Biological and physiological role of reactive oxygen species - the good, the bad and the ugly

Acta Physiologica

Volumn 214, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 329-348

  Zuo, L ^a,b   Zhou, T ^a,b   Pannell, B K ^a   Ziegler, A C ^a   Best, T M ^c  

^a THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY WEXNER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Antioxidant; Oxidative stress; Redox; Signalling; Vitamin

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; CATALASE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOREDOXIN;

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; HEART DISEASE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INTERVENTION STUDY; LUNG DISEASE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; ANIMAL; DNA DAMAGE; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; NEOPLASM;

ANIMALS; DNA DAMAGE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INFLAMMATION; NEOPLASMS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 84930930156     PISSN: 17481708     EISSN: 17481716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/apha.12515     Document Type: Review

References (231)

1. Abreu, I.A. & Cabelli, D.E. 2010. Superoxide dismutases-a review of the metal-associated mechanistic variations. Biochim Biophys Acta 1804, 263-274.
2. Agar, N.S., Sadrzadeh, S.M., Hallaway, P.E. & Eaton, J.W. 1986. Erythrocyte catalase. A somatic oxidant defense? J Clin Invest 77, 319-321.
3. Agosti, J.M., Altman, L.C., Ayars, G.H., Loegering, D.A., Gleich, G.J. & Klebanoff, S.J. 1987. The injurious effect of eosinophil peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and halides on pneumocytes in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 79, 496-504.
4. Aiken, C.T., Kaake, R.M., Wang, X. & Huang, L. 2011. Oxidative stress-mediated regulation of proteasome complexes. Mol Cell Proteomics 10, R110.006924.
5. Allen, R.G. & Tresini, M. 2000. Oxidative stress and gene regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 28, 463-499.
6. Ambrosio, G., Zweier, J.L., Duilio, C., Kuppusamy, P., Santoro, G., Elia, P.P., Tritto, I., Cirillo, P., Condorelli, M., Chiariello, M. & Flaherty, J.T. 1993. Evidence that mitochondrial respiration is a source of potentially toxic oxygen free radicals in intact rabbit hearts subjected to ischemia and reflow. J Biol Chem 268, 18532-18541.
7. An, J. & Hsie, A.W. 1992. Effects of an inhibitor and a mimic of superoxide-dismutase on bleomycin mutagenesis in Chinese-hamster ovary cells. Mutat Res 270, 167-175.
8. Archer, G.T., Air, G., Jackas, M. & Morell, D.B. 1965. Studies on rat eosinophil peroxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta 99, 96-101.
9. Arner, E.S. & Holmgren, A. 2000. Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Eur J Biochem 267, 6102-6109.
10. Bae, Y.S., Sung, J.Y., Kim, O.S., Kim, Y.J., Hur, K.C., Kazlauskas, A. & Rhee, S.G. 2000. Platelet-derived growth factor-induced H(2)O(2) production requires the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 275, 10527-10531.
11. Bai, J. & Cederbaum, A.I. 2001. Mitochondrial catalase and oxidative injury. Biol Signals Recept 10, 189-199.
12. Banerjee Mustafi, S., Chakraborty, P.K., Dey, R.S. & Raha, S. 2009. Heat stress upregulates chaperone heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase through reactive oxygen species (ROS), p38MAPK, and Akt. Cell Stress Chaperones 14, 579-589.
13. Barnes, P.J. 1990. Reactive oxygen species and airway inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 9, 235-243.
14. Barra, D., Schinina, M.E., Simmaco, M., Bannister, J.V., Bannister, W.H., Rotilio, G. & Bossa, F. 1984. The primary structure of human-liver manganese superoxide-dismutase. J Biol Chem 259, 2595-2601.
15. Barreiro, E., de la Puente, B., Minguella, J., Corominas, J.M., Serrano, S., Hussain, S.N. & Gea, J. 2005. Oxidative stress and respiratory muscle dysfunction in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171, 1116-1124.
16. Bartnikas, T.B. & Gitlin, J.D. 2003. Mechanisms of biosynthesis of mammalian copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 278, 33602-33608.
17. Beckman, J.S. 1991. The double-edged role of nitric oxide in brain function and superoxide-mediated injury. J Dev Physiol 15, 53-59.
18. Bedard, K. & Krause, K.H. 2007. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 87, 245-313.
19. Bhabak, K.P. & Mugesh, G. 2010. Functional mimics of glutathione peroxidase: bioinspired synthetic antioxidants. Acc Chem Res 43, 1408-1419.
20. Blair, A.S., Hajduch, E., Litherland, G.J. & Hundal, H.S. 1999. Regulation of glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in L6 muscle cells during oxidative stress. Evidence for cross-talk between the insulin and SAPK2/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 274, 36293-36299.
21. Block, M.L., Zecca, L. & Hong, J.S. 2007. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 8, 57-69.
22. Bondy, S.C. & Naderi, S. 1994. Contribution of hepatic cytochrome P450 systems to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Biochem Pharmacol 48, 155-159.
23. Bonini, M.G. & Malik, A.B. 2014. Regulating the regulator of ROS production. Cell Res 24, 908-909.
24. Breusing, N. & Grune, T. 2008. Regulation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation during oxidative stress and aging. Biol Chem 389, 203-209.
25. Brieger, K., Schiavone, S., Miller, F.J. Jr & Krause, K.H. 2012. Reactive oxygen species: from health to disease. Swiss Med Wkly 142, w13659.
26. Brivanlou, A.H. & Darnell, J.E. Jr 2002. Signal transduction and the control of gene expression. Science 295, 813-818.
27. Browne, S.E. & Beal, M.F. 2006. Oxidative damage in Huntington's disease pathogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 8, 2061-2073.
28. Buettner, G.R. 1993. The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid peroxidation, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Arch Biochem Biophys 300, 535-543.
29. Burke-Gaffney, A., Callister, M.E. & Nakamura, H. 2005. Thioredoxin: friend or foe in human disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci 26, 398-404.
