Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers for tissue regeneration

Progress in Polymer Science

Volumn 46, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-24

  Jiang, Tao ^a   Carbone, Erica J ^a   Lo, Kevin W H ^a,c   Laurencin, Cato T ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^c University of Connecticut   (United States)

Author keywords

Electrospinning; Growth factor; Musculoskeletal regenerative engineering; Nanofiber; Scaffold; Small molecule

Indexed keywords

BIOACTIVITY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BIOLOGY; CELL ENGINEERING; ELECTROSPINNING; HISTOLOGY; MOLECULES; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; NANOFIBERS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; POLYMERS; REPAIR; SCAFFOLDS; SCAFFOLDS (BIOLOGY); SPINNING (FIBERS); STEM CELLS; TISSUE;

BIO-INSPIRED APPROACH; EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES; GROWTH FACTOR; HIERARCHICAL ARCHITECTURES; PHARMACOLOGICAL MANIPULATION; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; SMALL MOLECULES; TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES;

TISSUE REGENERATION;

EID: 84930046561     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (212)

1. G.B. Bishop, and T.A. Einhorn Current and future clinical applications of bone morphogenetic proteins in orthopaedic trauma surgery Int Orthop 31 2007 721 727
2. A. Faulkner Usership of regenerative therapies: age, ageing and anti-ageing in the global science and technology of knee cartilage repair Technol Forecast Soc Change 2015 10 10.1016/j.techfore.2014.02.020 in press
3. K.B. Freedman, M.J. D'Amato, D.D. Nedeff, A. Kaz, and B.R. Bach Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction A metaanalysis comparing patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts Am J Sports Med 31 2003 2 11
4. A. Cooper, J. Ferraro, and B.A. Christensen Recent advancements in soft tissue regeneration Recent Pat Biomed Eng 6 2013 22 28
5. C.T. Laurencin, A. Ambrosio, M. Borden, and J. Cooper Jr. Tissue engineering: orthopedic applications Annu Rev Biomed Eng 1 1999 19 46
6. C. Laurencin, Y. Khan, and S.F. El-Amin Bone graft substitutes Expert Rev Med Devices 3 2006 49 57
7. R. Langer, and J.P. Vacanti Tissue engineering Science 260 1993 920 926
8. M. Spector Biomaterials-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine solutions to musculoskeletal problems Swiss Med Wkly 136 2006 293 301
9. G.F. Muschler, C. Nakamoto, and L.G. Griffith Engineering principles of clinical cell-based tissue engineering J Bone Joint Surg 86 2004 1541 1558
10. M. Pei, J. Seidel, G. Vunjak-Novakovic, and L. Freed Growth factors for sequential cellular de-and re-differentiation in tissue engineering Biochem Biophys Res Commun 294 2002 149 154
11. C.T. Laurencin, and Y. Khan Regenerative engineering Sci Transl Med 4 2012 (160ed9/1-3)
12. K.W.-H. Lo, T. Jiang, K.A. Gagnon, C. Nelson, and C.T. Laurencin Small-molecule based musculoskeletal regenerative engineering Trends Biotechnol 37 2014 74 81
13. J.-Y. Rho, L. Kuhn-Spearing, and P. Zioupos Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone Med Eng Phys 20 1998 92 102
14. C.T. Laurencin, S.G. Kumbar, and S.P. Nukavarapu Nanotechnology and orthopedics: a personal perspective Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 1 2009 6 10
15. C.J. Bettinger, R. Langer, and J.T. Borenstein Engineering substrate topography at the micro-and nanoscale to control cell function Angew Chem Int Ed 48 2009 5406 5415
16. J.-R. Li, L. Shi, Z. Deng, S.H. Lo, and G-y. Liu Nanostructures of designed geometry and functionality enable regulation of cellular signaling processes Biochemistry 51 2012 5876 5893
17. P.M. Mendes Cellular nanotechnology: making biological interfaces smarter Chem Soc Rev 42 2013 9207 9218
18. W. Loesberg, J. Te Riet, F. van Delft, P. Schön, C. Figdor, S. Speller, J. van Loon, X.F. Walboomers, and J.A. Jansen The threshold at which substrate nanogroove dimensions may influence fibroblast alignment and adhesion Biomaterials 28 2007 3944 3951
19. L.S. Nair, S. Bhattacharyya, and C.T. Laurencin Development of novel tissue engineering scaffolds via electrospinning Expert Opin Biol Ther 4 2004 659 668
20. Q.P. Pham, U. Sharma, and A.G. Mikos Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibers for tissue engineering applications: a review Tissue Eng 12 2006 1197 1211
21. M. Schindler, I. Ahmed, and J. Kamal A synthetic nanofibrillar matrix promotes in vivo-like organization and morphogenesis for cells in culture Biomaterials 26 2005 5624 5631
22. A. Jaworek, and A. Sobczyk Electrospraying route to nanotechnology: an overview J Electrostat 66 2008 197 219
23. G.C. Rutledge, and S.V. Fridrikh Formation of fibers by electrospinning Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59 2007 1384 1391
