Biopolymers: Reuse, Recycling, and Disposal

Biopolymers: Reuse, Recycling, and Disposal

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-413

  Niaounakis, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929856764     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/C2012-0-02583-5     Document Type: Book

References (413)

1. Cornell D. Biopolymers in the existing postconsumer plastics recycling stream. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2007, 15:295-299.
2. Kuppens T., Cornelissen T., Carleer R., Yperman J., Schreurs S., Jans M., et al. Economic assessment of flash co-pyrolysis of short rotation coppice and biopolymer waste streams. Journal of Environmental Management 2010, 91:2736-2747.
3. Jiménez-González C., Woodley J.M. Bioprocesses: Modeling needs for process evaluation and sustainability assessment. Computers and Chemical Engineering 2010, 34:1009-1017.
4. Barker M., Safford R. Industrial uses for crops: Markets for bioplastics. Project report No. 450 Home Grown Cereals Authority, HGCA 2009.
5. Dreyer L.C., Hauschild M.Z., Schierbeck J. Characterisation of social impacts in LCA. Part 2: Implementation in six company case studies. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2010, 15:385-402.
6. Weidema B.P. The integration of economic and social aspects in life cycle impact assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2006, 11:89-96.
7. Álvarez-Chávez C.R., Edwards S., Moure-Eraso R., Geiser K. Sustainability of bio-based plastics: General comparative analysis and recommendations for improvement. Journal of Cleaner Production 2012, 23:47-56.
8. Shen L., Patel M.K. Life cycle assessment of polysaccharide materials: A review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2008, 16:154-167.
9. ®? http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/sustainability/eco-efficiency-analysis/seebalance.
10. Garrain D., Vidal R., Martinez P., Franco V., Gonzalez R. How 'green' are biopolymers? Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED07) 2007, pp. 229-230.
11. European Bioplastics Position paper - LCA secondary data: A major problem for comparison among plastic materials November 2012.
12. Piemonte V., Gironi F. Bioplastics and GHGs saving: The land use change (LUC) emissions issue. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2012, 34:1995-2003.
13. Tolinski M. The Life Cycles of Plastics. Plastics and Sustainability: Towards a Peaceful Coexistence between Bio-based and Fossil Fuel-based Plastics 2011, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 31-71.
14. Degli Innocenti F., Razza F., Fieschi M., Bastioli C. Life cycle management in bioplastics production 27-29 August 2007, 3rd International Conference on Life cycle management, Zurich.
15. ® polylactide (PLA) production. Industrial Biotechnology 2007, 3:58-81.
16. Endres H.J., Siebert-Raths A. The Regulatory Framework for Biopolymers 2011, Engineering Biopolymers - Markets, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications. Hanser Publications, p. 45-70.
17. Dinkel F., Pohl C., Ros M., Waldeck B. Ökobilanz stärkehaltiger Kunststoffe (Nr. 271), 2 volumes 1996, Study prepared by CARBOTECH, Basel, for the Bundesamt fûr Umwelt und Landschaft (BUWAL), Bern, Switzerland.
18. Patel M. Chapter 13: Environmental Life Cycle Comparisons of Biodegradable Plastics. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers. Sawbury, UK: Rapra Technology Limited 2005, C. Bastioli (Ed.).
19. 2 flows for model systems in the context of non-energy use, from a life cycle perspective-Status and scenarios. Volume I: Estimates for the total system 1999, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), Karlsruhe, Germany.
20. James K., Grant T. LCA of degradable plastic bags. Proceedings of the 4th Australian LCA Conference RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia 2005, Centre for Design at RMIT (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology) University, Melbourne, Australia.
21. Patel M., Bastioli C., Marini L., Wûrdinger E. Life-cycle assessment of bio-based polymers and natural fiber composites 2005, Biopolymers Online.
22. Morken J., Nyland C.A. Life cycle assessment of biobags used for collection of household waste. ITF rapport 2002, 120.
23. ® biopolymer and alternative materials 2006, IFEU GmbH, Heidelberg.
24. Krûger M., Kauertz B., Detzel A. Life cycle assessment of food packaging made of Ingeo™ biopolymer and (r)PET 2009, IFEU GmbH, Heidelberg.