30. Bushell, A.J., Klenerman, L., Taylor, S., Davies, H., Grierson, I., Helliwell, T.R. & Jackson, M.J. 2002. Ischaemic preconditioning of skeletal muscle. 1. Protection against the structural changes induced by ischaemia/reperfusion injury. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84, 1184-1188.
31. Cadet, J., Loft, S., Olinski, R., Evans, M.D., Bialkowski, K., Richard Wagner, J., Dedon, P.C., Moller, P., Greenberg, M.M. & Cooke, M.S. 2012. Biologically relevant oxidants and terminology, classification and nomenclature of oxidatively generated damage to nucleobases and 2-deoxyribose in nucleic acids. Free Radical Res 46, 367-381.
32. Cai, H. 2005. Hydrogen peroxide regulation of endothelial function: origins, mechanisms, and consequences. Cardiovasc Res 68, 26-36.
33. Cao, C., Leng, Y. & Kufe, D. 2003a. Catalase activity is regulated by c-Abl and Arg in the oxidative stress response. J Biol Chem 278, 29667-29675.
34. Cao, C., Leng, Y., Li, C. & Kufe, D. 2003b. Functional interaction between the c-Abl and Arg protein-tyrosine kinases in the oxidative stress response. J Biol Chem 278, 12961-12967.
35. Cao, C., Leng, Y., Liu, X., Yi, Y., Li, P. & Kufe, D. 2003c. Catalase is regulated by ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation. Role of the c-Abl and Arg tyrosine kinases. Biochemistry 42, 10348-10353.
36. Chandel, N.S., Budinger, G.R. & Schumacker, P.T. 1996. Molecular oxygen modulates cytochrome c oxidase function. J Biol Chem 271, 18672-18677.
37. Chang, L.Y., Slot, J.W., Geuze, H.J. & Crapo, J.D. 1988. Molecular immunocytochemistry of the Cuzn superoxide-dismutase in rat hepatocytes. J Cell Biol 107, 2169-2179.
38. Cheeseman, K.H. & Slater, T.F. 1993. An introduction to free radical biochemistry. Br Med Bull 49, 481-493.
39. Choudhury, S., Panda, P., Sahoo, L. & Panda, S.K. 2013. Reactive oxygen species signaling in plants under abiotic stress. Plant Signal Behav 8, e23681.
40. Christophersen, B.O. 1968. Formation of monohydroxy-polyenic fatty acids from lipid peroxides by a glutathione peroxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta 164, 35-46.
41. Christophersen, B.O. 1969. Reduction of linolenic acid hydroperoxide by a glutathione peroxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta 176, 463-470.
42. Cocco, T., Di Paola, M., Papa, S. & Lorusso, M. 1999. Arachidonic acid interaction with the mitochondrial electron transport chain promotes reactive oxygen species generation. Free Radic Biol Med 27, 51-59.
43. Cohen, G. & Hochstein, P. 1963. Glutathione peroxidase: the primary agent for the elimination of hydrogen peroxide in erythrocytes. Biochemistry 2, 1420-1428.
44. Colle, D., Santos, D.B., Moreira, E.L.G., Hartwig, J.M., dos Santos, A.A., Zimmermann, L.T., Hort, M.A. & Farina, M. 2013. Probucol increases striatal glutathione peroxidase activity and protects against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced pro-oxidative damage in rats. PLoS ONE 8, e67658.
45. Collet, J.F. & Messens, J. 2010. Structure, function, and mechanism of thioredoxin proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 13, 1205-1216.
46. Crapo, J.D., Oury, T., Rabouille, C., Slot, J.W. & Chang, L.Y. 1992. Copper, zinc superoxide-dismutase is primarily a cytosolic protein in human-cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89, 10405-10409.
47. Darvin, M.E., Haag, S.F., Lademann, J., Zastrow, L., Sterry, W. & Meinke, M.C. 2010. Formation of free radicals in human skin during irradiation with infrared light. J Invest Dermatol 130, 629-631.
48. Darvin, M.E., Patzelt, A., Knorr, F., Blume-Peytavi, U., Sterry, W. & Lademann, J. 2008. One-year study on the variation of carotenoid antioxidant substances in living human skin: influence of dietary supplementation and stress factors. J Biomed Opt 13, 044028.
49. Davis, L.M., Rho, J.M. & Sullivan, P.G. 2008. UCP-mediated free fatty acid uncoupling of isolated cortical mitochondria from fasted animals: correlations to dietary modulations. Epilepsia 49(Suppl 8), 117-119.
50. De Keulenaer, G.W., Chappell, D.C., Ishizaka, N., Nerem, R.M., Alexander, R.W. & Griendling, K.K. 1998. Oscillatory and steady laminar shear stress differentially affect human endothelial redox state: role of a superoxide-producing NADH oxidase. Circ Res 82, 1094-1101.
51. Deng, H.X., Hentati, A., Tainer, J.A., Iqbal, Z., Cayabyab, A., Hung, W.Y., Getzoff, E.D., Hu, P., Herzfeldt, B., Roos, R.P. et al. 1993. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and structural defects in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase. Science 261, 1047-1051.
52. DeYulia, G.J. Jr, Carcamo, J.M., Borquez-Ojeda, O., Shelton, C.C. & Golde, D.W. 2005. Hydrogen peroxide generated extracellularly by receptor-ligand interaction facilitates cell signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102, 5044-5049.
53. Dhalla, N.S., Temsah, R.M. & Netticadan, T. 2000. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens 18, 655-673.
54. Dillard, C.J., Litov, R.E., Savin, W.M., Dumelin, E.E. & Tappel, A.L. 1978. Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 45, 927-932.
55. Dumay, A., Rincheval, V., Trotot, P., Mignotte, B. & Vayssiere, J.L. 2006. The superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate has antagonistic effects on apoptosis by triggering both cytochrome c release and caspase inhibition. Free Radic Biol Med 40, 1377-1390.
56. Dunphy, W.G. & Kumagai, A. 1991. The cdc25 protein contains an intrinsic phosphatase activity. Cell 67, 189-196.
57. El-Agamey, A., Lowe, G.M., McGarvey, D.J., Mortensen, A., Phillip, D.M., Truscott, T.G. & Young, A.J. 2004. Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 430, 37-48.
