. B. Currie, "Half-life, clearance and production rate for oxytocin in cattle during lactation and mammary involution I", Domestic Animal Endocrinology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 121-140, 1984.
66. D. L. Paccamonti, J. F. Pycock, M. A. M. Taverne et al., "PGFM response to exogenous oxytocin and determination of the half-life of oxytocin in nonpregnant mares", Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 285-288, 1999.
67. G. Rydén and I. Sjöholm, "Half-life of oxytocin in blood of pregnant and non-pregnantwomen.", Acta Endocrinologica, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 425-431, 1969.
68. R. Rani, S. Medhe, K. R. Raj, and M. Srivastava, "Standardization of HPTLC method for the estimation of oxytocin in edibles", Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1222-1227, 2013.
69. M. S. Fewtrell, K. L. Loh, A. Blake, D. A. Ridout, and J. Hawdon, "Randomised, double blind trial of oxytocin nasal spray in mothers expressing breast milk for preterm infants", Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. F169-F174, 2006.
70. H. Ruis, R. Rolland, W. Doesburg, G. Broeders, and R. Corbey, "Oxytocin enhances onset of lactation among mothers delivering prematurely", The British Medical Journal, vol. 283, no. 6287, pp. 340-342, 1981.
71. J. L. Linzell and M. Peaker, "The effects of oxytocin and milk removal onmilksecretion in thegoat", The Journal of Physiology, vol. 216, no. 3, pp. 717-734, 1971.
72. F. Ellendorff, M. L. Forsling, and D. A. Poulain, "The milk ejection reflex in the pig", The Journal of Physiology, vol. 333, no. 1, pp. 577-594, 1982.
73. H. F. Schryver, O. T. Oftedal, J. Williams, L. V. Soderholm, and H. F. Hintz, "Lactation in the horse: the mineral composition of mare milk", Journal of Nutrition, vol. 116, no. 11, pp. 2142-2147, 1986.
74. T. D. Etherton and D. E. Bauman, "Biology of somatotropin in growth and lactation of domestic animals", Physiological Reviews, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 745-761, 1998.
75. I. R. Dohoo, L. Des Côteaux, K. Leslie et al., "A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin 2. Effects on animal health, reproductive performance, and culling", Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 252-264, 2003.
76. D. E. Bauman, M. J. De Geeter, C. J. Peel, G. M. Lanza, R. C. Gorewit, and R. W. Hammond, "Effect of recombinantlyderived bovine growth hormone (bGH) on lactational performance of high yielding dairy cows", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 65, no. 1, p. 121, 1982.
77. R. J. Collier, M. A. Miller, C. L. McLaughlin, H. D. Johnson, and C. A. Baile, "Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and season on plasma and milk insulin-like growth factors I (IGF-I) and II (IGF-II) in lactating dairy cows", Domestic Animal Endocrinology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 16-23, 2008.
78. C. F. M. Molento, E. Block, R. I. Cue, and D. Petitclerc, "Effects of insulin, recombinant bovine somatotropin, and their interaction on insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion and milk protein production in dairy cows", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 738-747, 2002.
79. D. E. Bauman, "Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application", Domestic Animal Endocrinology, vol. 17, no. 1-3, pp. 101-116, 1999.
80. M. I. Gallego, N. Binart, G. W. Robinson et al., "Prolactin, growth hormone, and epidermal growth factor activate Stat5 in different compartments of mammary tissue and exert different and overlapping developmental effects", Developmental Biology, vol. 229, no. 1, pp. 163-175, 2001.
81. Y. Cui, G. Riedlinger, K. Miyoshi et al., "Inactivation of stat5 in mouse mammary epithelium during pregnancy reveals distinct functions in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 24, no. 18, pp. 8037-8047, 2004.
82. X. Liu, G. W. Robinson, K. Wagner, L. Garrett, A. Wynshaw-Boris, and L. Hennighausen, "Stat5a is mandatory for adult mammary gland development and lactogenesis", Genes and Development, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 179-186, 1997.
83. S. A. Burgos and J. P. Cant, "IGF-1 stimulates protein synthesis by enhanced signaling through mTORC1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells", Domestic Animal Endocrinology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 211-221, 2010.
84. A. Wickenden and C. J. Watson, "Key signalling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer. Signalling downstream of PI3 kinase in mammary epithelium: a play in 3 Akts", Breast Cancer Research, vol. 12, article 202, 2010.
85. S. A. Burgos, M. Dai, and J. P. Cant, "Nutrient availability and lactogenic hormones regulate mammary protein synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 153-161, 2010.
