Hydrogen production by the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 12578-12600

  Pradhan, Nirakar ^a   Dipasquale, Laura ^b   D’Ippolito, Giuliana ^b   Panico, Antonio ^c   Lens, Piet N L ^d   Esposito, Giovanni ^a   Fontana, Angelo ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITÀ TELEMATICA PEGASO   (Italy)

^d UNESCO IHE INSTITUTE FOR WATER EDUCATION   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Biomass; Carbon dioxide; Energy carrier; Fermentation; Green house gas; Hydrogen; Lactic acid; Process kinetics; Renewable energy; Thermophilic bacteria

Indexed keywords

FERREDOXIN; GLYCEROL; HYDROGEN; IRON HYDROGENASE; LACTIC ACID; CARBON; GLUCOSE;

BACTERIAL METABOLISM; BIOREACTOR; CAPNOPHILIC LACTIC FERMENTATION; CARBON SOURCE; CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS; CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR; DARK FERMENTATION; FERMENTATION; HYDROGEN EVOLUTION; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; PH; PHYLOGENY; PRESSURE; REVIEW; RHODOPSEUDOMONAS PALUSTRIS; RHODOSPIRILLACEAE; SPARGING; TEMPERATURE; THALASSIOSIRA WEISSFLOGII; THERMOPHILIC BACTERIUM; THERMOTOGA NEAPOLITANA; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; METABOLISM;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); THERMOTOGA NEAPOLITANA;

BIOREACTORS; CARBON; FERMENTATION; GLUCOSE; HYDROGEN; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY; TEMPERATURE; THERMOTOGA NEAPOLITANA;

EID: 84931275358     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612578     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Hallenbeck, P.C.; Benemann, J.R. Biological H2 production; fundamentals and limiting processes. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2002, 27, 1185–1193.
2. Nath, K.; Das, D. Improvement of fermentative hydrogen production: Various approaches. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004, 65, 520–529.
3. Fan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Hou, H.; Ren, B. Efficient conversion of wheat straw wastes into biohydrogen gas by cow dung compost. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97, 500–505.
4. Ghimire, A.; Frunzo, L.; Pirozzi, F.; Trably, E.; Escudie, R.; Lens, P.N.L.; Esposito, G. A review on dark fermentative biohydrogen production from organic biomass: Process parameters and use of by-products. Appl. Energy 2015, 144, 73–95.
5. Guo, X.M.; Trably, E.; Angenent, L.T.; Karim, K.; al-Dahhan, M.H.; Wrenn, B.; Latrille, E.; Carrère, H.; Steyer, J. Hydrogen production from agricultural waste by dark fermentation: A review. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 10660–10673.
6. Kotsopoulos, T.A.; Fotidis, I.A.; Tsolakis, N.; Martzopoulos, G.G. BioH2 production from pig slurry in a CSTR reactor system with mixed cultures under hyperthermophilic temperature (70 °C). Biomass Bioenergy 2009, 33, 1168–1174.
7. Sinha, P.; Pandey, A. An evaluative report and challenges for fermentative bioH2 production. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2011, 36, 7460–7478.
8. Vijayaraghavan, K.; Ahmad, D. Biohydrogen generation from palm oil mill effluent using anaerobic contact filter. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2006, 31, 1284–1291.
9. Wukovits, W.; Drljo, A.; Hilby, E.; Friedl, A. Integration of biohydrogen production with heat and power generation from biomass residues. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2013, 35, 1003–1008.
10. Djomo, S.N.; Blumberga, D. Comparative life cycle assessment of three biohydrogen pathways. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102, 2684–2694.
11. Angenenta, L.T.; Karima, K.; Al-Dahhana, M.H.; Brian, A.; Wrennb, B.A.; Domíguez-Espinosad, R. Production of bioengineering and biochemical’s from industrial and agricultural wastewater. Trends Biotechnol. 2004, 22, 477–485.
12. Elsharnouby, O.; Hafez, H.; Nakhla, G.; el Naggar, M.H. A critical literature review on bioH2 production by pure cultures. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2013, 38, 4945–4966.
13. Amend, J.P.; Shock, E.L. Energetics of overall metabolic reactions of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Archea and Bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 2001, 25, 175–243.