25. Murphy R.J., Davis G., Payne M. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of biopolymers for single- use carrier bags, Report no. NNFCC 07-005, to the National Non-Food Crops Centre 2008, Imperial College, London, UK, pp. 1-109.
26. Davis G., Song J.H. Biodegradable packaging based on raw materials from crops and their impact on waste management. Industrial Crops and Products 2006, 23:147-161.
27. Piemonte V. Bioplastic wastes: The best final disposition for energy saving. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2011, 19:988-994.
28. Gurieff N., Lant P. Comparative life cycle assessment and financial analysis of mixed culture polyhydroxyalkanoate production. Bioresource Technology 2007, 98:3393-3403.
29. Gerngross T.U., Slater S.C. How green are green plastics?. Scientific American 2000, 283:24-29.
30. Kurdikar D., Fournet L., Slater S.C., Paster M., Gruys K.J., Gerngross T.U., et al. Greenhouse gas profile of a plastic material derived from a genetically modified plant. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2000, 4:107-122.
31. Gerngross T.U. Can biotechnology move us toward a sustainable society?. Nature Biotechnology 1999, 17:541-544.
32. Nonato R., Mantelatto P., Rossell C. Integrated production of biodegradable plastic, sugar and ethanol. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2001, 57:1-5.
33. Akiyama M., Tsuge T., Doi Y. Environmental life cycle comparison of polyhydroxyalkanoates produced from renewable carbon resources by bacterial fermentation. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2003, 80:183-194.
34. Harding K.G., Dennis J.S., von Blottnitz H., Harrison S.T.L. Environmental analysis of plastic production processes: Comparing petroleum-based polypropylene and polyethylene with biologically-based poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid using life cycle analysis. Journal of Biotechnology 2007, 130:57-66.
35. Frischknecht R., Suter P. Öko-inventare von Energiesystemen [Eco-inventory for energy systems] 1996, ETH-ESU database, Third edition, Bern, Switzerland.
36. Boustead I. Eco-profiles of the plastics and related intermediates (about 55 products) 2003, Prepared for the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME), Brussels.
37. Yu J., Chen L.X.L. The greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy requirement of bioplastics from cradle to gate of a biomass refinery. Environmental Science & Technology 2008, 42:6961-6966.
38. Kim S., Dale B. Life cycle assessment study of biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates) derived from no-tilled corn. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2005, 10:200-210.
39. Toyota Tsusho Corporation Life Cycle Analysis concludes Green Polyethylene can reduce GHG emission even with half a world away transportation - Press Room 18 November 2010, http://www.toyota-tsusho.com/english/press/2010/11/20101118-3578.html.
40. Hermann B.G., Debeer L., De Wilde B., Blok K., Patel M.K. To compost or not to compost: Carbon and energy footprints of biodegradable materials' waste treatment. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2011, 96:1159-1171.
41. Tabone M.D., Cregg J.J., Beckman E.J., Landis A.E. Sustainability metrics: Life cycle assessment and green design in polymers. Environmental Science & Technology 2010, 44:8264-8269.
42. Song J., Murphy R., Narayan R., Davies G. Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009, 364:2127-2139.
43. Cho H., Moon H., Kim M., Nam K., Kim J. Biodegradability and biodegradation rate of poly(caprolactone)-starch blend and poly-(butylene succinate) biodegradable polymer under aerobic and anaerobic environment. Waste Management 2011, 31:475-480.
44. O'Brine T., Thompson R.C. Degradation of plastic carrier bags in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2010, 60:2279-2283.
45. Sudesh K., Iwata T. Sustainability of biobased and biodegradable plastics. CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water 2008, 36:433-442.
46. European Commission Plastic waste: Redesign and biodegradability. Science for Environment Policy - DG Environment News Alert Service FUTURE BRIEF June 2011, Issue Number 1.
47. Thompson R.C., Moore C.J., Vom Saal F.S., Swan S.H. Plastics, the environment and human health: Current consensus and future trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009, 364:2153-2166.
48. European Bioplastics Renewable resources for the production of bioplastics. Fact Sheet September 2011, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/fs/Bioplastics_eng.pdf.
49. European Bioplastics Bioplastics - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). Fact Sheet June 2008, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/fs/Bioplastics_eng.pdf.