86. L. Wang, Y. Lin, Y. Bian et al., "Leucyl-tRNA synthetase regulates lactation and cell proliferation via mTOR signaling in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells", International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 5952-5969, 2014.
87. X. Cui, P. Zhang, W. Deng et al., "Insulin-like growth factor-I inhibits progesterone receptor expression in breast cancer cells via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway: progesterone receptor as a potential indicator of growth factor activity in breast cancer", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 575-588, 2003.
88. G. Sharif Yanov, R. M. Kharrasov, and F. S. Khaziakhmetov, "Goat's rue (Galega officinalis) in rations for cows", Zootekhniya, vol. 5, pp. 15-16, 1996.
89. J. A. McCubrey, L. S. Steelman, W. H. Chappell et al., "Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1773, no. 8, pp. 1263-1284, 2007.
90. A. Shukla, J. Grisouard, V. Ehemann, A. Hermani, H. Enzmann, and D. Mayer, "Analysis of signaling pathways related to cell proliferation stimulated by insulin analogs in human mammary epithelial cell lines", Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 429-441, 2009.
91. E. Marshman and C. H. Streuli, "Insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in mammary gland function", Breast Cancer Research, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 231-239, 2002.
92. R. M. Akers, "Major advances associated with hormone and growth factor regulation of mammary growth and lactation in dairy cows", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 1222-1234, 2006.
93. P. L. Toutain, D. Schams, M. P. Laurentie, and T. D. Thomson, "Pharmacokinetics of a recombinant bovine growth hormone and pituitary bovine growth hormone in lactating dairy cows", Journal of Animal Science, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 1219-1225, 1993.
94. A. Azza, A. S. Khalil, H. T. El-Hamamsy, and O. H. Ezzo, "The effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin administration on milk production, some hemato-biochemical parameters and reproductive performance of lactating cows", Global Veterinaria, vol. 4, pp. 366-373, 2010.
95. J. K. Oldenbroek, G. J. Garssen, L. J. Jonker, and J. I. Wilkinson, "Effects of treatment of dairy cows with recombinant bovine somatotropin over three or four lactations", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 453-467, 1993.
96. L. J. Judge, R. J. Erskine, and P. C. Bartlett, "Recombinant bovine somatotropin and clinical mastitis: incidence, discarded milk following therapy, and culling", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 3212-3218, 1997.
97. P. Willeberg, "Bovine somatotropin and clinical mastitis: epidemiological assessment of the welfare risk", Livestock Production Science, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 55-66, 1993.
98. J. L. Burton, B. W. McBride, B. W. Kennedy, J. H. Burton, T. H. Elsasser, and B. Woodward, "Hematological profiles in dairy cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.", Journal of Animal Science, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 1488-1495, 1992.
99. G. Briggs, R. K. Freeman, and S. J. Yaffe, Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk with Access Code, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, New York, NY, USA, 2002.
100. O. Ylikorkala, S. Kivinen, and A. Kauppila, "Oral administration of TRH in puerperal women: effect on insufficient lactation, thyroid hormones and on the responses of TSH and prolactin to intravenous TRH", Acta Endocrinologica, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 413-418, 1980.
101. A. H. Tashjian Jr., N. J. Barowsky, and D. K. Jensen, "Thyrotropin releasing hormone: direct evidence for stimulation of prolactin production by pituitary cells in culture", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 516-523, 1971.
102. M. E. Freeman, B. Kanyicska, A. Lerant, and G. Nagy, "Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion", Physiological Reviews, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 1523-1631, 2000.
103. G. P. Mueller, H. J. Chen, and J. Meites, "In vivo stimulation of prolactin release in the rat by synthetic TRH", Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 144, no. 2, pp. 613-615, 1973.
104. T. Johke, "Effects of TRH on circulating growth hormone, prolactin and triiodothyronine levels in the bovine", Endocrinologia Japonica, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 19-26, 1978.
105. S. Zárate, G. Jaita, J. Ferraris et al., "Estrogens induce expression of membrane-associated estrogen receptor α isoforms in lactotropes", PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 7, Article ID e41299, 2012.
106. J. E. Tyson, A. Perez, and J. Zanartu, "Human lactational response to oral thyrotropin releasing hormone", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 760-768, 1976.
107. A. Sengupta and D. K. Sarkar, "Estrogen inhibits D2S receptorregulated Gi3 and Gs protein interactions to stimulate prolactin production and cell proliferation in lactotropic cells", Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 214, no. 1, pp. 67-78, 2012.