58. Elchuri, S., Oberley, T.D., Qi, W.B., Eisenstein, R.S., Roberts, L.J., Van Remmen, H., Jepstein, C.J. & Huang, T.T. 2005. CuZnSOD deficiency leads to persistent and widespread oxidative damage and hepatocarcinogenesis later in life. Oncogene 24, 367-380.
59. Ellerby, L.M., Cabelli, D.E., Graden, J.A. & Valentine, J.S. 1996. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase: why not pH-dependent? J Am Chem Soc 118, 6556-6561.
60. Epp, O., Ladenstein, R. & Wendel, A. 1983. The refined structure of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase at 0.2-nm resolution. Eur J Biochem 133, 51-69.
61. Fairweather-Tait, S.J., Bao, Y., Broadley, M.R., Collings, R., Ford, D., Hesketh, J.E. & Hurst, R. 2011. Selenium in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 14, 1337-1383.
62. Feuer, S.K., Liu, X., Donjacour, A., Lin, W., Simbulan, R.K., Giritharan, G., Piane, L.D., Kolahi, K., Ameri, K., Maltepe, E. & Rinaudo, P.F. 2014. Use of a mouse in vitro fertilization model to understand the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis. Endocrinology 155, 1956-1969.
63. Fita, I. & Rossmann, M.G. 1985. The active center of catalase. J Mol Biol 185, 21-37.
64. Flohe, L., Loschen, G., Gunzler, W.A. & Eichele, E. 1972. Glutathione peroxidase, V. The kinetic mechanism. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 353, 987-999.
65. Flora, S.J. 2009. Structural, chemical and biological aspects of antioxidants for strategies against metal and metalloid exposure. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2, 191-206.
66. Gaetani, G.F., Ferraris, A.M., Rolfo, M., Mangerini, R., Arena, S. & Kirkman, H.N. 1996. Predominant role of catalase in the disposal of hydrogen peroxide within human erythrocytes. Blood 87, 1595-1599.
67. Garcia-Casal, M.N., Layrisse, M., Solano, L., Baron, M.A., Arguello, F., Llovera, D., Ramirez, J., Leets, I. & Tropper, E. 1998. Vitamin A and beta-carotene can improve nonheme iron absorption from rice, wheat and corn by humans. J Nutr 128, 646-650.
68. Gillissen, A. & Nowak, D. 1998. Characterization of N-acetylcysteine and ambroxol in anti-oxidant therapy. Respir Med 92, 609-623.
69. Gomez-Cabrera, M.C., Borras, C., Pallardo, F.V., Sastre, J., Ji, L.L. & Vina, J. 2005. Decreasing xanthine oxidase-mediated oxidative stress prevents useful cellular adaptations to exercise in rats. J Physiol 567, 113-120.
70. Goth, L. & Eaton, J.W. 2000. Hereditary catalase deficiencies and increased risk of diabetes. Lancet 356, 1820-1821.
71. Granger, D.N. 1988. Role of xanthine oxidase and granulocytes in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol 255, H1269-H1275.
72. Grodstein, F., Kang, J.H., Glynn, R.J., Cook, N.R. & Gaziano, J.M. 2007. A randomized trial of beta carotene supplementation and cognitive function in men: the Physicians' Health Study II. Arch Intern Med 167, 2184-2190.
73. Grossmann, A. & Wendel, A. 1983. Non-reactivity of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase with enzymatically hydroperoxidized phospholipids. Eur J Biochem 135, 549-552.
74. Gurney, M.E., Pu, H., Chiu, A.Y., Dal Canto, M.C., Polchow, C.Y., Alexander, D.D., Caliendo, J., Hentati, A., Kwon, Y.W., Deng, H.X. et al. 1994. Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase mutation. Science 264, 1772-1775.
75. Halliwell, B. 2006. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now? J Neurochem 97, 1634-1658.
76. Harrison, D.G., Marvar, P.J. & Titze, J.M. 2012. Vascular inflammatory cells in hypertension. Front Physiol 3, 128.
77. Harvie, M. 2014. Nutritional supplements and cancer: potential benefits and proven harms. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 34, e478-e486.
78. Hensley, K., Robinson, K.A., Gabbita, S.P., Salsman, S. & Floyd, R.A. 2000. Reactive oxygen species, cell signaling, and cell injury. Free Radic Biol Med 28, 1456-1462.
79. Higashi, T. & Peters, T. Jr 1963. Studies on rat liver catalase. I. Combined immunochemical and enzymatic determination of catalase in liver cell fractions. J Biol Chem 238, 3945-3951.
80. Hiraku, Y. 2010. Formation of 8-nitroguanine, a nitrative DNA lesion, in inflammation-related carcinogenesis and its significance. Environ Health Prev Med 15, 63-72.
81. Ho, Y.S., Xiong, Y., Ma, W., Spector, A. & Ho, D.S. 2004. Mice lacking catalase develop normally but show differential sensitivity to oxidant tissue injury. J Biol Chem 279, 32804-32812.
82. Holmgren, A. & Lu, J. 2010. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: current research with special reference to human disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 396, 120-124.
83. Holmgren, A., Soderberg, B.O., Eklund, H. & Branden, C.I. 1975. Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli thioredoxin-S2 to 2.8 A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72, 2305-2309.
84. Huang, J., Xu, J., Tian, L. & Zhong, L. 2014. A thioredoxin reductase and/or thioredoxin system-based mechanism for antioxidant effects of ambroxol. Biochimie 97, 92-103.
85. Hwang, J., Suh, H.W., Jeon, Y.H., Hwang, E., Nguyen, L.T., Yeom, J., Lee, S.G., Lee, C., Kim, K.J., Kang, B.S., Jeong, J.O., Oh, T.K., Choi, I., Lee, J.O. & Kim, M.H. 2014. The structural basis for the negative regulation of thioredoxin by thioredoxin-interacting protein. Nat Commun 5, 2958.
86. Jackson, M.J. & McArdle, A. 2011. Age-related changes in skeletal muscle reactive oxygen species generation and adaptive responses to reactive oxygen species. J Physiol 589, 2139-2145.