14. Krishna, R.H. Review of research on bioreactors used in wastewater treatment for production of bioH2: Future fuel. Int. J. Sci. Invent. Today 2013, 2, 302–310.
15. Hafez, H.; Nakhla, G.; el Naggar, H. Biological H2 production. In Handbook of H2 Energy; Sherif, S.A., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2012.
16. Verhaart, M.R.; Bielen, A.A.; Oost, J.V.D.; Stams, A.J.; Kengen, S.W. Hydrogen production by hyperthermophilic and extremely thermophilic bacteria and archaea: Mechanisms for reductant disposal. Environ. Technol. 2010, 31, 993–1003.
17. Zhang, T.; Liu, H.; Fang, H.H.P. Biohydrogen production from starch in wastewater under thermophilic condition. J. Environ. Manag. 2003, 69, 149–156.
18. Islam, R.; Cicek, N.; Sparling, R.; Levin, D. Influence of initial cellulose concentration on the carbon flow distribution during batch fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009, 82, 141–148.
19. Liu, Y.; Yu, P.; Song, X.; Qu, Y. H2 production from cellulose by co-culture of Clostridium thermocellum JN4 and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum GD17. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 2927–2933.
20. Van Niel, E.W.J.; Claassen, P.A.M.; Stams, A.J.M. Substrate and product inhibition of H2 production by the extreme thermophile, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Biotech. Bioeng. 2003, 81, 255–262.
21. Cappelletti, M.; Zannoni, D.; Postec, A.; Ollivier, B. Members of the order Thermotogales: From microbiology to hydrogen production. In Microbial BioEnergy: Hydrogen Production; Zannoni, D., de Philippis, R., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2014; Volume 38, pp. 197–224.
22. Dipasquale, L.; d’Ippolito, G.; Fontana, A. Capnophilic lactic fermentation and hydrogen synthesis by Thermotoga neapolitana: An unexpected deviation from the dark fermentation model. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2014, 39, 4857–4862.
23. Belkin, S.; Wirsen, C.O.; Jannasch, H.W. A new sulfur-reducing, extremely thermophilic eubacterium from a submarine thermal vent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1986, 51, 1180–1185.
24. Jannasch, H.W.; Huber, R.; Belkin, S.; Stetter, K.O. Thermotoga neapolitana sp. nov. of the extremely thermophilic, eubacterial genus Thermotoga. Arch. Microbiol. 1988, 150, 103–104.
25. Nesbo, C.L.; Bradnan, D.N.; Adebusuyi, A.; Dlutek, M.; Petrus, A.K.; Foght, J.; Doolittle, W.F.; Noll, K.M. Mesotoga prima gen. nov., sp. nov., the first described mesophilic species of the Thermotogales. Extremophiles 2012, 16, 387–393.
26. Angel, A.M.; Brunene, M.; Baumeister, W. The functional properties of Ompβ, the regularly arrayed porin of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1993, 109, 231–236.
27. Huber, R.; Langworthy, T.A.; Konig, H.; Thomm, M.; Woese, C.R.; Sleytr, U.B.; Stetter, K.O. Thermotoga maritima sp. nov. represents a new genus of unique extremely thermophilic eubacteria growing up to 90 °C. Arch. Microbiol. 1986, 144, 324–333.
28. Rachel, R.; Engel, A.M.; Huber, R.; Stetter, K.O.; Baumeister, W. A porin-type protein is the main constituent of the cell envelope of the ancestral bacterium Thermotoga maritima. FEBS Lett. 1990, 262, 64–68.
29. Kuwabara, T.; Igarashi, K. Microscopic studies on Thermosipho globiformans implicate a role of the large periplasm of Thermotogales. Extremophiles 2012, 16, 863–870.
30. Choi, K.-W.; Seo, J.Y.; Park, K.-M.; Park, C.-S.; Cha, J. Characterization of glycosyl hydrolase family 3 β-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2009, 108, 455–459.
31. Choi, K.-H.; Hwang, S.; Lee, H.-S.; Cha, J. Identification of an extracellular thermostable glicosyl hydrolase family 13 a-amylase from Thermotoga neapolitana. J. Microbiol. 2011, 49, 628–634.