108. F. Peters, J. Schulze-Tollert, and W. Schuth, "Thyrotrophinreleasing hormone-a lactation-promoting agent?" British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 880-885, 1991.
109. T. W. Redding and A. V. Schally, "On the half life of thyrotropinreleasing hormone in rats", Neuroendocrinology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 250-256, 1972.
110. Z. J. Cui, F. S. Gorelick, and P. S. Dannies, "Calcium/calmodulindependent protein kinase-II activation in rat pituitary cells in the presence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and dopamine", Endocrinology, vol. 134, no. 5, pp. 2245-2250, 1994.
111. B. A. White and C. Bancroft, "Ca2+/Calmodulin regulation of prolactin gene expression", Methods in Enzymology, vol. 139, pp. 655-667, 1987.
112. A. Lachowicz, F. Van Goor, A. C. Katzur, G. Bonhomme, and S. S. Stojilkovic, "Uncoupling of calcium mobilization and entry pathways in endothelin-stimulated pituitary lactotrophs", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 45, pp. 28308-28314, 1997.
113. B. Muller, L. Caccavelli, I. Manfroid et al., "Régulation transcriptionnelle du gène de la prolactine humaine", Medicine Sciences, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 580-587, 1998.
114. J. M. Cline, G. Soderqvist, E. Von Schoultz, L. Skoog, and B. Von Schoultz, "Effects of conjugated estrogens, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and tamoxifen on the mammary glands of macaques", Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 221-229, 1998.
115. M. Molinolo, S. Simian, S. Vanzulli et al., "Involvement of EGF in medroxyprogesterone acetate [154]-induced mammary gland hyperplasia and its role in MPA-induced mammary tumors in BALB/c mice", Cancer Letters, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 49-57, 1998.
116. E. Guiloff, A. Ibarra Polo, C. Toscanini, T. W. Mischler, and C. Gómez-Rogers, "Effect of contraception on lactation", The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 42-45, 1974.
117. P. R. Hannon, A. K. Duggan, J. R. Serwint, J. W. Vogelhut, F. Witter, and C. De Angelis, "The influence of medroxyprogesterone on the duration of breast-feeding inmothers in an urban community", Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 490-496, 1997.
118. M. Karim, R. Ammar, S. El-Mahgoub, B. El-Ganzoury, F. Fikri, and I. Abdou, "Injected progestogen and lactation", The British Medical Journal, vol. 1, no. 742, pp. 200-203, 1971.
119. E. D. B. Johansson, P. B. Johansen, and S. N. Rasmussen, "Medroxyprogesterone acetate pharmacokinetics following oral high-dose administration in humans: a bioavailability evaluation of a new MPA tablet formulation", Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 311-317, 1986.
120. B. N. Saxena, K. Shrimanker, and J. G. Grudzinskas, "Levels of contraceptive steroids in breast milk and plasma of lactating women", Contraception, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 605-613, 1977.
121. J. J. Kelsey, "Hormonal contraception and lactation", Journal of Human Lactation, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 315-318, 1996.
122. R. R. Chaudhury, S. Chompootaweep, N. Dusitsin, H. Friesen, and M. Tankeyoon, "The release of prolactin by medroxy progesterone acetate in human subjects", British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 433-434, 1977.
123. K. Abascal and E. Yarnell, "Botanical galactagogues", Alternative and Complementary Therapies, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 288-294, 2008.
124. J. Latvietis, J. Drikis, V. Auzins, A. Trupa, and H. Kaldmae, "Some types of grass silage used in feeding cows", in Proceedings of the Animal Nutritions Conference, pp. 7-15, Tartu, Estonia, 2002.
125. V. I. Brikman, M. I. Lopatko, Z. M. Arkhipova, and N. I. Roi, "Intake of some plants by cow", Zootekhniya, vol. 5-6, pp. 14-15, 1992.
126. M. Alamer, "Effect of feeding fennel straw (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) on performance of lactating goats", Journal of Applied Animal Research, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 61-64, 2009.
127. M. Kholif and M. A. M. Abd El-Gawad, "Medical plant seeds supplementation of lactating goats diets and its effects on milk and cheese quantity and quality", Egyptian Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 29, pp. 139-150, 2001.
128. M. A. Alamer and G. Basiouni, "Feeding effects of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) on lactation performance, some plasma constituents and growth hormone level in goats", Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 28-46, 2005.
129. Z. G. Bikbulatov, F. A. Zainutdinov, and B. G. Sharifyanov", Feeds fromgoats rue in diets for cows", Kormoporizvodstvo, vol. 7, pp. 28-31, 1997.