87. Jena, N.R. 2012. DNA damage by reactive species: mechanisms, mutation and repair. J Biosci 37, 503-517.
88. Ji, L.L., Gomez-Cabrera, M.C. & Vina, J. 2006. Exercise and hormesis: activation of cellular antioxidant signaling pathway. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1067, 425-435.
89. Jong, E.C. & Klebanoff, S.J. 1980. Eosinophil-mediated mammalian tumor cell cytotoxicity: role of the peroxidase system. J Immunol 124, 1949-1953.
90. Kamiya, H. 2003. Mutagenic potentials of damaged nucleic acids produced by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species: approaches using synthetic oligonucleotides and nucleotides: survey and summary. Nucleic Acids Res 31, 517-531.
91. Keller, G.A., Warner, T.G., Steimer, K.S. & Hallewell, R.A. 1991. Cu, Zn superoxide-dismutase is a peroxisomal enzyme in human fibroblasts and hepatoma-cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88, 7381-7385.
92. Kelner, M.J., Bagnell, R., Hale, B. & Alexander, N.M. 1988. Inactivation of intracellular copper-zinc superoxide-dismutase by copper chelating-agents without glutathione depletion and methemoglobin formation. Free Radic Biol Med 6, 355-360.
93. Keyer, K. & Imlay, J.A. 1996. Superoxide accelerates DNA damage by elevating free-iron levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93, 13635-13640.
94. Khassaf, M., Child, R.B., McArdle, A., Brodie, D.A., Esanu, C. & Jackson, M.J. 2001. Time course of responses of human skeletal muscle to oxidative stress induced by nondamaging exercise. J Appl Physiol 90, 1031-1035.
95. Kim, G.T., Lee, S.H. & Kim, Y.M. 2013. Quercetin regulates sestrin 2-AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway and induces apoptosis via increased intracellular ROS in HCT116 colon cancer cells. J Cancer Prev 18, 264-270.
96. Kim, K., Kim, I.H., Lee, K.Y., Rhee, S.G. & Stadtman, E.R. 1988. The isolation and purification of a specific "protector" protein which inhibits enzyme inactivation by a thiol/Fe(III)/O2 mixed-function oxidation system. J Biol Chem 263, 4704-4711.
97. Kondo, T., Reaume, A.G., Huang, T.T., Carlson, E., Murakami, K., Chen, S.F., Hoffman, E.K., Scott, R.W., Epstein, C.J. & Chan, P.H. 1997. Reduction of CuZn-superoxide dismutase activity exacerbates neuronal cell injury and edema formation after transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 17, 4180-4189.
98. Kruh, G.D., Perego, R., Miki, T. & Aaronson, S.A. 1990. The complete coding sequence of arg defines the Abelson subfamily of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87, 5802-5806.
99. Kukreja, R.C., Kontos, H.A., Hess, M.L. & Ellis, E.F. 1986. PGH synthase and lipoxygenase generate superoxide in the presence of NADH or NADPH. Circ Res 59, 612-619.
100. Lademann, J., Meinke, M.C., Sterry, W. & Darvin, M.E. 2011. Carotenoids in human skin. Exp Dermatol 20, 377-382.
101. Ladenstein, R., Epp, O., Bartels, K., Jones, A., Huber, R. & Wendel, A. 1979. Structure analysis and molecular model of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase at 2.8 A resolution. J Mol Biol 134, 199-218.
102. Leaman, D.W., Leung, S., Li, X. & Stark, G.R. 1996. Regulation of STAT-dependent pathways by growth factors and cytokines. FASEB J 10, 1578-1588.
103. Lee, J., Giordano, S. & Zhang, J. 2012. Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: cross-talk and redox signalling. Biochem J 441, 523-540.
104. Legrand, M., Mik, E.G., Johannes, T., Payen, D. & Ince, C. 2008. Renal hypoxia and dysoxia after reperfusion of the ischemic kidney. Mol Med 14, 502-516.
105. Li, Y.B., Huang, T.T., Carlson, E.J., Melov, S., Ursell, P.C., Olson, T.L., Noble, L.J., Yoshimura, M.P., Berger, C., Chan, P.H., Wallace, D.C. & Epstein, C.J. 1995. Dilated cardiomyopathy and neonatal lethality in mutant mice lacking manganese superoxide-dismutase. Nat Genet 11, 376-381.
106. Liao, D., Corle, C., Seagroves, T.N. & Johnson, R.S. 2007. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is a key regulator of metastasis in a transgenic model of cancer initiation and progression. Cancer Res 67, 563-572.
107. Linder, N., Rapola, J. & Raivio, K.O. 1999. Cellular expression of xanthine oxidoreductase protein in normal human tissues. Lab Invest 79, 967-974.
108. Linnane, A.W. & Eastwood, H. 2006. Cellular redox regulation and prooxidant signaling systems: a new perspective on the free radical theory of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1067, 47-55.
109. Little, C. & O'Brien, P.J. 1968. An intracellular GSH-peroxidase with a lipid peroxide substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 31, 145-150.
110. Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A. & Chandra, N. 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev 4, 118-126.
111. Lubos, E., Loscalzo, J. & Handy, D.E. 2011. Glutathione peroxidase-1 in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 15, 1957-1997.
112. Madamanchi, N.R. & Runge, M.S. 2007. Mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 100, 460-473.
113. Mangner, N., Linke, A., Oberbach, A., Kullnick, Y., Gielen, S., Sandri, M., Hoellriegel, R., Matsumoto, Y., Schuler, G. & Adams, V. 2013. Exercise training prevents TNF-alpha induced loss of force in the diaphragm of mice. PLoS ONE 8, e52274.
114. Marklund, S.L. 1982. Human copper-containing superoxide-dismutase of high molecular-weight. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79, 7634-7638.
115. Marklund, S.L., Bjelle, A. & Elmqvist, L.G. 1986. Superoxide-dismutase isoenzymes of the synovial-fluid in rheumatoid-arthritis and in reactive arthritides. Ann Rheum Dis 45, 847-851.
116. Marklund, S.L., Holme, E. & Hellner, L. 1982. Superoxide-dismutase in extracellular fluids. Clin Chim Acta 126, 41-51.