50. Carus M., Raschkla A. Agricultural resources for bioplastics. bioplastics MAGAZINE 2011, 6.
51. King D., Inderwildi O.R., Wiliams A. The Future of Industrial Biorefineries. Cologny/Geneva: World Economic Forum 2010.
52. Pandey P., Kumar B., Tiwari D. Environmental considerations concerning the release of genetically modified organisms. ProEnvironment/ProMediu 2010, 3.
53. Wolfenbarger L.L., Phifer P.R. The ecological risks and benefits of genetically engineered plants. Science 2000, 290:2088-2093.
54. Södergard A., Stolt M. Properties of lactic acid based polymers and their correlation with composition. Progress in Polymer Science 2002, 27:1123-1163.
55. Shi G., Chen D., Zhai G., Chen M.S., Cui Q.C., Zhou Q., et al. The proteasome is a molecular target of environmental toxic organotins. Environmental Health Perspectives 2009, 117:379.
56. Drumright R.E., Gruber P.R., Henton D.E. Polylactic acid technology. Advanced Materials 2000, 12:1841-1846.
57. Grushkin D. Breaking the mold. Nature Biotechnology 2011, 29:16-18.
58. Vink E.T.H., Rábago K.R., Glassner D.A., Gruber P.R. Applications of life cycle assessment to NatureWorks™ polylactide (PLA) production. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2003, 80:403-419.
59. Vink E.T.H. The Applications of NatureWorks™ PLA. The Industrial Applications of Bioplastics 04 February 2002, Cargill Dow LLC, York. http://www.ienica.net/bioplastics/vink.pdf.
60. Narayan R., Patel M. Review and analysis of bio-based product LCA's. Internet Resources 2004.
61. Detzel A., Kauertz B., Derreza-Greeven C. Untersuchung der Umweltwirkungen von Verpackungen aus biologisch abbaubaren Kunststoffen Texte Nr. 52/2012. UBA-FBNr: 001643, 2012 Umweltbundesamt. http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info-presse-e/2012/pe12-037_bioplastics_not_superior.htm.
62. Hocking P., Marchessault R. Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Biopolymers from Renewable Resources 1998, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 220-248. D.L. Kaplan (Ed.).
63. Henton D.E., Gruber P., Lunt J., Randall J. Chapter 16. Polylactic Acid Technology. Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites 2005, CRC Press. A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drza (Eds.).
64. Grûn F., Watanabe H., Zamanian Z., Maeda L., Arima K., Cubacha R., et al. Endocrine-disrupting organotin compounds are potent inducers of adipogenesis in vertebrates. Molecular Endocrinology 2006, 20:2141-2155.
65. Clark J.H., Hardy J.J.E. Towards Sustainable Chemical Manufacturing: Pollactic Acid - A Sustainable Polymer. Sustainable Development in Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons 2004, pp. 250-82. A. Azapagic, S. Perdan, R. Clift (Eds.).
66. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm.
67. European Committee for Standardization (CEN) http://www.cen.eu/cen/pages/default.aspx.
68. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) http://www.astm.org/.
69. Deutsches Institut fûr Normung (DIN) http://www.din.de/cmd%3Flevel%3Dtpl-home%26contextid%3Ddin.
70. Japanese Standards Association (JSA) http://www.jsa.or.jp/eng/about/about05.asp.
71. British Standards Institution (BSI) http://www.bsigroup.com/.
72. Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) http://www.oecd.org/.
73. Standards Australia (AS) http://www.standards.org.au/.
74. Wilde de B. Chapter 5: International Norms on Biodegradability and Certification Procedures. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers. Sawbury, UK: Rapra Technology Limited 2005, C. Bastioli (Ed.).
75. Endres H.J., Siebert-Raths A. The Regulatory Framework for Biopolymers. Engineering Biopolymers - Markets, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications. Hanser Publications 2011, 45-70.
76. European Bioplastics Anaerobic Digestion, Fact sheet March 2010, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/.
77. Wilde de B. Biodegradation Testing Protocols. Degradable Polymers and Materials: Principles and Practice 2012, American Chemical Society, pp. 33-43. 2nd ed.