32. Dipasquale, L.; Gambacorta, A.; Siciliano, R.A.; Mazzeo, M.F.; Lama, L. Purification and biochemical characterization of a native invertase from the hydrogen-producing Thermotoga neapolitana. Extremophiles 2009, 13, 345–354.
33. Kang, L.; Park, K.M.; Choi, K.H.; Park, C.S.; Kim, G.E.; Kim, D.; Cha, J. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a heat-stable pullulanase type I from Thermotoga neapolitana. Enzym. Microb. Technol. 2011, 48, 260–266.
34. Lama, L.; Tramice, A.; Finore, I.; Anzelmo, G.; Calandrelli, V.; Pagnotta, E.; Tommonaro, G.; Poli, A.; di Donato, P.; Nicolaus, B.; et al. Degradative actions of microbial xylanolytic activities on hemicelluloses from rhizome of Arundo donax. AMB Express 2014, 4, 55.
35. Liebl, W.G.; Winterhalter, C.; Baumeister, W.; Armbrech, M.; Valdez, M. Xylanase attachment to the cell wall of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. J. Bacteriol. 2008, 190, 1350–1358.
36. Okazaki, F.; Nakashima, N.; Ogino, C.; Tamaru, Y.; Kondo, A. Biochemical characterization of a thermostable β-1,3-xylanase from the hyperthermophilic Eubacterium, Thermotoga neapolitana strain DSM 4359. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013, 97, 6749–6757.
37. Pozzo, T.; Pasten, J.L.; Karlsson, E.N.; Logan, D.T. Structural and functional analyses of β-glucosidase 3B from Thermotoga neapolitana: A thermostable three-domain representative of glycoside hydrolase 3. J. Mol. Biol. 2010, 397, 724–739.
38. Schumann, J.; Wrba, A.; Jaenicke, R.; Stetter, K.O. Topographical and enzymatic characterization of amylases from the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima. FEBS Lett. 1991, 282, 122–126.
39. Yun, B.Y.; Jun, S.Y.; Kim, N.A.; Yoom, B.Y.; Piao, S.; Park, S.H.; Jeong, S.H.; Lee, H.; Ha, N.C. Crystal structure and thermostability of a putative a-glucosidase from Thermotoga neapolitana. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2011, 416, 92–98.
40. Latif, H.; Lerman, J.A.; Portnoy, V.A.; Tarasova, Y.; Nagarajan, H. The Genome Organization of Thermotoga maritima reflects its lifestyle. PLoS Genet. 2013, 9, e1003485.
41. Bhandari, V.; Gupta, R.S. Molecular signatures for the phylum (class) Thermotogae and a proposal for its division into three orders (Thermotogales, Kosmotogales ord. nov. and Petrotogales ord. nov.) containing four families (Thermotogaceae, Fervidobacteriaceae fam.nov., Kosmotogaceae fam. nov. and Petrotogaceae fam. nov.) and a new genus Pseudothermotoga gen. nov. with five new combinations. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 2014, 105, 143–168.
42. Ravot, G.; Magot, M.; Fardeau, M.L.; Patel, B.K.C.; Prensier, G.; Egan, A.; Garcia, J.L.; Ollivier, B. Thermotoga elfii Sp-Nov, a novel thermophilic bacterium from an african oil-producing well. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1995, 45, 308–314.
43. Schroder, C.; Selig, M.; Schonheit, P. Glucose fermentation to acetate, CO2 and H2 in the anaerobic hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima-involvement of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Arch. Microbiol. 1994, 161, 460–470.
44. Schut, G.J.; Adams, M.W. The iron-H2ase of Thermotoga maritima utilizes ferredoxin and NADH synergistically: A new perspective on anaerobic H2 production. J. Bacteriol. 2009, 191, 4451–4457.
45. D’Ippolito, G.; Dipasquale, L.; Vella, F.M.; Romano, I.; Gambacorta, A.; Cutignano, A.; Fontana, A. H2 metabolism in the extreme thermophile Thermotoga neapolitana. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 2290–2295.