117. Mason, R.P., Casu, M., Butler, N., Breda, C., Campesan, S., Clapp, J., Green, E.W., Dhulkhed, D., Kyriacou, C.P. & Giorgini, F. 2013. Glutathione peroxidase activity is neuroprotective in models of Huntington's disease. Nat Genet 45, 1249-1254.
118. Massaad, C.A. & Klann, E. 2011. Reactive oxygen species in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory. Antioxid Redox Signal 14, 2013-2054.
119. Mazeaud, F., Maral, J. & Michelson, A.M. 1979. Distribution of superoxide-dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the Carp - erythrocyte manganese Sod. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 86, 1161-1168.
120. McArdle, A., Pattwell, D., Vasilaki, A., Griffiths, R.D. & Jackson, M.J. 2001. Contractile activity-induced oxidative stress: cellular origin and adaptive responses. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280, C621-C627.
121. McCord, J.M. & Fridovich, I. 1969. Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem 244, 6049-6055.
122. Miller, E.R. III, Pastor-Barriuso, R., Dalal, D., Riemersma, R.A., Appel, L.J. & Guallar, E. 2005. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 142, 37-46.
123. Mills, G.C. 1957. Hemoglobin catabolism. I. Glutathione peroxidase, an erythrocyte enzyme which protects hemoglobin from oxidative breakdown. J Biol Chem 229, 189-197.
124. Mitsumoto, H., Factor-Litvak, P., Andrews, H., Goetz, R.R., Andrews, L., Rabkin, J.G., McElhiney, M., Nieves, J., Santella, R.M., Murphy, J. et al. 2014. ALS Multicenter Cohort Study of Oxidative Stress (ALS COSMOS): study methodology, recruitment, and baseline demographic and disease characteristics. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 15, 192-203.
125. Mohanraj, P., Merola, A.J., Wright, V.P. & Clanton, T.L. 1998. Antioxidants protect rat diaphragmatic muscle function under hypoxic conditions. J Appl Physiol 84, 1960-1966.
126. Molyneux, S.L., Florkowski, C.M., Lever, M. & George, P.M. 2005. Biological variation of coenzyme Q10. Clin Chem 51, 455-457.
127. Morpurgo, L., Desideri, A., Rigo, A., Viglino, P. & Rotilio, G. 1983. Reaction of N, N-diethyldithiocarbamate and other bidentate ligands with Zn, Co and Cu bovine carbonic-anhydrases - inhibition of the enzyme-activity and evidence for stable ternary enzyme-metal-ligand complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta 746, 168-175.
128. Mueller, S., Riedel, H.D. & Stremmel, W. 1997. Direct evidence for catalase as the predominant H2O2 -removing enzyme in human erythrocytes. Blood 90, 4973-4978.
129. Muller, F.L., Song, W., Liu, Y.H., Chaudhuri, A., Pieke-Dahl, S., Strong, R., Huang, T.T., Epstein, C.J., Roberts, L.J., Csete, M., Faulkner, J.A. & Van Remmen, H. 2006. Absence of CuZn superoxide dismutase leads to elevated oxidative stress and acceleration of age-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 40, 1993-2004.
130. Munzel, T., Hink, U., Heitzer, T. & Meinertz, T. 1999. Role for NADPH/NADH oxidase in the modulation of vascular tone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 874, 386-400.
131. Nanduri, J., Vaddi, D.R., Khan, S.A., Wang, N., Makerenko, V. & Prabhakar, N.R. 2013. Xanthine oxidase mediates hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha degradation by intermittent hypoxia. PLoS ONE 8, e75838.
132. Nomura, K., Imai, H., Koumura, T., Kobayashi, T. & Nakagawa, Y. 2000. Mitochondrial phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase inhibits the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria by suppressing the peroxidation of cardiolipin in hypoglycaemia-induced apoptosis. Biochem J 351, 183-193.
133. Nordberg, J. & Arner, E.S. 2001. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Radic Biol Med 31, 1287-1312.
134. Odajima, N., Betsuyaku, T., Nagai, K., Moriyama, C., Wang, D.H., Takigawa, T., Ogino, K. & Nishimura, M. 2010. The role of catalase in pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 11, 183.
135. Okabe, E., Kato, Y., Kohno, H., Hess, M.L. & Ito, H. 1985. Inhibition by free radical scavengers and by cyclooxygenase inhibitors of the effect of acidosis on calcium transport by masseter muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biochem Pharmacol 34, 961-968.
136. Olinski, R., Gackowski, D., Foksinski, M., Rozalski, R., Roszkowski, K. & Jaruga, P. 2002. Oxidative DNA damage: assessment of the role in carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 33, 192-200.
137. Parke, D.V. & Sapota, A. 1996. Chemical toxicity and reactive oxygen species. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 9, 331-340.
138. Pattwell, D.M., McArdle, A., Morgan, J.E., Patridge, T.A. & Jackson, M.J. 2004. Release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species from contracting skeletal muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 37, 1064-1072.
139. Patwari, P., Higgins, L.J., Chutkow, W.A., Yoshioka, J. & Lee, R.T. 2006. The interaction of thioredoxin with Txnip. Evidence for formation of a mixed disulfide by disulfide exchange. J Biol Chem 281, 21884-21891.
140. Pillai, R., Uyehara-Lock, J.H. & Bellinger, F.P. 2014. Selenium and selenoprotein function in brain disorders. IUBMB Life 66, 229-239.
141. Pou, S., Keaton, L., Surichamorn, W. & Rosen, G.M. 1999. Mechanism of superoxide generation by neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 274, 9573-9580.
142. Powers, S.K., Duarte, J., Kavazis, A.N. & Talbert, E.E. 2010. Reactive oxygen species are signalling molecules for skeletal muscle adaptation. Exp Physiol 95, 1-9.
143. Powers, S.K. & Jackson, M.J. 2008. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 88, 1243-1276.
144. Pulsinelli, P.D., Perutz, M.F. & Nagel, R.L. 1973. Structure of hemoglobin M Boston, a variant with a five-coordinated ferric heme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 70, 3870-3874.