24. Cooley JF. Apparatus for electrically dispersing fluids. US 692631,1902.
25. Morton WJ. Method of dispersing fluids. US 705691,1902.
26. J. Doshi, and D.H. Reneker Electrospinning process and applications of electrospun fibers J Electrostat 35 1995 151 160
27. D.H. Reneker, and I. Chun Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer, produced by electrospinning Nanotechnology 7 1996 216 223
28. G. Taylor Disintegration of water drops in an electric field Proc R Soc Lond Ser A 280 1964 383 397
29. A.L. Yarin, S. Koombhongse, and D.H. Reneker Taylor cone and jetting from liquid droplets in electrospinning of nanofibers J Appl Phys 90 2001 4836 4846
30. P. Ramesh Kumar, N. Khan, S. Vivekanandhan, N. Satyanarayana, A. Mohanty, and M. Misra Nanofibers: effective generation by electrospinning and their applications J Nanosci Nanotechnol 12 2012 1 25
31. A. Jaworek, A. Krupa, M. Lackowski, A. Sobczyk, T. Czech, S. Ramakrishna, and D. Pliszka Nanocomposite fabric formation by electrospinning and electrospraying technologies J Electrostat 67 2009 435 438
32. J. Deitzel, J. Kleinmeyer, Harris Dea, and N. Beck Tan The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers and textiles Polymer 42 2001 261 272
33. W.J. Li, C.T. Laurencin, E.J. Caterson, R.S. Tuan, and F.K. Ko Electrospun nanofibrous structure: a novel scaffold for tissue engineering J Biomed Mater Res 60 2002 613 621
34. J.G. Merrell, S.W. McLaughlin, L. Tie, C.T. Laurencin, A.F. Chen, and L.S. Nair Curcumin-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibres: diabetic wound dressing with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 36 2009 1149 1156
35. D.S. Katti, K.W. Robinson, F.K. Ko, and C.T. Laurencin Bioresorbable nanofiber-based systems for wound healing and drug delivery: optimization of fabrication parameters J Biomed Mater Res, B 70 2004 286 296
36. S. Kumbar, R. James, S. Nukavarapu, and C. Laurencin Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds: engineering soft tissues Biomed Mater 3 2008 1 15
37. S.G. Kumbar, S.P. Nukavarapu, R. James, L.S. Nair, and C.T. Laurencin Electrospun poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds for skin tissue engineering Biomaterials 29 2008 4100 4107
38. E.D. Taylor, L.S. Nair, S.P. Nukavarapu, S. McLaughlin, and C.T. Laurencin Novel nanostructured scaffolds as therapeutic replacement options for rotator cuff disease J Bone Joint Surg 92 2010 170 179
39. R. James, S. Kumbar, C. Laurencin, G. Balian, and A. Chhabra Tendon tissue engineering: adipose-derived stem cell and GDF-5 mediated regeneration using electrospun matrix systems Biomed Mater 6 2011 (025011/1-26)
40. R. James, U. Toti, C. Laurencin, and S. Kumbar Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for engineering soft connective tissues Methods Mol Biol 726 2010 243 258
41. M.S. Peach, R. James, U.S. Toti, M. Deng, N.L. Morozowich, H.R. Allcock, C.T. Laurencin, and S.G. Kumbar Polyphosphazene functionalized polyester fiber matrices for tendon tissue engineering: in vitro evaluation with human mesenchymal stem cells Biomed Mater 7 2012 (045016/1-13)
42. M.S. Peach, S.G. Kumbar, R. James, U.S. Toti, D. Balasubramaniam, M. Deng, B. Ulery, A.D. Mazzocca, M.B. McCarthy, N.L. Morozowich, H.R. Alcock, and C.T. Laurencin Design and optimization of polyphosphazene functionalized fiber matrices for soft tissue regeneration J Biomed Nanotechnol 8 2012 107 124
43. J. Wang, C.M. Valmikinathan, W. Liu, C.T. Laurencin, and X. Yu Spiral-structured, nanofibrous, 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering J Biomed Mater Res, A 93 2010 753 762
44. S. Bhattacharyya, S.G. Kumbar, Y.M. Khan, L.S. Nair, A. Singh, N.R. Krogman, P.W. Brown, H.R. Alcock, and C.T. Laurencin Biodegradable polyphosphazene-nanohydroxyapatite composite nanofibers: scaffolds for bone tissue engineering J Biomed Nanotechnol 5 2009 69 75
45. M. Deng, S.G. Kumbar, L.S. Nair, A.L. Weikel, H.R. Allcock, and C.T. Laurencin Biomimetic structures: biological implications of dipeptide-substituted polyphosphazene-polyester blend nanofiber matrices for load-bearing bone regeneration Adv Funct Mater 21 2011 2641 2651
46. J.L. Brown, M.S. Peach, L.S. Nair, S.G. Kumbar, and C.T. Laurencin Composite scaffolds: bridging nanofiber and microsphere architectures to improve bioactivity of mechanically competent constructs J Biomed Mater Res, A 95 2010 1150 1158
47. Z.-M. Huang, Y.-Z. Zhang, M. Kotaki, and S. Ramakrishna A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites Compos Sci Technol 63 2003 2223 2253
48. Y. Zhang, J.R. Venugopal, A. El-Turki, S. Ramakrishna, B. Su, and C.T. Lim Electrospun biomimetic nanocomposite nanofibers of hydroxyapatite/chitosan for bone tissue engineering Biomaterials 29 2008 4314 4322
49. N. Bhattarai, D. Edmondson, O. Veiseh, F.A. Matsen, and M. Zhang Electrospun chitosan-based nanofibers and their cellular compatibility Biomaterials 26 2005 6176 6184
50. X. Geng, O.-H. Kwon, and J. Jang Electrospinning of chitosan dissolved in concentrated acetic acid solution Biomaterials 26 2005 5427 5432
51. T. Jiang, M. Deng, R. James, L.S. Nair, and C.T. Laurencin Micro-and nanofabrication of chitosan structures for regenerative engineering Acta Biomater 10 2013 1632 1645