46. Thauer, R.K.; Jungerman, K.; Decker, K. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 1977, 41, 100–180.
47. Anshuman, K.; Mike, M.; Brenda, J. H2: The energy source for the 21st century. Technovation 2005, 25, 569–585.
48. Khanna, N.; Das, D. BioH2 production by dark fermentation. WIREs Energy Environ. 2013, 2, 401–421.
49. Wu, S.Y.; Hung, C.H.; Lin, C.N.; Chen, H.W.; Lee, A.S.; Chang, J.S. Fermentative H2 production and bacterial community structure in high-rate anaerobic bioreactors containing silicone immobilized and self-flocculated sludge. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2006, 93, 934–946.
50. De Vrije, T.; Budde, M.A.W.; Lips, S.J.; Bakker, R.R.; Mars, A.E.; Claassen, P.A.M. H2 production from carrot pulp by the extreme thermophiles Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and Thermotoga neapolitana. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 13206–13213.
51. Albertini, M.; Vallese, F.; Valentin, M.; Berto, P.; Giacometti, G.M.; Costantini, P.; Carbonera, D. The proton iron-sulfur cluster environment of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase maturation protein HydF from Thermotoga neapolitana. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2014, 39, 18574–18582.
52. Oh, Y.K.; Raj, S.M.; Jung, G.Y.; Park, S. Current status of the metabolic engineering of microorganisms for bioH2 production. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102, 8357–8367.
53. Li, F.; Hinderberger, J.; Seedorf, H.; Zhang, J.; Buckel, W.; Thauer, R.K. Coupled ferredoxin and crotonyl coenzyme A (CoA) reduction with NADH catalyzed by the butyryl-CoA deH2ase/Etf complex from Clostridium kluyveri. J. Bacteriol. 2008, 190, 843–850.
54. Frock, A.D.; Notey, J.S.; Kelly, R.M. The genus Thermotoga: Recent developments. Environ. Tech. 2010, 31, 1169–1181.
55. Mizuno, O.; Dinsdale, R.; Hawkes, F.; Hawkes, D.; Noike, T. Enhancement of hydrogen production from glucose by nitrogen gas sparging. Bioresour. Technol. 2000, 73, 59–65.
56. Valdez, I.; Rios, E.; Carmona, A.; Muñoz, K.; Poggi, H. Improvement of biohydrogen production from solid wastes by intermittent venting and gas flushing of batch reactors headspace. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 3409–3415.
57. D’Ippolito, G.; Dipasquale, L.; Fontana, A. Recycling of carbon dioxide and acetate as lactic acid by the hydrogen-producing bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana. ChemSusChem 2014, 7, 2678–2683.
58. Furdui, C.; Ragsdale, S.W. The role of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase in pyruvate synthesis during autotrophic growth by the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 28494–28499.
59. Bock, A.K.; Kunow, J.; Glasemacher, J.; Schönheit, P. Catalytic properties, molecular composition and sequence alignments of pyruvate: Ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri (strain Fusaro). Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 237, 35–44.
60. Berg, I.A.; Kockelkorn, D.; Ramos-vera, W.H.; Say, R.F.; Zarzychi, J.; Hugler, M.; Alber, B.E.; Fuchs, G. Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea. Nat. Rev. Microbial. 2010, 8, 447–460.
61. Braakman, R.; Smith, E. The emergence and early evolution of biological carbon-fixation. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2012, 8, e1002455.
62. Krebs, H.A. Carbon dioxide assimilation in heterotrophic organisms. Nature 1941, 147, 560–563.
63. Werkman, C.H.; Wood, H.G. Heterotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 2006, 2, 135–179.
64. Ngo, T.A.; Kim, M.S.; Sim, S.J. High-yield bioH2 production from biodiesel manufacturing waste by Thermotoga neapolitana. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2011, 36, 5636–5642.
65. Cappelletti, M.; Bucchi, G.; Mendes, J.D.S.; Alberini, A.; Fedi, S.; Bertin, L.; Frascari, D. BioH2 production from glucose, molasses and cheese whey by suspended and attached cells of four hyperthermophilic Thermotoga strains. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2012, 87, 1291–1301.