145. Ray, P.D., Huang, B.W. & Tsuji, Y. 2012. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cell Signal 24, 981-990.
146. Reid, M.B., Haack, K.E., Franchek, K.M., Valberg, P.A., Kobzik, L. & West, M.S. 1992. Reactive oxygen in skeletal muscle. I. Intracellular oxidant kinetics and fatigue in vitro. J Appl Physiol 73, 1797-1804.
147. Reid, T.J. III, Murthy, M.R., Sicignano, A., Tanaka, N., Musick, W.D. & Rossmann, M.G. 1981. Structure and heme environment of beef liver catalase at 2.5 A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78, 4767-4771.
148. Rhee, S.G., Kang, S.W., Chang, T.S., Jeong, W. & Kim, K. 2001. Peroxiredoxin, a novel family of peroxidases. IUBMB Life 52, 35-41.
149. Rhee, S.G., Kang, S.W., Jeong, W., Chang, T.S., Yang, K.S. & Woo, H.A. 2005a. Intracellular messenger function of hydrogen peroxide and its regulation by peroxiredoxins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17, 183-189.
150. Rhee, S.G., Yang, K.S., Kang, S.W., Woo, H.A. & Chang, T.S. 2005b. Controlled elimination of intracellular H(2)O(2): regulation of peroxiredoxin, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase via post-translational modification. Antioxid Redox Signal 7, 619-626.
151. Richardson, J., Thomas, K.A., Rubin, B.H. & Richardson, D.C. 1975. Crystal structure of bovine Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase at 3 A resolution: chain tracing and metal ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72, 1349-1353.
152. Ripps, M.E., Huntley, G.W., Hof, P.R., Morrison, J.H. & Gordon, J.W. 1995. Transgenic mice expressing an altered murine superoxide dismutase gene provide an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92, 689-693.
153. Rosemeyer, M.A. 1987. The biochemistry of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase. Cell Biochem Funct 5, 79-95.
154. Rosen, D.R., Siddique, T., Patterson, D., Figlewicz, D.A., Sapp, P., Hentati, A., Donaldson, D., Goto, J., O'Regan, J.P., Deng, H.X. et al. 1993. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362, 59-62.
155. Roveri, A., Maiorino, M. & Ursini, F. 1994. Enzymatic and immunological measurements of soluble and membrane-bound phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol 233, 202-212.
156. Ruiz-Gines, J.A., Lopez-Ongil, S., Gonzalez-Rubio, M., Gonzalez-Santiago, L., Rodriguez-Puyol, M. & Rodriguez-Puyol, D. 2000. Reactive oxygen species induce proliferation of bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 35, 109-113.
157. Sabharwal, S.S. & Schumacker, P.T. 2014. Mitochondrial ROS in cancer: initiators, amplifiers or an Achilles' heel? Nat Rev Cancer 14, 709-721.
158. Saccon, R.A., Bunton-Stasyshyn, R.K., Fisher, E.M. & Fratta, P. 2013. Is SOD1 loss of function involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Brain 136, 2342-2358.
159. Sagi, M. & Fluhr, R. 2006. Production of reactive oxygen species by plant NADPH oxidases. Plant Physiol 141, 336-340.
160. Samoylenko, A., Hossain, J.A., Mennerich, D., Kellokumpu, S., Hiltunen, J.K. & Kietzmann, T. 2013. Nutritional countermeasures targeting reactive oxygen species in cancer: from mechanisms to biomarkers and clinical evidence. Antioxid Redox Signal 19, 2157-2196.
161. Sassa, A., Kamoshita, N., Matsuda, T., Ishii, Y., Kuraoka, I., Nohmi, T., Ohta, T., Honma, M. & Yasui, M. 2013. Miscoding properties of 8-chloro-2′-deoxyguanosine, a hypochlorous acid-induced DNA adduct, catalysed by human DNA polymerases. Mutagenesis 28, 81-88.
162. Schafer, F.Q. & Buettner, G.R. 2001. Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple. Free Radic Biol Med 30, 1191-1212.
163. Schrauzer, G.N. 2006. Interactive effects of selenium and chromium on mammary tumor development and growth in MMTV-infected female mice and their relevance to human cancer. Biol Trace Elem Res 109, 281-292.
164. Schroeder, W.A., Shelton, J.R., Shelton, J.B., Robberson, B., Apell, G., Fang, R.S. & Bonaventura, J. 1982. The complete amino acid sequence of bovine liver catalase and the partial sequence of bovine erythrocyte catalase. Arch Biochem Biophys 214, 397-421.
165. Schuckelt, R., Brigelius-Flohe, R., Maiorino, M., Roveri, A., Reumkens, J., Strassburger, W., Ursini, F., Wolf, B. & Flohe, L. 1991. Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase is a selenoenzyme distinct from the classical glutathione peroxidase as evident from cDNA and amino acid sequencing. Free Radic Res Commun 14, 343-361.
166. Seah, T.C. & Kaplan, J.G. 1973. Purification and properties of the catalase of bakers' yeast. J Biol Chem 248, 2889-2893.
167. Sentman, M.L., Granstrom, M., Jakobson, H., Reaume, A., Basu, S. & Marklund, S.L. 2006. Phenotypes of mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase and copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 281, 6904-6909.
168. Sevanian, A., Muakkassah-Kelly, S.F. & Montestruque, S. 1983. The influence of phospholipase A2 and glutathione peroxidase on the elimination of membrane lipid peroxides. Arch Biochem Biophys 223, 441-452.
169. Sharoni, Y., Danilenko, M., Dubi, N., Ben-Dor, A. & Levy, J. 2004. Carotenoids and transcription. Arch Biochem Biophys 430, 89-96.
170. Sheng, Z., Oka, S., Tsuchimoto, D., Abolhassani, N., Nomaru, H., Sakumi, K., Yamada, H. & Nakabeppu, Y. 2012. 8-Oxoguanine causes neurodegeneration during MUTYH-mediated DNA base excision repair. J Clin Invest 122, 4344-4361.