52. M. Li, Y. Guo, Y. Wei, A.G. MacDiarmid, and P.I. Lelkes Electrospinning polyaniline-contained gelatin nanofibers for tissue engineering applications Biomaterials 27 2006 2705 2715
53. H.W. Kim, J.H. Song, and H.E. Kim Nanofiber generation of gelatin-hydroxyapatite biomimetics for guided tissue regeneration Adv Funct Mater 15 2005 1988 1994
54. H. Yoshimoto, Y. Shin, H. Terai, and J. Vacanti A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering Biomaterials 24 2003 2077 2082
55. M. Shin, H. Yoshimoto, and J.P. Vacanti In vivo bone tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells on a novel electrospun nanofibrous scaffold Tissue Eng 10 2004 33 41
56. F. Yang, R. Murugan, S. Wang, and S. Ramakrishna Electrospinning of nano/micro scale poly(l-lactic acid) aligned fibers and their potential in neural tissue engineering Biomaterials 26 2005 2603 2610
57. J. Chen, B. Chu, and B.S. Hsiao Mineralization of hydroxyapatite in electrospun nanofibrous poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds J Biomed Mater Res, A 79 2006 307 317
58. C. Xu, R. Inai, M. Kotaki, and S. Ramakrishna Aligned biodegradable nanofibrous structure: a potential scaffold for blood vessel engineering Biomaterials 25 2004 877 886
59. X. Mo, C. Xu, Kotaki Mea, and S. Ramakrishna Electrospun P(LLA-CL) nanofiber: a biomimetic extracellular matrix for smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell proliferation Biomaterials 25 2004 1883 1890
60. C.H. Lee, H.J. Shin, I.H. Cho, Y.-M. Kang, I. Kim, K.-D. Park, and J.-W. Shin Nanofiber alignment and direction of mechanical strain affect the ECM production of human ACL fibroblast Biomaterials 26 2005 1261 1270
61. M.S. Khil, D.I. Cha, H.Y. Kim, I.S. Kim, and N. Bhattarai Electrospun nanofibrous polyurethane membrane as wound dressing J Biomed Mater Res, B 67 2003 675 679
62. L. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, M.P. Prabhakaran, M. Morshed, M.-H. Nasr-Esfahani, and S. Ramakrishna Electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering Biomaterials 29 2008 4532 4539
63. Y. Mohammadi, M. Soleimani, M. Fallahi-Sichani, A. Gazme, V. Haddadi-Asl, E. Arefian, J. Kiani, R. Moradi, A. Atashi, and N. Ahmadbeigi Nanofibrous poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(vinyl (alcohol)/chitosan hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells Int J Artif Organs 30 2007 204 211
64. B. Dhandayuthapani, U.M. Krishnan, and S. Sethuraman Fabrication and characterization of chitosan-gelatin blend nanofibers for skin tissue engineering J Biomed Mater Res, B 94 2010 264 272
65. D. Kai, M.P. Prabhakaran, G. Jin, and S. Ramakrishna Guided orientation of cardiomyocytes on electrospun aligned nanofibers for cardiac tissue engineering J Biomed Mater Res, B 98 2011 379 386
66. H.W. Kim, H.S. Yu, and H.H. Lee Nanofibrous matrices of poly(lactic acid) and gelatin polymeric blends for the improvement of cellular responses J Biomed Mater Res, A 87 2008 25 32
67. G.T. Christopherson, H. Song, and H.Q. Mao The influence of fiber diameter of electrospun substrates on neural stem cell differentiation and proliferation Biomaterials 30 2009 556 564
68. J. Venugopal, L. Ma, T. Yong, and S. Ramakrishna In vitro study of smooth muscle cells on polycaprolactone and collagen nanofibrous matrices Cell Biol Int 29 2005 861 867
69. H.B. Wang, M.E. Mullins, J.M. Cregg, A. Hurtado, M. Oudega, M.T. Trombley, and R.J. Gilbert Creation of highly aligned electrospun poly-l-lactic acid fibers for nerve regeneration applications J Neural Eng 6 2009 (016001/1-15)
70. C.-Y. Wang, K.-H. Zhang, C.-Y. Fan, X.-M. Mo, H.J. Ruan, and F.F. Li Aligned natural-synthetic polyblend nanofibers for peripheral nerve regeneration Acta Biomater 7 2011 634 643
71. T. Jiang, W.I. Abdel-Fattah, and C.T. Laurencin In vitro evaluation of chitosan/poly(lactic acid-glycolic acid) sintered microsphere scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Biomaterials 27 2006 4894 4903
72. T. Jiang, Y. Khan, L.S. Nair, W.I. Abdel-Fattah, and C.T. Laurencin Functionalization of chitosan/poly(lactic acid-glycolic acid) sintered microsphere scaffolds via surface heparinization for bone tissue engineering J Biomed Mater Res, A 93 2010 1193 1208
73. J.L. Lowery, N. Datta, and G.C. Rutledge Effect of fiber diameter, pore size and seeding method on growth of human dermal fibroblasts in electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) fibrous mats Biomaterials 31 2010 491 504
74. B.-M. Min, G. Lee, S.H. Kim, Y.S. Nam, T.S. Lee, and W.H. Park Electrospinning of silk fibroin nanofibers and its effect on the adhesion and spreading of normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro Biomaterials 25 2004 1289 1297
75. M. Ziabari, V. Mottaghitalab, and A.K. Haghi Evaluation of electrospun nanofiber pore structure parameters Kor J Chem Eng 25 2008 923 932
76. A. Jena, and K. Gupta Pore volume of nanofiber nonwovens Int Nonwovens J 14 2005 25 30
77. M.W. Frey, and L. Li Electrospinning and porosity measurements of nylon-6/poly(ethylene oxide) blended non-wovens J Eng Fibers Fabrics 2 2007 31 37
78. D. Gupta, J. Venugopal, M.P. Prabhakaran, V. Dev, S. Low, A.T. Choon, and S. Ramakrishna Aligned and random nanofibrous substrate for the in vitro culture of Schwann cells for neural tissue engineering Acta Biomater 5 2009 2560 2569