66. Dipasquale, L.; d’Ippolito, G.; Gallo, C.; Vella, F.M.; Gambacorta, A.; Picariello, G.; Fontana, A. H2 production by the thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga neapolitana from storage polysaccharides of the CO2-fixing diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2012, 37, 12250–12257.
67. Eriksen, N.T.; Leegaard Riis, M.; Kyndby Holm, N.; Iversen, N. H2 synthesis from pentose and biomass in Thermotoga spp. Biotechnol. Lett. 2011, 33, 293–300.
68. Mars, A.E.; Veuskens, T.; Budde, M.A.W.; van Doeveren, P.F.N.M.; Lips, S.J.; Bakker, R.R.; de Vrije, T.; Claassen, P.A.M. BioH2 production from untreated and hydrolyzed potato steam peels by the extreme thermophiles Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and Thermotoga neapolitana. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 7730–7737.
69. Maru, B.T.; Bielen, A.A.M.; Kengen, S.W.M.; Constanti, M.; Medina, F. BioH2 production from glycerol using Thermotoga spp. Energy Procedia 2012, 29, 300–307.
70. Nguyen, T.A.D.; Kim, K.R.; Kim, M.S.; Sim, S.J. Thermophilic H2 fermentation from Korean rice straw by Thermotoga neapolitana. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 13392–13398.
71. Nguyen, T.A.D.; Kim, K.R.; Nguyen, M.T.; Kim, M.S.; Kim, D.; Sim, S.J. Enhancement of fermentative H2 production from green algal biomass of Thermotoga neapolitana by various pretreatment methods. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 13035–13040.
72. Ngo, T.N.; Sim, S.J. Dark fermentation of H2 from waste glycerol using hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga neapolitana. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 2012, 31, 466–473.
73. Ito, T.; Nakashimada, Y.; Senba, K.; Matsui, T.; Nishio, N. H2 and ethanol production from Glycerol-containing wastes discharged after biodiesel manufacturing process. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2005, 100, 260–265.
74. Pott, R.W.M.; Howe, C.J.; Dennis, J.S. Photofermentation of crude glycerol from biodiesel using Rhodopseudomonas palustris: Comparison with organic acids and the identification of inhibitory compounds. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 130, 725–730.
75. Munro S.A.; Choe, L.; Zinder, S.H.; Lee, K.H.; Walker, L.P. Proteomic and physiological experiments to test Thermotoga neapolitana constraint-based model hypotheses of carbon source utilization. Biotechnol. Prog. 2012, 28, 312–318.
76. Ngo, T.A.; Nguyen, T.H.; Bui, H.T.V. Thermophilic fermentative H2 production from xylose by Thermotoga neapolitana DSM 4359. Renew. Energy 2012, 37, 174–179.
77. De Vrije, T.; Bakker, R.R.; Budde, M.A.W.; Lai, M.H.; Mars, A.E.; Claassen, P.A.M. Efficient H2 production from the lignocellulosic energy crop miscanthus by the extreme thermophilic bacteria Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and Thermotoga neapolitana. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2009, 2, 12.
78. Ngo, T.A.; Bui, H.T.V. BioH2 Production using immobilized cells of hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga neapolitana on porous glass beads. J. Technol. Innov. Renew. Energy 2013, 2, 231–238.
79. Frascari, D.; Cappelletti, M.; Mendes, J.D.S.; Alberini, A.; Scimonelli, F.; Manfreda, C.; Longanesi, L.; Zannoni, D.; Pinelli, D.; Fedi, S. A kinetic study of bioH2 production from glucose, molasses and cheese whey by suspended and attached cells of Thermotoga neapolitana. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 147, 553–561.
80. Ngo, T.A.; Kim, M.S.; Sim, S.J. Thermophilic H2 fermentation using Thermotoga neapolitana DSM 4359 by fed-batch culture. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2011, 36, 14014–14023.
81. Munro, S.A.; Zinder, S.H.; Walker, L.P. The fermentation stoichiometry of Thermotoga neapolitana and influence of temperature, oxygen, and pH on H2 production. Biotechnol. Progress 2009, 25, 1035–1042.
