Gender matters in medical education

Medical Education

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 59-70

  Bleakley, Alan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL COMPETENCE; CURRICULUM; FEMALE; FEMINISM; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STUDENT; METHODOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; SPECIALIZATION; STANDARD; STATISTICS;

ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; CLINICAL COMPETENCE; COMMUNICATION; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; FEMALE; FEMINISM; HUMANS; MALE; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SPECIALIZATION; STUDENTS, MEDICAL;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84871591962     PISSN: 03080110     EISSN: 13652923     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04351.x     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Weedon C. Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory, 2nd edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 1996.
2. Pierre EA. Poststructural feminism in education: an overview. Qual Stud Educ 2000;13:477-515.
3. Carvajal D. The changing face of Western medicine. Int Herald Trib, 8 March 2011.
4. Carvajal D. The changing face of medical care. NY Times Online, 8 March 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/08/world/europe/08iht-ffdocs08.html?pagewanted=all. [Accessed 12 April 2011.]
5. Elston MA. Women and Medicine: The Future. London: Royal College of Physicians 2009.
6. Wolf CV. Women in medicine: an unceasing journey. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1283-6.
7. McKinstry B. Are there too many female medical graduates? Yes. BMJ 2008;336:748.
8. Kilminster S, Downes J, Gough B, Murdoch-Eaton D, Roberts T. Women in medicine - is there a problem? A literature review of the changing gender composition, structures and occupational cultures in medicine. Med Educ 2007;41:39-49.
9. Carvel J. Concern as women outnumber men in medical schools. The Guardian, 11 April 2002.
10. Laurance J. The medical timebomb: too many women doctors. The Independent, 2 August 2004.
11. Rinck PA. Maverinck - Why 'feminisation' of radiology is good news for patients. 2011. http://www.rinckside.org/rinckside%20columns/2011%2006%20Feminization%20of%20radiology.htm. [Accessed 1 February 2012.]
12. Dacre J. Are there too many female medical graduates? No. BMJ 2008;336:749.
13. Jefferson Demographics. Jefferson longitudinal study of medical education. 2005;Paper 10. http://jdc.jefferson.edu/jlsme/10. [Accessed 27 January 2012.]
14. Taylor KS, Lambert TW, Goldacre MJ. Career progression and destinations, comparing men and women in the NHS: postal questionnaire surveys. BMJ 2009;338:1735.
15. Derese A, Kerremans I, Deveugele M. Feminisation, the medical profession and its education. Acta Clin Belg 2002;57:3-4.
16. Verlander G. Female physicians: balancing career and family. Acad Psychiatry 2004;28:331-6.
17. Fysh TH, Thomas G, Ellis H. Who wants to be a surgeon? A study of 300 first year medical students. BMC Med Educ 2007;19:2.
18. Washburn ER. Are you ready for generation X?Physician Exec 2000;26:51-7.
19. McKinstry B, Colthart I, Elliott K, Hunter C. The feminisation of the medical workforce, implications for Scottish primary care: a survey of Scottish general practitioners. BMC Health Serv Res 2006;6:56.
20. Boerma WG, Van Den Brink-Muinen A. Gender-related differences in the organisation and provision of services among general practitioners in Europe: a signal to health care planners. Med Care 2000;38:993-1002.
21. Buddeberg-Fischer B, Klaghofer R, Abel T, Buddeberg C. The influence of gender and personality traits on the career planning of Swiss medical students. Swiss Med Wkly 2003;133:535-40.
22. Boulis AK, Long JA. Gender differences in the practice of adult primary care physicians. J Women's Health (Larchmt) 2004;13:703-12.
23. Wolosin RJ, Gesell SB. Physician gender and primary care patient satisfaction: no evidence of 'feminisation'. Qual Manag Health Care 2006;15:96-103.
24. Ludmerer KM. Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999;334.
25. Kassab S, Abu-Hijleh M, Al-Shboul Q, Hamdy H. Gender-related differences in learning in student-led PBL tutorials. Educ Health 2005;18:272-82.
26. Guelich JM, Singer BH, Castro MC, Rosenberg LE. A gender gap in the next generation of physician-scientists: medical student interest and participation in research. J Investig Med 2002;50:412-8.
27. Westerstähl A, Andersson M, Söderström M. Gender in medical curricula: course organiser views of a gender-issues perspective in medicine in Sweden. Women Health 2003;37:35-47.
28. Roter D, Hall J. Doctors Talking with Patients/Patients Talking with Doctors: Improving Communication in Medical Visits, 2nd edn. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group 2006.
29. National Patient Safety Agency/National Clinical Assessment Service. Handling Performance Concerns in Primary Care. London: NPSA 2010.