79. D. Li, M.W. Frey, and Y.L. Joo Characterization of nanofibrous membranes with capillary flow porometry J Memb Sci 286 2006 104 114
80. S. Soliman, S. Pagliari, A. Rinaldi, G. Forte, R. Fiaccavento, F. Pagliari, O. Franzese, M. Minieri, P. Di Nardo, S. Licoccia, and E. Traversa Multiscale three-dimensional scaffolds for soft tissue engineering via multimodal electrospinning Acta Biomater 6 2010 1227 1237
81. R. Vasita, and D.S. Katti Nanofibers and their applications in tissue engineering Int J Nanomed 1 2006 15 30
82. Z. Ma, M. Kotaki, R. Inai, and S. Ramakrishna Potential of nanofiber matrix as tissue-engineering scaffolds Tissue Eng 11 2005 101 109
83. R. Langer, and D.A. Tirrell Designing materials for biology and medicine Nature 428 2004 487 492
84. R. Langer, and N.A. Peppas Advances in biomaterials, drug delivery, and bionanotechnology AIChE J 49 2004 2990 3006
85. J.J. Rice, M.M. Martino, L. De Laporte, F. Tortelli, P.S. Briquez, and J.A. Hubbell Engineering the regenerative microenvironment with biomaterials Adv Healthc Mater 2 2012 57 71
86. J.A. Matthews, G.E. Wnek, D.G. Simpson, and G.L. Bowlin Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers Biomacromolecules 3 2002 232 238
87. J.S. Choi, S.J. Lee, G.J. Christ, A. Atala, and J.J. Yoo The influence of electrospun aligned poly(ε-caprolactone)/collagen nanofiber meshes on the formation of self-aligned skeletal muscle myotubes Biomaterials 29 2008 2899 2906
88. P. Katta, M. Alessandro, R. Ramsier, and G. Chase Continuous electrospinning of aligned polymer nanofibers onto a wire drum collector Nano Lett 4 2004 2215 2218
89. A. Theron, E. Zussman, and A. Yarin Electrostatic field-assisted alignment of electrospun nanofibres Nanotechnology 12 2001 384 390
90. D. Li, Y. Wang, and Y. Xia Electrospinning of polymeric and ceramic nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays Nano Lett 3 2003 1167 1171
91. J. Xie, M.R. MacEwan, W.Z. Ray, W. Liu, D.Y. Siewe, and Y. Xia Radially aligned, electrospun nanofibers as dural substitutes for wound closure and tissue regeneration applications ACS Nano 4 2010 5027 5036
92. D. Yang, B. Lu, Y. Zhao, and X. Jiang Fabrication of aligned fibrous arrays by magnetic electrospinning Adv Mater 19 2007 3702 3706
93. D. Li, Y. Wang, and Y. Xia Electrospinning nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays and layer-by-layer stacked films Adv Mater 16 2004 361 366
94. Y. Wang, H. Shi, J. Qiao, Y. Tian, M. Wu, W. Zhang, Y. Lin, Z. Niu, and Y. Huang Electrospun tubular scaffold with circumferentially aligned nanofibers for regulating smooth muscle cell growth ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6 2014 2958 2962
95. H. Wu, J. Fan, C.-C. Chu, and J. Wu Electrospinning of small diameter 3-D nanofibrous tubular scaffolds with controllable nanofiber orientations for vascular grafts J Mater Sci Mater Med 21 2010 3207 3215
96. M.C. George, and P.V. Braun Multicompartmental materials by electrohydrodynamic cojetting Angew Chem Int Ed 48 2009 8606 8609
97. M. Yoshida, K.H. Roh, S. Mandal, S. Bhaskar, D. Lim, H. Nandivada, X. Deng, and J. Lahann Structurally controlled bio-hybrid materials based on unidirectional association of anisotropic microparticles with human endothelial cells Adv Mater 21 2009 4920 4925
98. K.-H. Roh, D.C. Martin, and J. Lahann Biphasic Janus particles with nanoscale anisotropy Nat Mater 4 2005 759 763
99. S. Bhaskar, J. Hitt, S.W.L. Chang, and J. Lahann Multicompartmental microcylinders Angew Chem Int Ed 48 2009 4589 4593
100. S. Bhaskar, and J. Lahann Microstructured materials based on multicompartmental fibers J Am Chem Soc 131 2009 6650 6651
101. S. Mandal, S. Bhaskar, and J. Lahann Micropatterned fiber scaffolds for spatially controlled cell adhesion Macromol Rapid Commun 30 2009 1638 1644
102. Y.-N. Jiang, H.-Y. Mo, and D.-G. Yu Electrospun drug-loaded core-sheath PVP/zein nanofibers for biphasic drug release Int J Pharm 438 2012 232 239
103. I. Liao, S. Chew, and K. Leong Aligned core-shell nanofibers delivering bioactive proteins Nanomedicine 1 2006 465 471
104. I. Liao, S. Chen, J.B. Liu, and K.W. Leong Sustained viral gene delivery through core-shell fibers J Controlled Release 139 2009 48 55
105. S. Yan, L. Xiaoqiang, T. Lianjiang, H. Chen, and M. Xiumei Poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) electrospun nanofibers for encapsulating and sustained releasing proteins Polymer 50 2009 4212 4219
106. X. Xu, X. Zhuang, X. Chen, X. Wang, L. Yang, and X. Jing Preparation of core-sheath composite nanofibers by emulsion electrospinning Macromol Rapid Commun 27 2006 1637 1642
107. D.-G. Yu, W. Chian, X. Wang, X.-Y. Li, Y. Li, and Y.-Z. Liao Linear drug release membrane prepared by a modified coaxial electrospinning process J Memb Sci 428 2013 150 156
108. Y. Yang, T. Xia, W. Zhi, L. Wei, J. Weng, C. Zhang, and X. Li Promotion of skin regeneration in diabetic rats by electrospun core-sheath fibers loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor Biomaterials 32 2011 4243 4254
109. E. Jo, S. Lee, K.T. Kim, Y.S. Won, H.S. Kim, E.C. Cho, and U. Jeong Core-sheath nanofibers containing colloidal arrays in the core for programmable multi-agent delivery Adv Mater 21 2009 968 972