78. Yagi H., Ninomiya F., Funabashi M., Kunioka M. Bioplastic biodegradation activity of anaerobic sludge prepared by preincubation at 55°C for new anaerobic biodegradation test. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2010, 95:1349-1355.
79. DIN CERTCO Recognition of Testing Laboratories and Experts - List of DIN CERTCO approved testing laboratories http://www.dincertco.de/en/recognition_of_testing_laboratories_and_experts.html.
80. Vinçotte http://www.okcompost.be/en/home.
81. Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI) BPI Testing Requirements http://www.bpiworld.org/Resources/Documents/BPI%20Certification%20Process%20V5%20May%2012.pdf.
82. Japan BioPlastics Association (JBPA) http://www.jbpaweb.net/english/english.htm.
83. Keurmerkinstituut http://www.keurmerk.nl/NL/Homepage-Keurmerkinstituut.
84. Association for Organics Recycling (AfOR) http://www.organics-recycling.org.uk/.
85. Consorzio Italiano Compostatori (CIC) http://www.compostabile.com/.
86. Polish Packaging Research and Development Centre (COBRO) http://www.cobro.org.pl/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D154%3Acertyfikacja%20.
87. Avfall Norge http://www.avfallnorge.no/.
88. Finnish Solid Waste Association (JLY) http://www.jly.fi/.
89. Bureau de normalisation du Québec http://bnq.qc.ca/.
90. Australasian Bioplastics Association (ABA) http://www.bioplastics.org.au/.
91. European Bioplastics Certification Scheme - Products made of compostable materials April 2012, http://www.okcompost.be/data/pdf-document/2012-05-21%20BAW%20eng.pdf.
92. European Bioplastics http://en.european-bioplastics.org/.
93. Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI) http://www.bpiworld.org/.
94. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Handbook on Industrial Property Information and Documentation - Ref.: WIPO standard ST.9 May 2008.
95. European Patent Office (EPO) European patent bulletin Last updated: 23.11.2011. http://www.epo.org/searching/free/bulletin.html.
96. Guellec D., Pottelsberghe de la Potterie B., van The Economics of the European Patent System 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
97. European Patent Office (EPO) IPscore Last updated: 23.11.2012. http://www.epo.org/searching/free/ipscore.html.
98. Grushkin D. Breaking the mold. Nature Biotechnology 2011, 29:16-18.
99. Sustainable Biomaterials Collaborative (SBC) End of Life http://www.sustainablebiomaterials.org/lifecycle.endoflife.php.
100. Tokiwa Y., Suzuki T. Hydrolysis of polyesters by Rhizopus delemar lipase. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 1978, 42:1071-1072.
101. Iwata T., Doi Y. Morphology and enzymatic degradation of poly(l-lactic acid) single crystals. Macromolecules 1998, 31:2461-2467.
102. Tsuji H., Miyauchi S. Poly(L-lactide): VI Effects of crystallinity on enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(l-lactide) without free amorphous region. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2001, 71:415-424.
103. Tokiwa Y., Calabia B.P., Ugwu C.U., Aiba S. Biodegradability of plastics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2009, 10:3722-3742.
104. Tokiwa Y., Suzuki T. Hydrolysis of copolyesters containing aromatic and aliphatic ester blocks by lipase. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1981, 26:441-448.
105. Tokiwa Y., Suzuki T., Ando T. Synthesis of copolyamide-esters and some aspects involved in their hydrolysis by lipase. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1979, 24:1701-1711.
106. Taniguchi I., Nakano S., Nakamura T., El-Salmawy A., Miyamoto M., Kimura Y. Mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate-co-l-lactate) with a lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia. Macromolecular Bioscience 2002, 2:447-455.
107. Wada Y., Mitomo H., Kasuya K.-I., Nagasawa N., Seko N., Katakai A., et al. Control of biodegradability of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) film with grafting acrylic acid and thermal remolding. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2006, 101:3856-3861.
108. Laurencin C.T., Norman M.E., Elgendy H.M., El-Amin S.F., Allcock H.R., Pucher S.R., et al. Use of polyphosphazenes for skeletal tissue regeneration. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1993, 27:963-973.
109. Matsumura S. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis and chemical recycling of polyesters. Macromolecular Bioscience 2002, 2:105-126.