82. Van Ooteghem, S.A.; Jones, A.; van der Lelie, D.; Dong, B.; Mahajan, D. H2 production and carbon utilization by Thermotoga neapolitana under anaerobic and microaerobic growth conditions. Biotechnol. Lett. 2004, 26, 1223–1232.
83. Nguyen, T.A.D.; Han, S.J.; Kim, J.P.; Kim, M.S.; Oh, Y.K.; Sim, S.J. H2 production by the hyperthermophilic eubacterium, Thermotoga neapolitana, using cellulose pretreated by ionic liquid. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 5161–5168.
84. Van Ooteghem, S.A.; Beer, S.K.; Yue, P.C. H2 production by the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2002, 98, 177–189.
85. Nguyen, T.A.D.; Kim, J.P.; Kim, M.S.; Oh, Y.K.; Sim, S.J. Optimization of H2 production by hyperthermophilic eubacteria, Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana in batch fermentation. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 1483–1488.
86. Levin, D.B.; Pitt, L.; Love, M. BioH2 production: Prospects and limitations to practical application. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2004, 29, 173–185.
87. Basak, N.; Das, D. The prospect of purple non-sulfur (PNS) photosynthetic bacteria for hydrogen production: The present state of the art. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 23, 31–42.
88. Uyar, B.; Schumacher, M.; Gebicki, J.; Modigell, M. Photoproduction of hydrogen by Rhodobacter capsulatus from thermophilic fermentation effluent. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 2009, 32, 603–606.
89. Dipasquale L.; Adessi, A.; d’Ippolito, G.; Rossi, F.; Fontana, A.; de Philippis, R. Introducing capnophilic lactic fermentation in a combined dark-photo fermentation process: A route to unparalleled H2 yields. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 99, 1001–1010.
90. Adessi, A.; McKinlay, J.B.; Harwood, C.S.; de Philippis, R. A Rhodopseudomonas palustris nifA* mutant produces H2 from NH4+-containing vegetable wastes. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2012, 37, 15893–15900.
91. Zverlov, V.V.; Volkov, I.Y.; Velikodvorskaya, T.V.; Schwarz, W.H. Highly thermostable endo-1,3-b-glucanase (chrysolaminaranase) LamA from Thermotoga neapolitana: Nucleotide sequence of the gene and characterization of the recombinant gene product. Microbiology 1997, 143, 1701–1708.
92. Zverlov, V.V.; Volkov, I.Y.; Velikodvorskaya, T.V.; Schwarz, W.H. Thermotoga neapolitana bglB gene, upstream of lamA, encodes a highly thermostable β-glucosidase that is a laminaribiase. Microbiology 1997, 143, 3537–3542.
93. Li, R.Y.; Zhang, T.; Fang, H.H.P. Characteristics of a phototrophic sludge producing H2 from acetate and butyrate. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 2147–2155.
94. Zverlov, V.V.; Volkov, I.Y.; Velikodvorskaya, T.V.; Schwarz, W.H. Thermotoga neapolitana bglB gene, upstream of lamA, encodes a highly thermostable β-glucosidase that is a laminaribiase. Microbiology 1997, 143, 3537–3542.
95. Mohan, S.V.; Rao, N.C.; Prasad, K.K.; Madhavi, B.T.V.; Sarma, P.N. Treatment of complex chemical effluents by sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with aerobic suspended growth configuration. Process Biochem. 2005, 40, 1501–1508.
96. Basile, M.A.; Carfagna, C.; Cerruti, P.; d’Avala, G.G.; Fontana, A.; Gambacorta, A.; Malinconico, M.; Dipasquale, L. Continuous hydrogen production by immobilized cultures of Thermotoga neapolitana on an acrylic hydrogel with pH-buffering properties. RSC Adv. 2012, 2, 3611–3614.
97. Chang, J.S.; Lee, K.S.; Lin, P.J. BioH2 production with fixed-bed bioreactors. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2002, 27, 1167–1174.
98. Kumar, N.; Das, D. Continuous H2 production by immobilized Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 using lignocellulosic materials as solid matrices. Enzym. Microb. Technol. 2001, 29, 280–287.
99. Wu, K.J.; Chang, J.S. Batch and continuous fermentative production of H2 with anaerobic sludge entrapped in a composite polymeric matrix. Process Biochem. 2007, 42, 279–284.