110. Y. Wang, W. Qiao, and T. Yin A novel controlled release drug delivery system for multiple drugs based on electrospun nanofibers containing nanoparticles J Pharm Sci 99 2010 4805 4811
111. K.J. Lee, T.-H. Park, S. Hwang, J. Yoon, and J. Lahann Janus-core and shell microfibers Langmuir 29 2013 6181 6186
112. A. Liu, and L.A. Niswander Bone morphogenetic protein signalling and vertebrate nervous system development Nat Rev Neurosci 6 2005 945 954
113. R.H. Adams, and K. Alitalo Molecular regulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8 2007 464 478
114. W. Liu, J. Lipner, J. Xie, C.N. Manning, S. Thomopoulos, and Y. Xia Nanofiber scaffolds with gradients in mineral content for spatial control of osteogenesis ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6 2014 2842 2849
115. J. Shi, L. Wang, F. Zhang, H. Li, L. Lei, L. Liu, and Y. Chen Incorporating protein gradient into electrospun nanofibers as scaffolds for tissue engineering ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2 2010 1025 1030
116. F. Du, H. Wang, W. Zhao, D. Li, D. Kong, J. Yang, and Y. Zhang Gradient nanofibrous chitosan/poly ε-caprolactone scaffolds as extracellular microenvironments for vascular tissue engineering Biomaterials 33 2012 762 770
117. M.C. Bottino, V. Thomas, and G.M. Janowski A novel spatially designed and functionally graded electrospun membrane for periodontal regeneration Acta Biomater 7 2011 216 224
118. Q.P. Pham, U. Sharma, and A.G. Mikos Electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) microfiber and multilayer nanofiber/microfiber scaffolds: characterization of scaffolds and measurement of cellular infiltration Biomacromolecules 7 2006 2796 2805
119. J. Xie, X. Li, J. Lipner, C.N. Manning, A.G. Schwartz, S. Thomopoulos, and Y. Xia Aligned-to-random" nanofiber scaffolds for mimicking the structure of the tendon-to-bone insertion site Nanoscale 2 2010 923 926
120. J. Xie, M.R. MacEwan, X. Li, S.E. Sakiyama-Elbert, and Y. Xia Neurite outgrowth on nanofiber scaffolds with different orders, structures, and surface properties ACS Nano 3 2009 1151 1159
121. M. Chen, P.K. Patra, S.B. Warner, and S. Bhowmick Role of fiber diameter in adhesion and proliferation of NIH 3T3 fibroblast on electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds Tissue Eng 13 2007 579 587
122. K. Sisson, C. Zhang, M.C. Farach-Carson, D.B. Chase, and J.F. Rabolt Fiber diameters control osteoblastic cell migration and differentiation in electrospun gelatin J Biomed Mater Res, A 94 2010 1312 1320
123. B.M. Baker, A.O. Gee, R.B. Metter, A.S. Nathan, R.A. Marklein, J.A. Burdick, and R.L. Mauck The potential to improve cell infiltration in composite fiber-aligned electrospun scaffolds by the selective removal of sacrificial fibers Biomaterials 29 2008 2348 2358
124. M.C. Phipps, W.C. Clem, J.M. Grunda, G.A. Clines, and S.L. Bellis Increasing the pore sizes of bone-mimetic electrospun scaffolds comprised of polycaprolactone, collagen I and hydroxyapatite to enhance cell infiltration Biomaterials 33 2012 524 534
125. Y.H. Lee, J.H. Lee, I.-G. An, C. Kim, D.S. Lee, Y.K. Lee, and J.-D. Nam Electrospun dual-porosity structure and biodegradation morphology of Montmorillonite reinforced PLLA nanocomposite scaffolds Biomaterials 26 2005 3165 3172
126. B.A. Blakeney, A. Tambralli, J.M. Anderson, A. Andukuri, D.-J. Lim, D.R. Dean, and H.-W. Jun Cell infiltration and growth in a low density, uncompressed three-dimensional electrospun nanofibrous scaffold Biomaterials 32 2011 1583 1590
127. J. Rnjak-Kovacina, S.G. Wise, Z. Li, P.K. Maitz, C.J. Young, Y. Wang, and A.S. Weiss Tailoring the porosity and pore size of electrospun synthetic human elastin scaffolds for dermal tissue engineering Biomaterials 32 2011 6729 6736
128. A. Balguid, A. Mol, M.H. van Marion, R.A. Bank, C.V. Bouten, and F.P. Baaijens Tailoring fiber diameter in electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds for optimal cellular infiltration in cardiovascular tissue engineering Tissue Eng, A 15 2008 437 444
129. S.J. Eichhorn, and W.W. Sampson Statistical geometry of pores and statistics of porous nanofibrous assemblies J R Soc Interface 2 2005 309 318
130. M.H. Ross, G.I. Kaye, W. Pawlina, and Histology: A text and atlas 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, PA 201 237
131. J.P. Bilezikian, L.G. Raisz, and G.A. Rodan Principles of bone biology 1996 Academic Press San Diego, CA 3 14
132. W.-J. Li, R.L. Mauck, J.A. Cooper, X. Yuan, and R.S. Tuan Engineering controllable anisotropy in electrospun biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering J Biomechanics 40 2007 1686 1693
133. Z. Meng, Y. Wang, C. Ma, W. Zheng, L. Li, and Y. Zheng Electrospinning of PLGA/gelatin randomly-oriented and aligned nanofibers as potential scaffold in tissue engineering Mater Sci Eng C 30 2010 1204 1210
134. S. Yang, K.-F. Leong, Z. Du, and C.-K. Chua The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part I. Traditional factors Tissue Eng 7 2001 679 689
135. K. Whang, K. Healy, D. Elenz, E. Nam, D. Tsai, C. Thomas, G.W. Nuber, F.H. Glorieux, R. Travers, and S.M. Sprague Engineering bone regeneration with bioabsorbable scaffolds with novel microarchitecture Tissue Eng 5 1999 35 51