130. A. El-Alamy, H. M. Khattab, S. A. El-Nor, F. A. F. Salam, and M. M. A. Abdou, "Milk production response to supplementing rations with some medical herbs of lactating buffaloes", in Proceedings of the 8th Egyptian Conference for Dairy Science and Technology, pp. 675-686, Cairo, Egypt, November 2001.
131. K. S. Tomar, V. P. Singh, and R. S. Yadav, "Effect of feeding maithy (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and chandrasoor (Lepidium sativumL.) seeds onmilkandbloodconstituentsof Murrah buffaloes", Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 1192-1193, 1996.
132. S. A. H. Abo El-Nor, "Influence of fenugreek seeds as a galactagogue on milk yield, milk composition and different blood biochemical of lactating buffaloes during mid-lactation", Egyptian Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 231-238, 1999.
133. K. A. E. Mullen, K. L. Anderson, and S. P. Washburn, "Affiliations, Effect of 2 herbal intramammary products on milk quantity and quality compared with conventional and no dry cow therapy", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 3509-3522, 2014.
134. M. W. Arbour and J. L. Kessler, "Mammary hypoplasia: not every breast can produce sufficient milk", Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 457-461, 2013.
135. H. Greathead, "Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity", Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 279-290, 2003.
136. B. T. Schaneberg and I. A. Khan, "Analysis of products suspected of containing Aristolochia or Asarum species", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 94, no. 2-3, pp. 245-249, 2004.
137. A. B. Forinash, A. M. Yancey, K. N. Barnes, and T. D. Myles, "The use of galactogogues in the breastfeeding mother", Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 1392-1404, 2012.
138. T. Gbadamosi and O. Okolosi, "Botanical galactogogues: nutritional values and therapeutic potentials", Journal of Applied Biosciences, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 4460-4469, 2013.
139. C. Turkyilmaz, E. Onal, I. M. Hirfanoglu et al., "The effect of galactagogue herbal tea on breast milk production and shortterm catch-up of birth weight in the first week of life", The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 139-142, 2011.
140. M. Foidart, C. Colin, X. Denoo et al., "Estradiol and progesterone regulate the proliferation of human breast epithelial cells", Fertility and Sterility, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 963-970, 1998.
141. C. Farmer, M. F. Palin, G. S. Gilani et al., "Dietary genistein stimulates mammary hyperplasia in gilts", Animal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 454-465, 2010.
142. J. Dong, C. H. Tsai-Morris, and M. L. Dufau, "A novel estradiol/estrogen receptor α-dependent transcriptionalmechanism controls expression of the human prolactin receptor", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 281, no. 27, pp. 18825-18836, 2006.
143. R. J. Vanderboom and L. G. Sheffield, "Estrogen enhances epidermal growth factor-induced DNA synthesis in mammary epithelial cells", Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 367-372, 1993.
144. F. Borellini and T. Oka, "Growth control and differentiation in mammary epithelial cells", Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 85-99, 1989.
145. R. A. Maurer, "Estradiol regulates the transcription of the prolactin gene", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 257, no. 5, pp. 2133-2136, 1982.
146. G. Benker, C. Jaspers, G. Häusler, and D. Reinwein, "Control of prolactin secretion", Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, vol. 68, no. 23, pp. 1157-1167, 1990.
147. U. C. Yadav and N. Z. Baquer, "Pharmacological effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. in health and disease", Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 243-254, 2013.
148. S. Sreeja and V. S. Anju, "In vitro estrogenic activities of fenugreek Trigonella foenum graecum seeds", Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 814-819, 2010.
149. A. K. Janabi, "Feeding effects of fenugreek seeds (Tringonella foenum-graceum) on lactation performance, some serum constituents and prolactin hormone level in damascus crossbred goats", Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2012.
150. M. A. Rather, B. A. Dar, S. N. Sofi, B. A. Bhat, and M. A. Qurishi, "Foeniculum vulgare: a comprehensive review of its traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety", Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2012.
151. S. Mills and K. Bone, Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK, 2000.
152. A. H. Shah, S. Qureshi, and A. M. Ageel, "Toxicity studies in mice of ethanol extracts of Foeniculum vulgare fruit and Ruta chalepensis aerial parts", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 34, no. 2-3, pp. 167-172, 1991.
153. M. Albert-Puleo, "Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 337-344, 1980.
154. L. Gori, E. Gallo, V. Mascherini, A. Mugelli, A. Vannacci, and F. Firenzuoli, "Can estragole in fennel seed decoctions really be considered a danger for human health? A fennel safety update", Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID860542, 10 pages, 2012.