171. Siwik, D.A., Tzortzis, J.D., Pimental, D.R., Chang, D.L.F., Pagano, P.J., Singh, K., Sawyer, D.B. & Colucci, W.S. 1999. Inhibition of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase induces cell growth, hypertrophic phenotype, and apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in vitro. Circ Res 85, 147-153.
172. Smith, A.R., Shenvi, S.V., Widlansky, M., Suh, J.H. & Hagen, T.M. 2004. Lipoic acid as a potential therapy for chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem 11, 1135-1146.
173. Sorce, S. & Krause, K.H. 2009. NOX enzymes in the central nervous system: from signaling to disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 11, 2481-2504.
174. Stack, E.C., Matson, W.R. & Ferrante, R.J. 2008. Evidence of oxidant damage in Huntington's disease: translational strategies using antioxidants. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1147, 79-92.
175. Stadtman, E.R. 1991. Ascorbic acid and oxidative inactivation of proteins. Am J Clin Nutr 54, 1125S-1128S.
176. Sunde, R.A. & Hoekstra, W.G. 1980. Structure, synthesis and function of glutathione peroxidase. Nutr Rev 38, 265-273.
177. Tainer, J.A., Getzoff, E.D., Beem, K.M., Richardson, J.S. & Richardson, D.C. 1982. Determination and analysis of the 2a structure of copper, zinc superoxide-dismutase. J Mol Biol 160, 181-217.
178. Tainer, J.A., Getzoff, E.D., Richardson, J.S. & Richardson, D.C. 1983. Structure and mechanism of copper, zinc superoxide-dismutase. Nature 306, 284-287.
179. Takebe, G., Yarimizu, J., Saito, Y., Hayashi, T., Nakamura, H., Yodoi, J., Nagasawa, S. & Takahashi, K. 2002. A comparative study on the hydroperoxide and thiol specificity of the glutathione peroxidase family and selenoprotein P. J Biol Chem 277, 41254-41258.
180. Tanaka, R., Ishima, Y., Maeda, H., Kodama, A., Nagao, S., Watanabe, H., Chuang, V.T., Otagiri, M. & Maruyama, T. 2014. Albumin fusion prolongs the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of thioredoxin in mice with acetaminophen-induced hepatitis. Mol Pharm 11, 1228-1238.
181. Tandan, R. & Bradley, W.G. 1985. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: part 1. Clinical features, pathology, and ethical issues in management. Ann Neurol 18, 271-280.
182. Tanford, C. & Lovrien, R. 1962. Dissociation of catalase into subunits. J Am Chem Soc 84, 1892-1896.
183. Todoric, K., Koontz, J.B., Mattox, D. & Tarrant, T.K. 2013. Autoimmunity in immunodeficiency. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 13, 361-370.
184. Tonissen, K.F. 2007. Targeting the human thioredoxin system by diverse strategies to treat cancer and other pathologies. Recent Pat DNA Gene Seq 1, 164-175.
185. Toppo, S., Flohe, L., Ursini, F., Vanin, S. & Maiorino, M. 2009. Catalytic mechanisms and specificities of glutathione peroxidases: variations of a basic scheme. Biochim Biophys Acta 1790, 1486-1500.
186. Trachootham, D., Alexandre, J. & Huang, P. 2009. Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: a radical therapeutic approach? Nat Rev Drug Discov 8, 579-591.
187. Trachootham, D., Lu, W., Ogasawara, M.A., Nilsa, R.D. & Huang, P. 2008. Redox regulation of cell survival. Antioxid Redox Signal 10, 1343-1374.
188. Tretter, L. & Adam-Vizi, V. 2004. Generation of reactive oxygen species in the reaction catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. J Neurosci 24, 7771-7778.
189. Tschopp, J. 2011. Mitochondria: sovereign of inflammation? Eur J Immunol 41, 1196-1202.
190. Ursini, F. & Bindoli, A. 1987. The role of selenium peroxidases in the protection against oxidative damage of membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 44, 255-276.
191. Ursini, F., Maiorino, M. & Gregolin, C. 1985. The selenoenzyme phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta 839, 62-70.
192. Ursini, F., Maiorino, M., Valente, M., Ferri, L. & Gregolin, C. 1982. Purification from pig liver of a protein which protects liposomes and biomembranes from peroxidative degradation and exhibits glutathione peroxidase activity on phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides. Biochim Biophys Acta 710, 197-211.
193. Uttara, B., Singh, A.V., Zamboni, P. & Mahajan, R.T. 2009. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. Curr Neuropharmacol 7, 65-74.
194. Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M.T., Mazur, M. & Telser, J. 2007. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39, 44-84.
195. Valko, M., Rhodes, C.J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M. & Mazur, M. 2006. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact 160, 1-40.
196. Veal, E.A., Day, A.M. & Morgan, B.A. 2007. Hydrogen peroxide sensing and signaling. Mol Cell 26, 1-14.
197. Voruganti, V.S., Nath, S.D., Cole, S.A., Thameem, F., Jowett, J.B., Bauer, R., MacCluer, J.W., Blangero, J., Comuzzie, A.G., Abboud, H.E. & Arar, N.H. 2009. Genetics of variation in serum uric acid and cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94, 632-638.
198. Walker, F.O. 2007. Huntington's disease. Lancet 369, 218-228.
199. Wallace, S.S. 1998. Enzymatic processing of radiation-induced free radical damage in DNA. Radiat Res 150, S60-S79.
200. Wang, C., Li, J., Liu, Q., Yang, R., Zhang, J.H., Cao, Y.P. & Sun, X.J. 2011. Hydrogen-rich saline reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibit of JNK and NF-kappaB activation in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 491, 127-132.
201. Wang, X.L., Rainwater, D.L., Mahaney, M.C. & Stocker, R. 2004. Cosupplementation with vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 reduces circulating markers of inflammation in baboons. Am J Clin Nutr 80, 649-655.
202. Waris, G. & Ahsan, H. 2006. Reactive oxygen species: role in the development of cancer and various chronic conditions. J Carcinog 5, 14.
203. Weisiger, R.A. & Fridovic, I. 1973. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase - site of synthesis and intramitochondrial localization. J Biol Chem 248, 4793-4796.