136. A.S. Badami, M.R. Kreke, M.S. Thompson, J.S. Riffle, and A.S. Goldstein Effect of fiber diameter on spreading, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblastic cells on electrospun poly(lactic acid) substrates Biomaterials 27 2006 596 606
137. G. Pelled, K. Tai, D. Sheyn, Y. Zilberman, S. Kumbar, L.S. Nair, C.T. Laurencin, D. Gazit, and C. Ortiz Structural and nanoindentation studies of stem cell-based tissue-engineered bone J Biomech 40 2007 399 411
138. R. Teshima, T. Otsuka, N. Takasu, N. Yamagata, and K. Yamamoto Structure of the most superficial layer of articular cartilage J Bone Joint Surg Br 77 1995 460 464
139. I. Ap Gwynn, S. Wade, K. Ito, and R. Richards Novel aspects to the structure of rabbit articular cartilage Eur Cell Mater 4 2002 18 29
140. A. Subramanian, D. Vu, G.F. Larsen, and H.-Y. Lin Preparation and evaluation of the electrospun chitosan/PEO fibers for potential applications in cartilage tissue engineering J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 16 2005 861 873
141. H.J. Shin, C.H. Lee, I.H. Cho, Y.-J. Kim, Y.-J. Lee, I.A. Kim, K.D. Park, N. Yui, and J.W. Shin Electrospun PLGA nanofiber scaffolds for articular cartilage reconstruction: mechanical stability, degradation and cellular responses under mechanical stimulation in vitro J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 17 2006 103 119
142. M. Alves da Silva, A. Martins, A. Costa-Pinto, P. Costa, S. Faria, M. Gomes, R.L. Reis, and N.M. Neves Cartilage tissue engineering using electrospun PCL nanofiber meshes and MSCs Biomacromolecules 11 2010 3228 3236
143. J.K. Wise, A.L. Yarin, C.M. Megaridis, and M. Cho Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on oriented nanofibrous scaffolds: engineering the superficial zone of articular cartilage Tissue Eng, A 15 2008 913 921
144. B.M. Baker, A.S. Nathan, A.O. Gee, and R.L. Mauck The influence of an aligned nanofibrous topography on human mesenchymal stem cell fibrochondrogenesis Biomaterials 31 2010 6190 6200
145. I. Wimpenny, N. Ashammakhi, and Y. Yang Chondrogenic potential of electrospun nanofibres for cartilage tissue engineering J Tissue Eng Regen Med 6 2012 536 549
146. T.A. Järvinen, P. Kannus, M. Paavola, T.L. Järvinen, L. Józsa, and M. Järvinen Achilles tendon injuries Curr Opin Rheumatol 13 2001 150 155
147. F.A. Petrigliano, D.R. McAllister, and B.M. Wu Tissue engineering for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of current strategies Arthroscopy 22 2006 441 451
148. T. Jiang, M. Deng, W.I. Abdel-Fattah, and C.T. Laurencin Chitosan-based biopharmaceutical scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine B. Sarmento, J. Das Neves, Chitosan-based systems for biopharmaceuticals: delivery, targeting and polymer therapeutics 2012 John Wiley & Sons Inc West Sussex 393 427
149. C.A. Bashur, R.D. Shaffer, L.A. Dahlgren, S.A. Guelcher, and A.S. Goldstein Effect of fiber diameter and alignment of electrospun polyurethane meshes on mesenchymal progenitor cells Tissue Eng, A 15 2009 2435 2445
150. Z. Yin, X. Chen, J.L. Chen, W.L. Shen, T.M. Hieu Nguyen, L. Gao, and H.W. Ouyang The regulation of tendon stem cell differentiation by the alignment of nanofibers Biomaterials 31 2010 2163 2175
151. M. Doschak, and R. Zernicke Structure, function and adaptation of bone-tendon and bone-ligament complexes J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 5 2005 35 40
152. P.J. Yang, and J.S. Temenoff Engineering orthopedic tissue interfaces Tissue Eng, B 15 2009 127 141
153. X. Li, J. Xie, J. Lipner, X. Yuan, S. Thomopoulos, and Y. Xia Nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in mineral content for mimicking the tendon-to-bone insertion site Nano Lett 9 2009 2763 2768
154. S. Samavedi, C. Olsen Horton, S.A. Guelcher, A.S. Goldstein, and A.R. Whittington Fabrication of a model continuously graded co-electrospun mesh for regeneration of the ligament-bone interface Acta Biomater 7 2011 4131 4138
155. S.E. Mackinnon, and A.R. Hudson Clinical application of peripheral nerve transplantation Plast Reconstr Surg 90 1992 695 699
156. A. Subramanian, U.M. Krishnan, and S. Sethuraman Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: biomaterial mediated neural regeneration J Biomed Sci 16 2009 (108/1-11)
157. T. Hadlock, C. Sundback, D. Hunter, M. Cheney, and J.P. Vacanti A polymer foam conduit seeded with Schwann cells promotes guided peripheral nerve regeneration Tissue Eng 6 2000 119 127
158. T. Bini, S. Gao, X. Xu, S. Wang, S. Ramakrishna, and K. Leong Peripheral nerve regeneration by microbraided poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) biodegradable polymer fibers J Biomed Mater Res, A 68 2004 286 295
159. K. Ono, and K. Kawamura Migration of immature neurons along tangentially oriented fibers in the subpial part of the fetal mouse medulla oblongata Exp Brain Res 78 1989 290 300
160. B. Nadarajah, P. Alifragis, R.O. Wong, and J.G. Parnavelas Ventricle-directed migration in the developing cerebral cortex Nat Neurosci 5 2002 218 224
161. N.A. O'Rourke, D.P. Sullivan, C.E. Kaznowski, A.A. Jacobs, and S.K. McConnell Tangential migration of neurons in the developing cerebral cortex Development 121 1995 2165 2176