100. Basile, M.A.; Carfagna, C.; Dipasquale, L.; Fontana, A.; Gambacorta, A.; d’Ayala, G.G.; Malinconico, M.; Cerruti, P. Development of novel immobilizing hydrogels for thermophilic hydrogen production. In Hydrogen Production: Prospects and Processes; Nova Science Publishers Inc.: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2011; Volume 13, pp. 401–411.
101. Yang, P.; Zhang, R.; McGarvey, J.A.; Benemann, J.R. BioH2 production from cheese processing wastewater by anaerobic fermentation using mixed microbial communities. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2007, 32, 4761–4771.
102. Kim, S.H.; Han, S.K.; Shin, H.S. Optimization of continuous H2 fermentation of food waste as a function of solids retention time independent of hydraulic retention time. Process Biochem. 2008, 43, 213–218.
103. Fang, H.H.P.; Liu, H. Granulation of H2-producing acidogenic sludge. In Proceeding of the 9th World Congress Anaerobic Digestion Part 2, Antwerp, Belgium, 2–6 September 2001; Volume 2, pp. 527–532.
104. Schonheit, P.; Schafer, T. Metabolism of hyperthermophiles. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1995, 11, 26–57.
105. Hawkes, F.R.; Hussy, I.; Kyazza, G.; Dinsdale, R.; Hawkes, D.L. Continuous dark fermentative H2 production by mesophilic microflora: Principles and progress. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2007, 32, 172–184.
106. Eriksen, T.N.; Niels, N.T.; Iversen, N. H2 production in anaerobic and microaerobic Thermotoga neapolitana. Biotechnol. Lett. 2008, 30, 103–109.
107. Gadhe, A.; Sonawane, S.S.; Varma, M.N. Optimization of conditions for H2 production from complex dairy wastewater by anaerobic sludge using desirability function approach. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2013, 38, 6607.
108. Gadhamshetty, V.; Arudchelvam, Y.; Nirmalakhandan, N.; Johnson, D.C. Modeling dark fermentation for bioH2 production: ADM1-based model vs. Gompertz model. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 470–490.
109. Batstone, D.J.; Keller, J.; Angelidaki, I.; Kalyuzhnyi, S.V. Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1). In IWA Task Group for Mathematical Modeling of Anaerobic Digestion Processes; IWA Publishing: London, UK, 2002.
110. Castello, E.; García, C.; Santos, Y.; Iglesias, T.; Paolino, G.; Wenzel, J.; Borzacconi, L. Feasibility of bioH2 production from cheese whey using a UASB reactor: Links between microbial community and reactor performance. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 5674–5682.
111. Fuentes, M.; Scenna, N.J.; Aguirre, P.A. Modeling of H2 production in biofilm reactors: Application of the Anaerobic Digestion Model 1. Hyfusen 2011, 01-223.
112. Paulo, C.I.; Maggio, J.A.D.; Diaz, M.S.; Ruggeri, B. Modeling and parameter estimation in biofuel discontinuous production by H2 forming bacteria (HFB). Chem. Eng. Trans. 2013, 32, 1033–1038.
113. Wang, J.; Wan, W. Kinetic models for fermentative H2 production: A review. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 3313.
114. Yu, X.; Drapcho, C. H2 production by the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana using agricultural-based carbon and nitrogen sources. Biol. Eng. Trans. 2011, 4, 101–112.
115. Kovacs, K.L.; Maróti, G.; Rákhelya, G. A novel approach for biohydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2006, 31, 1460–1468.
116. Munoz-Páez, K.M.; Ríos-Leal, E.; Valdez-Vazquez, I. Re-fermentation of washed spent solids from batch hydrogenogenic fermentation for additional production of biohydrogen from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. J. Environ. Manag. 2012, 95, S355–S359.
117. Mathews, J.; Wang, G. Metabolic pathway engineering for enhanced bioH2 production. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 7404–7416.
118. Show, K.Y.; Lee, D.J.; Tay, J.H.; Lin, C.Y.; Chang, J.S. BioH2 production: Current perspectives and the way forward. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2012, 37, 15616–15631.