204. Wever, R., Plat, H. & Hamers, M.N. 1981. Human eosinophil peroxidase: a novel isolation procedure, spectral properties and chlorinating activity. FEBS Lett 123, 327-331.
205. Winrow, V.R., Winyard, P.G., Morris, C.J. & Blake, D.R. 1993. Free radicals in inflammation: second messengers and mediators of tissue destruction. Br Med Bull 49, 506-522.
206. Wong, M.S. & Vanhoutte, P.M. 2010. COX-mediated endothelium-dependent contractions: from the past to recent discoveries. Acta Pharmacol Sin 31, 1095-1102.
207. Woo, C.H., Eom, Y.W., Yoo, M.H., You, H.J., Han, H.J., Song, W.K., Yoo, Y.J., Chun, J.S. & Kim, J.H. 2000a. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha generates reactive oxygen species via a cytosolic phospholipase A2-linked cascade. J Biol Chem 275, 32357-32362.
208. Woo, C.H., Lee, Z.W., Kim, B.C., Ha, K.S. & Kim, J.H. 2000b. Involvement of cytosolic phospholipase A2, and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid, in signalling by rac for the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species in rat-2 fibroblasts. Biochem J 348(Pt 3), 525-530.
209. Wood, Z.A., Poole, L.B. & Karplus, P.A. 2003a. Peroxiredoxin evolution and the regulation of hydrogen peroxide signaling. Science 300, 650-653.
210. Wood, Z.A., Schroder, E., Robin Harris, J. & Poole, L.B. 2003b. Structure, mechanism and regulation of peroxiredoxins. Trends Biochem Sci 28, 32-40.
211. Xu, J., Li, T., Wu, H. & Xu, T. 2012. Role of thioredoxin in lung disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 25, 154-162.
212. Yamashita, N., Hoshida, S., Nishida, M., Igarashi, J., Taniguchi, N., Tada, M., Kuzuya, T. & Hori, M. 1997. Heat shock-induced manganese superoxide dismutase enhances the tolerance of cardiac myocytes to hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29, 1805-1813.
213. Yang, L., Calingasan, N.Y., Chen, J., Ley, J.J., Becker, D.A. & Beal, M.F. 2005. A novel azulenyl nitrone antioxidant protects against MPTP and 3-nitropropionic acid neurotoxicities. Exp Neurol 191, 86-93.
214. Youn, H.D., Kim, E.J., Roe, J.H., Hah, Y.C. & Kang, S.O. 1996. A novel nickel-containing superoxide dismutase from Streptomyces spp. Biochem J 318, 889-896.
215. Yu, G., Peng, T., Feng, Q. & Tyml, K. 2007. Abrupt reoxygenation of microvascular endothelial cells after hypoxia activates ERK1/2 and JNK1, leading to NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidant production. Microcirculation 14, 125-136.
216. Yu, T., Jhun, B.S. & Yoon, Y. 2011. High-glucose stimulation increases reactive oxygen species production through the calcium and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated activation of mitochondrial fission. Antioxid Redox Signal 14, 425-437.
217. Yukawa, T., Read, R.C., Kroegel, C., Rutman, A., Chung, K.F., Wilson, R., Cole, P.J. & Barnes, P.J. 1990. The effects of activated eosinophils and neutrophils on guinea pig airway epithelium in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2, 341-353.
218. Zamocky, M., Furtmuller, P.G. & Obinger, C. 2008. Evolution of catalases from bacteria to humans. Antioxid Redox Signal 10, 1527-1548.
219. Zanetti, M., Katusic, Z.S. & O'Brien, T. 2002. Adenoviral-mediated overexpression of catalase inhibits endothelial cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283, H2620-H2626.
220. Zhang, H., Park, Y., Wu, J., Chen, X., Lee, S., Yang, J., Dellsperger, K.C. & Zhang, C. 2009. Role of TNF-alpha in vascular dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 116, 219-230.
221. Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Li, H., Zhang, H., Shi, Y., Wei, F., Liu, D., Liu, K. & Chen, D. 2012. Accumulation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage in the frontal cortex cells of patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Brain Res 1458, 1-11.
222. Zhu, C., Hu, W., Wu, H. & Hu, X. 2014. No evident dose-response relationship between cellular ROS level and its cytotoxicity-a paradoxical issue in ROS-based cancer therapy. Sci Rep 4, 5029.
223. Zuo, L., Best, T.M., Roberts, W.J., Diaz, P.T. & Wagner, P.D. 2014a. Characterization of reactive oxygen species in diaphragm. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 213, 700-710.
224. Zuo, L., Christofi, F.L., Wright, V.P., Bao, S. & Clanton, T.L. 2004. Lipoxygenase-dependent superoxide release in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 97, 661-668.
225. 2 cycling reduces diaphragm fatigue by attenuating ROS formation. PLoS ONE 9, e109884.
226. Zuo, L., Hallman, A.H., Yousif, M.K. & Chien, M.T. 2012. Oxidative stress, respiratory muscle dysfunction, and potential therapeutics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Biol 7, 506-513.
227. Zuo, L. & Motherwell, M.S. 2013. The impact of reactive oxygen species and genetic mitochondrial mutations in Parkinson's disease. Gene 532, 18-23.
228. Zuo, L., Otenbaker, N.P., Rose, B.A. & Salisbury, K.S. 2013a. Molecular mechanisms of reactive oxygen species-related pulmonary inflammation and asthma. Mol Immunol 56, 57-63.
229. Zuo, L., Pasniciuc, S., Wright, V.P., Merola, A.J. & Clanton, T.L. 2003. Sources for superoxide release: lessons from blockade of electron transport, NADPH oxidase, and anion channels in diaphragm. Antioxid Redox Signal 5, 667-675.
230. Zuo, L., Roberts, W.J., Tolomello, R.C. & Goins, A.T. 2013b. Ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning protect cardiac muscles via intracellular ROS signaling. Front Biol 8, 305-311.
231. Zuo, L., Rose, B.A., Roberts, W.J., He, F. & Banes-Berceli, A.K. 2014c. Molecular characterization of reactive oxygen species in systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Hypertens 27, 643-650.