162. Kim Y-t, V.K. Haftel, S. Kumar, and R.V. Bellamkonda The role of aligned polymer fiber-based constructs in the bridging of long peripheral nerve gaps Biomaterials 29 2008 3117 3127
163. C.E. Schmidt, and J.B. Leach Neural tissue engineering: strategies for repair and regeneration Annu Rev Biomed Eng 5 2003 293 347
164. J. Xie, M.R. MacEwan, A.G. Schwartz, and Y. Xia Electrospun nanofibers for neural tissue engineering Nanoscale 2 2010 35 44
165. W. Wang, S. Itoh, K. Konno, T. Kikkawa, S. Ichinose, K. Sakai, T. Ohkuma, and K. Watabe Effects of Schwann cell alignment along the oriented electrospun chitosan nanofibers on nerve regeneration J Biomed Mater Res, A 91 2009 994 1005
166. W. Wang, S. Itoh, N. Yamamoto, A. Okawa, A. Nagai, and K. Yamashita Enhancement of nerve regeneration along a chitosan nanofiber mesh tube on which electrically polarized β-tricalcium phosphate particles are immobilized Acta Biomater 6 2010 4027 4033
167. H. Koh, T. Yong, W. Teo, C. Chan, M. Puhaindran, T. Tan, A. Lim, B. Lim, and S. Ramakrishna In vivo study of novel nanofibrous intra-luminal guidance channels to promote nerve regeneration J Neural Eng 7 2010 (046003/1-14)
168. M. Wakelam The fusion of myoblasts Biochem J 228 1985 1 12
169. K. Aviss, J. Gough, and S. Downes Aligned electrospun polymer fibres for skeletal muscle regeneration Eur Cell Mater 19 2010 193 204
170. A. Cooper, S. Jana, N. Bhattarai, and M. Zhang Aligned chitosan-based nanofibers for enhanced myogenesis J Mater Chem 20 2010 8904 8911
171. S.-H. Shin, O. Purevdorj, O. Castano, J.A. Planell, and H-W. Kim A short review: recent advances in electrospinning for bone tissue regeneration J Tissue Eng 3 2012 11 (2041731412443530)
172. S. Lyu, C. Huang, H. Yang, and X. Zhang Electrospun fibers as a scaffolding platform for bone tissue repair J Orthop Res 31 2013 1382 1389
173. N.G. Rim, C.S. Shin, and H. Shin Current approaches to electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering Biomed Mater 8 2013 1 14
174. Z. Zhang, J. Hu, and P.X. Ma Nanofiber-based delivery of bioactive agents and stem cells to bone sites Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64 2012 1129 1141
175. M.D. Schofer, P.P. Roessler, J. Schaefer, C. Theisen, S. Schlimme, J.T. Heverhagen, M. Voelker, R. Dersch, S. Agarwal, S. Fuchs-Winkelmann, and J.R. Paletta Electrospun PLLA nanofiber scaffolds and their use in combination with BMP-2 for reconstruction of bone defects Plos One 6 2011 1 9
176. C.T. Laurencin, K.M. Ashe, N. Henry, H.M. Kan, and K.W.-H. Lo Delivery of small molecules for bone regenerative engineering: preclinical studies and potential clinical applications Drug Discov Today 19 2014 794 800
177. L. Wright, K. McKeon-Fischer, Z. Cui, L. Nair, and J. Freeman PDLA/PLLA and PDLA/PCL nanofibers with a chitosan-based hydrogel in composite scaffolds for tissue engineered cartilage J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012 9 10.1002/term.1591
178. Y.J. Son, W.J. Kim, and H.S. Yoo Therapeutic applications of electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery systems Arch Pharm Res 37 2014 69 78
179. P. Chatakun, R. Núñez-Toldrà, E.D. López, C. Gil-Recio, E. Martínez-Sarrà, F. Hernández-Alfaro, E. Ferrés-Padró, L. Giner-Tarrida, and M. Atari The effect of five proteins on stem cells used for osteoblast differentiation and proliferation: a current review of the literature Cell Mol Life Sci 71 2014 113 142
180. J.R. Lieberman, A. Daluiski, and T.A. Einhorn The role of growth factors in the repair of bone biology and clinical applications J Bone Joint Surg 84 2002 1032 1044
181. M.R. Urist Bone: formation by autoinduction Science 150 1965 893 899
182. P.C. Bessa, M. Casal, and R. Reis Bone morphogenetic proteins in tissue engineering: the road from laboratory to clinic, Part II (BMP delivery) J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2 2008 81 96
183. K.W.-H. Lo, B.D. Ulery, K.M. Ashe, and C.T. Laurencin Studies of bone morphogenetic protein-based surgical repair Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64 2012 1277 1291
184. K.W. Lo, K.M. Ashe, H.M. Kan, and C.T. Laurencin The role of small molecules in musculoskeletal regeneration Regen Med 7 2012 535 549
185. C. Li, C. Vepari, H.-J. Jin, H.J. Kim, and D.L. Kaplan Electrospun silk-BMP-2 scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Biomaterials 27 2006 3115 3124
186. C.L. Casper, N. Yamaguchi, K.L. Kiick, and J.F. Rabolt Functionalizing electrospun fibers with biologically relevant macromolecules Biomacromolecules 6 2005 1998 2007
187. Z. Kuihua, W. Chunyang, F. Cunyi, and M. Xiumei Aligned SF/P (LLA-CL)-blended nanofibers encapsulating nerve growth factor for peripheral nerve regeneration J Biomed Mater Res, A 102 2014 2680 2691
188. C. Manning, A. Schwartz, W. Liu, J. Xie, N. Havlioglu, S. Sakiyama-Elbert, M.J. Silva, Y. Xia, R.H. Gelberman, and S. Thomopoulos Controlled delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and growth factors using a nanofiber scaffold for tendon repair Acta Biomater 9 2013 6905 6914
189. Z. Xie, C.B. Paras, H. Weng, P. Punnakitikashem, L.-C. Su, K. Vu, L. Tang, J. Yang, and K.T. Nguyen Dual growth factor releasing multi-functional nanofibers for wound healing Acta Biomater 9 2013 9351 9359