155. M. M. Özcan and J. C. Chalchat, "Chemical composition and antifungal effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) fruit oil at ripening stage", Annals of Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 353-358, 2006.
156. H. Hosseinzadeh, M. Tafaghodi, S. Abedzadeh, and E. Taghiabadi, "Effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. seeds onmilk production in rats", Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 18-23, 2013.
157. V. Kudrna, J. Rendla, and E. Markalous, "Stimulation of milk production by feeding with Galega officinalis", Fytotechnicka Rada, vol. 9, no. 1, article 254, 1992.
158. F. González-Andrés, P. A. Redondo, R. Pescador, and B. Urbano, "Management of Galega officinalis L. and preliminary results on its potential for milk production improvement in sheep", New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 233-245, 2004.
159. K. Parton and A. N. Bruere, "Plant poisoning of livestock in New Zealand", New Zealand Veterinary Journal, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 22-27, 2002.
160. M. H. Benn, G. Shustov, L. Shustova, W. Majak, Y. Bai, and N. A. Fairey, "Isolation and characterization of two guanidines from Galega orientlis Lam. Cv. Gale (Fodder Galega)", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 2779-2781, 1996.
161. R. F. Keeler, D. C. Baker, and J. O. Evans, "Individual animal susceptibility and its relationship to induced adaptation or tolerance in sheep to Galega officinalis L", Veterinary and Human Toxicology, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 420-423, 1988.
162. Y. Champavier, D. P. Allais, A. J. Chulia, and M. Kaouadji, "Acetylated and non-acetylated flavonol triglycosides from Galega officinalis", Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 281-282, 2000.
163. K. Sharma and M. Bhatnagar, "Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): a versatile female tonic", International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archive, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 855-863, 2011.
164. F. Di Pierro, A. Callegari, D. Carotenuto, and M. M. Tapia, "Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of BIO-C (micronized Silymarin) as a galactagogue", Acta Biomedica de l'Ateneo Parmense, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 205-210, 2008.
165. R. K. Goyal, J. Singh, and H. Lal, "Asparagus racemosus-an update", Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 408-414, 2003.
166. M. Gupta and B. Shaw, "A double-blind randomized clinical trial for evaluation of galactogogue activity of asparagus racemosus willd", Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 167-172, 2011.
167. S. K. Pandey, A. Sahay, R. S. Pandey, and Y. B. Tripathi, "Effect of Asparagus racemosus rhizome (Shatavari) on mammary gland and genital organs of pregnant rat", Phytotherapy Research, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 721-724, 2005.
168. P. B. Sabnis, B. B. Gaitonde, and M. Jetmalani, "Effects of alcoholic extracts of Asparagus racemosus on mammary glands of rats", Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 55-57, 1968.
169. K. A. Narendranath, S. Anuradha, and I. S. Rao, "Effect of herbal galactogogue (lactare). A pharmacological and clinical observation", Medicine and Surgery, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 19-22, 1986.
170. A. B. Patel and U. K. Kanitkar, "Asparagus racemosus willd-form bordi, as a galactogogue, in buffaloes", Indian Veterinary Journal, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 718-721, 1969.
171. R. K. Goel, T. Prabha, M. Mohan Kumar, M. Dorababu, and G. Singh, "Teratogenicity of Asparagus racemosus willd. root, a herbal medicine", Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 570-573, 2006.
172. G. Saxena, M. Singh, and M. Bhatnagar, "Phytoestrogens of Asparagus racemosus wild", Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 15-20, 2010.
173. V. Kren and D. Walterová, "Silybin and silymarin: new effects and applications", Biomedical Papers, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 29-41, 2005.
174. V. Kummer, J. Mašková, J. Čanderle, Z. Zralý, J. Neča, and M. Machala, "Estrogenic effects of silymarin in ovariectomized rats", Veterinarni Medicina, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 17-23, 2001.
175. D. Seidlová-Wuttke, T. Becker, V. Christoffel, H. Jarry, and W. Wuttke, "Silymarin is a selective estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist and has estrogenic effects in themetaphysis of the femur but no or antiestrogenic effects in the uterus of ovariectomized (ovx) rats", The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 179-188, 2003.
176. D. Tedesco, A. Tava, S. Galletti et al., "Effects of silymarin, a natural hepatoprotector, in periparturient dairy cows", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 87, no. 7, pp. 2239-2247, 2004.
177. R. Capasso, G. Aviello, F. Capasso et al., "Silymarin BIO-C, an extract from Silybum marianum fruits, induces hyperprolactinemia in intact female rats", Phytomedicine, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 839-844, 2009.