A schematic representation of the professional identity formation and socialization of medical students and residents: A guide for medical educators

Academic Medicine

Volumn 90, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 718-725

  Cruess, Richard L ^a   Cruess, Sylvia R ^a   Boudreau, J Donald ^a   Snell, Linda ^a   Steinert, Yvonne ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STUDENT; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIALIZATION;

EDUCATION, MEDICAL, GRADUATE; EDUCATION, MEDICAL, UNDERGRADUATE; HUMANS; INTERNSHIP AND RESIDENCY; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIALIZATION; STUDENTS, MEDICAL;

EID: 84930603167     PISSN: 10402446     EISSN: 1938808X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000700     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Cooke M, Irby DM, O'Brien BC, Educating Physicians: A Call for Reform of Medical School and Residency 2010 San Francisco, Calif Jossey-Bass
2. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Boudreau JD, Snell L, Steinert Y, Reframing medical education to support professional identity formation. Acad Med 2014 89 1446 1451
3. Bebeau MJ, Kenny NP, Shelton WN, Evidence based character development. In: Lost Virtue: Professional Character Development in Medical Education 2006 Oxford, England Elsevier
4. Piaget J, Inhelder B, The Psychology of the Child 1969 New York, NY Basic Books
5. Goffman E, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 1959 New York, NY Doubleday
6. Erikson EH, The Life Cycle Completed 1982 New York, NY Norton
7. Kohlberg L, The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages 1984 San Francisco, Calif Harper & Row
8. Kegan R, The Evolving Self: Problem and Process in Human Development 1982 Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press
9. Jarvis-Selinger S, Pratt DD, Regehr G, Competency is not enough: Integrating identity formation into the medical education discourse. Acad Med 2012 87 1185 1190
10. Frost HD, Regehr G, I am a doctor: Negotiating the discourses of standardization and diversity in professional identity construction. Acad Med 2013 88 1570 1577
11. Beagan BL, Everyday classism in medical school: Experiencing marginality and resistance. Med Educ 2005 39 777 784
12. Hafferty FW, Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Steinert Y, Professionalism and the socialization of medical students. In: Teaching Medical Professionalism 2009 Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press
13. Lempp H, Brosnan C, Turner BS, Medical-school culture. Pierre Bourdieu and the theory of medical education: Thinking rationally about medical students and medical curricula. In: Handbook of the Sociology of Medical Education 2009 London, England Routledge
14. Monrouxe LV, Identity, identification and medical education: Why should we care? Med Educ 2010 44 40 49
15. MacLeod A, Caring, competence and professional identities in medical education. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2011 16 375 394
16. Monrouxe LV, Rees CE, Hu W, Differences in medical students' explicit discourses of professionalism: Acting, representing, becoming. Med Educ 2011 45 585 602
17. Weaver R, Peters K, Koch J, Wilson I, Part of the team: Professional identity and social exclusivity in medical students. Med Educ 2011 45 1220 1229
18. Burford B, Group processes in medical education: Learning from social identity theory. Med Educ 2012 46 143 152
19. Goldie J, The formation of professional identity in medical students: Considerations for educators. Med Teach 2012 34 e641 e648
20. Helmich E, Bolhuis S, Dornan T, Laan R, Koopmans R, Entering medical practice for the very first time: Emotional talk, meaning and identity development. Med Educ 2012 46 1074 1086
21. Monrouxe LV, Walsh K, Identities, self and medical education. In: Oxford Textbook of Medical Education 2013 Oxford, England Oxford University Press
22. Wilson I, Cowin LS, Johnson M, Young H, Professional identity in medical students: Pedagogical challenges to medical education. Teach Learn Med 2013 25 369 373
23. Merton RK, Merton RK, Reader LG, Kendall PL, Some preliminaries to a sociology of medical education. In: The Student Physician: Introductory Studies in the Sociology of Medical Education 1957 Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press
24. Vignoles VL, Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K, Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K, Vignoles VL, Toward an integrative view of identity. In: Handbook of Identity Theory and Research 2011 New York, NY Springer
25. Skorikov VB, Vondracek FW, Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K, Vignoles VL, Occupational identity. In: Handbook of Identity Theory and Research 2011 New York, NY Springer
26. Forsythe GB, Snook S, Lewis P, Bartone PT, Snider DM, Matthews LJ, Marshall J, Professional identity development for 21st century army officers. In: The Future of the Army Profession 2005 New York, NY McGraw Hill
27. Hilton SR, Slotnick HB, Proto-professionalism: How professionalisation occurs across the continuum of medical education. Med Educ 2005 39 58 65
28. Becker HS, Geer B, Hughes EC, Strauss AL, Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School 1961 Chicago, Ill University of Chicago Press
29. Bosk CL, Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure 1979 Chicago, Ill University of Chicago Press