190. A. Ferrand, S. Eap, L. Richert, S. Lemoine, D. Kalaskar, S. Demoustier-Champagne, H. Atmani, Y. Mély, F. Fioretti, G. Schlatter, L. Kuhn, G. Ladam, and N. Benkirane-Jessel Osteogenetic properties of electrospun nanofibrous PCL scaffolds equipped with chitosan-based nanoreservoirs of growth factors Macromol Biosci 14 2014 45 55
191. R.A. Neal, S.S. Tholpady, P.L. Foley, N. Swami, R.C. Ogle, and E.A. Botchwey Alignment and composition of laminin-polycaprolactone nanofiber blends enhance peripheral nerve regeneration J Biomed Mater Res, A 100 2012 406 423
192. R. Junka, C.M. Valmikinathan, D.M. Kalyon, and X. Yu Laminin functionalized biomimetic nanofibers for nerve tissue engineering J Biomater Tissue Eng 3 2013 494 502
193. J.J. Liu, C.Y. Wang, J.G. Wang, H.J. Ruan, and C.Y. Fan Peripheral nerve regeneration using composite poly(lactic acid-caprolactone)/nerve growth factor conduits prepared by coaxial electrospinning J Biomed Mater Res, A 96 2011 13 20
194. P. Selcan Gungor-Ozkerim, T. Balkan, G.T. Kose, A. Sezai Sarac, and F.N. Kok Incorporation of growth factor loaded microspheres into polymeric electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering applications J Biomed Mater Res, A 102 2014 1897 1908
195. W.H.K. Lo, D. Ulery, B.M. Deng, M.K. Ashe, and T.C. Laurencin Current patents on osteoinductive molecules for bone tissue engineering Recent Pat Biomed Eng 4 2011 153 167
196. C.T. Laurencin, and K. Lo Bone morphogenetic proteins for bone regeneration and their alternatives Curr Pharm Des 19 2013 3353 3363
197. G. Blaich, B. Janssen, G. Roth, and J. Salfeld Overview: differentiating issues in the development of macromolecules compared with small molecules S.C. Gad, Handbook of pharmaceutical biotechnology 2007 John Wiley & Sons Inc Hoboken, NJ 89 123
198. R.C. Reid, M.-K. Yau, R. Singh, J.K. Hamidon, A.N. Reed, P. Chu, J.Y. Suen, M.J. Stoermer, J.S. Blakeney, J. Lim, J.M. Faber, and D.P. Fairlie Downsizing a human inflammatory protein to a small molecule with equal potency and functionality Nat Commun 4 2013 1 9
199. A.J. Mieszawska, and D.L. Kaplan Smart biomaterials-regulating cell behavior through signaling molecules BMC Biol 8 2010 1 3
200. R. Siddappa, A. Martens, J. Doorn, A. Leusink, C. Olivo, R. Licht, L. van Rijn, C. Gaspar, R. Fodde, F. Janssen, C. van Blitterswijk, and J. de Boer cAMP/PKA pathway activation in human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro results in robust bone formation in vivo Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 105 2008 7281 7286
201. R. Siddappa, W. Mulder, I. Steeghs, C. van de Klundert, H. Fernandes, J. Liu, R. Arends, C. van Blitterswijk, and J. de Boer cAMP/PKA signaling inhibits osteogenic differentiation and bone formation in rodent models Tissue Eng, A 15 2009 2135 2143
202. K.W.H. Lo, H.M. Kan, K.M. Ashe, and C.T. Laurencin The small molecule PKA-specific cyclic AMP analogue as an inducer of osteoblast-like cells differentiation and mineralization J Tissue Eng Regen Med 6 2012 40 48
203. K.W.H. Lo, H.M. Kan, K.A. Gagnon, and C.T. Laurencin One-day treatment of small molecule 8-bromo-cyclic AMP analogue induces cell-based VEGF production for in vitro angiogenesis and osteoblastic differentiation J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013 10.1002/term.1839/1-9
204. M. Kouhi, M. Morshed, J. Varshosaz, and M.H. Fathi Poly(ε-caprolactone) incorporated bioactive glass nanoparticles and simvastatin nanocomposite nanofibers: preparation, characterization and in vitro drug release for bone regeneration applications Chem Eng J 228 2013 1057 1065
205. H. Singh, E. James, H.-M. Kan, and L.S. Nair Fabrication and evaluation of resveratrol loaded polymeric nanofibers J Biomater Tissue Eng 2 2012 228 235
206. A. Das, C.E. Segar, B.B. Hughley, D.T. Bowers, and E.A. Botchwey The promotion of mandibular defect healing by the targeting of S1P receptors and the recruitment of alternatively activated macrophages Biomaterials 34 2013 9853 9862
207. G.M. Rishton Small molecules that promote neurogenesis in vitro Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov 3 2008 200 208
208. W. Teo, and S. Ramakrishna A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies Nanotechnology 17 2006 R89 R106
209. B.M. Whited, J.R. Whitney, M.C. Hofmann, Y. Xu, and M.N. Rylander Pre-osteoblast infiltration and differentiation in highly porous apatite-coated PLLA electrospun scaffolds Biomaterials 32 2011 2294 2304
210. I. Keun Kwon, S. Kidoaki, and T. Matsuda Electrospun nano-to microfiber fabrics made of biodegradable copolyesters: structural characteristics, mechanical properties and cell adhesion potential Biomaterials 26 2005 3929 3939
211. W. Liu, Y.-C. Yeh, J. Lipner, J. Xie, H.-W. Sung, S. Thomopoulos, and Y. Xia Enhancing the stiffness of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds with a controlled surface coating and mineralization Langmuir 27 2011 9088 9093
212. X. Zhou, Q. Cai, N. Yan, X. Deng, and X. Yang In vitro hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation of nestlike-patterned electrospun poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds J Biomed Mater Res, A 95 2010 755 765