30. Westerstähl A, Segesten K, Björkelund C. GPs and lesbian women in the consultation: issues of awareness and knowledge. Scand J Prim Health Care 2002;20:203-7.
31. Hamberg K. Gender perspective relevant in many medical school subjects. Essential to perceive men and women holistically. Lakartidningen 2003;100:4078-83.
32. Foucault M. The Birth of the Clinic. London: Tavistock 1976.
33. Bleakley A, Bligh J. Who can resist Foucault?J Med Philos 2009;34:368-83.
34. Bordo S. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 1993;5.
35. Sennett R. The Craftsman. London: Penguin Books 2008.
36. Adler A, Brett C. Social Interest: Adler's Key to the Meaning of Life. Oxford: Oneworld 2009 (originally published 1938).
37. Pedersen R. Empathy development in medical education - a critical review. Med Teach 2010;32:593-600.
38. Colliver JA, Conlee MJ, Verhulst SJ, Dorsey JK. Reports of the decline of empathy during medical education are greatly exaggerated: a re-examination of the research. Acad Med 2010;85:588-93.
39. Hemmerdinger JM, Stoddart SDR, Lilford RJ. A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. BMC Med Educ 2007;7:24.
40. Smajdor A, Stöckl A, Salter C. The limits of empathy: problems in medical education and practice. J Med Ethics 2011;37:380-3.
41. Marshall R, Bleakley A. The death of Hector: pity in Homer, empathy in medical education. Med Humanit 2009;35:7-12.
42. Neumann M, Scheffer C, Tauschel D, Lutz G, Wirtz M, Edelhäuser F. Physician empathy: definition, outcome-relevance and its measurement in patient care and medical education. GMS Z Med Ausbild 2012;29:1-10.
43. Neumann M, Edelhäuser F, Tauschel D, Fischer M, Wirtz M, Woopen C, Haramati A, Scheffer C. Empathy decline and its reasons: a systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Acad Med 2011;86:996-1009.
44. Quince TA, Parker RA, Wood DF, Benson JA. Stability of empathy among undergraduate medical students: a longitudinal study at one UK medical school. BMC Med Educ 2011;11:90-9.
45. Schernhammer E. Taking their own lives - the high rate of physician suicide. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2473-6.
46. Serry N, Bloch S, Ball R, Anderson K. Drug and alcohol abuse by doctors. Med J Aust 1994;160:402-3;406-7.
47. Johnson E. The ghost of anatomies past: simulating the one-sex body in modern medical training. Fem Theory 2005;6:141-59.
48. Chambers T. The Fiction of Bioethics: Cases as Literary Texts. New York, NY: Routledge 1999.
49. James W. Pragmatism. London: Dover 1995 (originally published 1907).
50. UNESCO International Social Science Council. World Social Science Report: Knowledge Divides. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 2010.
51. Kristeva J. Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. New York, NY: Columbia University Press 1982.
52. Cixous H. Coming to Writing and Other Essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1991.
53. Sellers S, ed. The Hélène Cixous Reader. London: Routledge 1994.
54. Cixous H, Clément C. The Newly Born Woman. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press 1986;92.
55. Irigaray L. Je, tu, nous: Toward a Culture of Difference. New York, NY: Routledge 1993.
56. Sellers S, ed. The Hélène Cixous Reader. London: Routledge 1994;37.
57. Lemieux-Charles L, McGuire WL. What do we know about health care team effectiveness? A review of the literature. Med Care Res Rev 2006;63:263-300.
58. Cixous H, Clément C, Sellers S, ed. The Hélène Cixous Reader. London: Routledge 1994;92.
59. Irigaray L. This Sex Which Is Not One. New York, NY: Cornell University Press 1985.
60. Lam V. Bloodletting and Miraculous Cures. Toronto, ON: Doubleday Canada 2006.
61. Sontag S. Illness as Metaphor. New York, NY: Farrar Strauss & Giroux 1978.
62. Pinar WF, Reynolds WM, Slattery P, Taubman PM. Curriculum as a gendered text. In: Understanding Curriculum: An Introduction to the Study of Historical and Contemporary Curriculum Discourses. New York: Peter Lang 2008.
63. Albert M, Laberge S, Hodges BD, Regehr G, Lingard L. Biomedical scientists' perception of the social sciences in health research. Soc Sci Med 2008;66:2520-31.
64. Malan STP. The 'new paradigm' of outcomes-based education in perspective. Tydskrif vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe 2000;28:22-8.
65. Ferro TR. The linguistics of andragogy and its offspring. Paper presented at the Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, Michigan State University, 15-17 October 1997. http://mdudka.iweb.bsu.edu/mr2p2007/fullproceedings2007.pdf. [Accessed 5 January 2012.]
66. Bleakley A. From reflective practice to holistic reflexivity. Stud High Educ 1999;24:315-30.
67. Kristeva J. Strangers to Ourselves. New York, NY: Columbia University Press 1991.
68. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001.
69. Cixous H, Clement C. The Newly Born Woman. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press 1986;92.
70. Nussbaum MC. Sex and Social Justice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press 1999.
71. Mol A. The Logic of Care: Health and the Problem of Patient Choice. Abingdon: Routledge 2008.