30. Hafferty FW, Castellani B, A sociological framing of medicine's modern-day professionalism movement. Med Educ 2009 43 826 828
31. Ross S, Lai K, Walton JM, Kirwan P, White JS, I have the right to a private life: Medical students' views about professionalism in a digital world. Med Teach 2013 35 826 831
32. Lave J, Wenger E, Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation 1991 Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press
33. Wenger E, Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity 1998 Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press
34. Ihara CK, Flores A, Collegiality as a professional virtue. In: Professional Ideals 1988 Belmont, Calif Wadsworth
35. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Expectations and obligations: Professionalism and medicine's social contract with society. Perspect Biol Med 2008 51 579 598
36. Côté L, Leclère H, How clinical teachers perceive the doctor-patient relationship and themselves as role models. Acad Med 2000 75 1117 1124
37. Mentor. Oxford English Dictionary 1989 2nd ed. Oxford, England Clarendon Press
38. Sambunjak D, Straus SE, Marusić A, Mentoring in academic medicine: A systematic review. JAMA 2006 296 1103 1115
39. Mann K, Gordon J, MacLeod A, Reflection and reflective practice in health professions education: A systematic review. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2009 14 595 621
40. Epstein RM, Cole DR, Gawinski BA, Piotrowski-Lee S, Ruddy NB, How students learn from community-based preceptors. Arch Fam Med 1998 7 149 154
41. Kolb DA, Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development 1984 Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall
42. Kenny NP, Mann KV, MacLeod H, Role modeling in physicians' professional formation: Reconsidering an essential but untapped educational strategy. Acad Med 2003 78 1203 1210
43. Polanyi M, Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy 1958 Chicago, Ill University of Chicago Press
44. Leo T, Eagen K, Professionalism education: The medical student response. Perspect Biol Med 2008 51 508 516
45. Luyckx K, Schwartz SJ, Goosens L, Beyers W, Missotten L, Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K, Vignoles VL, Processes of personal identity formation and evaluation. In: Handbook of Identity Theory and Research 2011 New York, NY Springer
46. Daniels N, Just Health Care 2008 Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press
47. Brainard AH, Brislen HC, Viewpoint: Learning professionalism: A view from the trenches. Acad Med 2007 82 1010 1014
48. Benbassat J, Undesirable features of the medical learning environment: A narrative review of the literature. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2013 18 527 536
49. Lesser CS, Lucey CR, Egener B, Braddock CH 3rd, Linas SL, Levinson W, A behavioral and systems view of professionalism. JAMA 2010 304 2732 2737
50. Wald HS, Reis SP, Monroe AD, Borkan JM, The loss of my elderly patient: Interactive reflective writing to support medical students' rites of passage. Med Teach 2010 32 e178 e184
51. Pitkala KH, Mantyranta T, Professional socialization revised: Medical students' own conceptions related to adoption of the future physician's role-a qualitative study. Med Teach 2003 25 155 160
52. Fox RC, Albrecht GL, Fitzpatrick R, Scrimshaw SC, Medical uncertainty revisited. In: Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine 2002 Thousand Oaks, Calif Sage
53. Kalet AL, Sanger J, Chase J, Promoting professionalism through an online professional development portfolio: Successes, joys, and frustrations. Acad Med 2007 82 1065 1072
54. Wear D, Aultman JM, Varley JD, Zarconi J, Making fun of patients: Medical students' perceptions and use of derogatory and cynical humor in clinical settings. Acad Med 2006 81 454 462
55. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Steinert Y, Teaching Medical Professionalism 2009 Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press
56. Lingard L, Language matters: Towards an understanding of silence and humour in medical education. Med Educ 2013 47 40 48
57. Lingard L, What we see and don't see when we look at competence: Notes on a god term. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2009 14 625 628
58. Spears R, Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K, Vignoles VL, Group identities: The social identity perspective. In: Handbook of Identity Theory and Research 2011 New York, NY Springer
59. Haslam SA, Ellemers N, Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K, Vignoles VL, Identity processes in organizations. In: Handbook of Identity Theory and Research 2011 New York, NY Springer
60. Bleakley A, Gender matters in medical education. Med Educ 2013 47 59 70
61. Steinert Y, Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Boudreau JD, Fuks A, Faculty development as an instrument of change: A case study on teaching professionalism. Acad Med 2007 82 1057 1064
62. Wilkinson TJ, Wade WB, Knock LD, A blueprint to assess professionalism: Results of a systematic review. Acad Med 2009 84 551 558
63. Hodges BD, Ginsburg S, Cruess R, Assessment of professionalism: Recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference. Med Teach 2011 33 354 363
64. Eva KW, Rosenfeld J, Reiter HI, Norman GR, An admissions OSCE: The multiple mini-interview. Med Educ 2004 38 314 326