110. Iwamoto A., Tokiwa Y. Enzymatic degradation of plastics containing polycaprolactone. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1994, 45:205-213.
111. Tokiwa Y., Iwamoto A., Koyama M. Development of biodegradable plastics containing polycaprolactone and/or starch. Polymer Preprints American Chemical Society. Division of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering 1990, 63:742-746.
112. Iwamoto A., Tokiwa Y. Effect of the phase structure on biodegradability of polypropylene/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1994, 52:1357-1360.
113. Kumagai Y., Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation and morphologies of binary blends of microbial poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) with poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(1,4-butylene adipate and poly(vinyl acetate)). Polymer Degradation and Stability 1992, 36:241-248.
114. Koyama N., Doi Y. Miscibility of binary blends of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] and poly[(S)-lactic acid]. Polymer 1997, 38:1589-1593.
115. Kawai F., Schink B. The biochemistry of degradation of polyethers. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 1987, 6:273-307.
116. Ray S.S., Yamada K., Okamoto M., Ogami A., Ueda K. New polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposites. 3. High-performance biodegradable materials. Chemistry of Materials 2003, 15:1456-1465.
117. Tsuji H., Suzuyoshi K. Environmental degradation of biodegradable polyesters. IV. The effects of pores and surface hydrophilicity on the biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] films in controlled seawater. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2003, 90:587-593.
118. Kint D., Muñoz-Guerra S. A review on the potential biodegradability of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polymer International 1999, 48:346-352.
119. Li S. Hydrolytic degradation characteristics of aliphatic polyesters derived from lactic and glycolic acids. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1999, 48:342-353.
120. Satoh H., Yoshie N., Inoue Y. Hydrolytic degradation of blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Polymer 1994, 35:286-290.
121. Tsuji H., Ishida T. Poly(L-lactide). X. Enhanced surface hydrophilicity and chain-scission mechanisms of poly(l-lactide) film in enzymatic, alkaline, and phosphate-buffered solutions. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2003, 87:1628-1633.
122. Tsuji H., Ishida T., Fukuda N. Surface hydrophilicity and enzymatic hydrolyzability of biodegradable polyesters: 1. Effects of alkaline treatment. Polymer International 2003, 52:843-852.
123. Tsuji H., Nishikawa M., Osanai Y., Matsumura S. New strategy for controlling biodegradability of biodegradable polyesters by enzyme-catalyzed surface grafting. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 2007, 28:1651-1656.
124. Nishida H., Mori T., Hoshihara S., Fan Y., Shirai Y., Endo T. Effect of tin on poly(l-lactic acid) pyrolysis. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2003, 81:515-523.
125. Fan Y., Nishida H., Mori T., Shirai Y., Endo T. Thermal degradation of poly(L-lactide): Effect of alkali earth metal oxides for selective L,L-lactide formation. Polymer 2004, 45:1197-1205.
126. Tsuji H., Yamamura Y., Ono T., Saeki T., Daimon H., Fujie K. Hydrolytic degradation and monomer recovery of poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate/adipate) in the melt. Macromolecular Reaction Engineering 2008, 2:522-528.
127. Saeki T., Tsukegi T., Tsuji H., Daimon H., Fujie K. Depolymerization of poly(L-lactic acid) under hydrothermal conditions. Japanese Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 2004, 61:561-566.
128. Tsuji H., Nakahara K., Ikarashi K. Poly(L-lactide), 8. High-temperature hydrolysis of poly(L-lactide) films with different crystallinities and crystalline thicknesses in phosphate-buffered solution. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 2001, 286:398-406.
129. Ikarashi K., Tsuji H. Hydrolytic behavior of poly(L-lactide) crystalline residues. Polymer Preprints. Japan-English edition 2000, 49:480.
130. Tsuji H., Daimon H., Fujie K. A new strategy for recycling and preparation of poly(l-lactic acid): Hydrolysis in the melt. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4:835-840.
131. Kobayashi S., Uyama H., Takamoto T. Lipase-catalyzed degradation of polyesters in organic solvents. A new methodology of polymer recycling using enzyme as catalyst. Biomacromolecules 2000, 1:3-5.
132. Takamoto T., Uyama H., Kobayashi S. Lipase-catalyzed degradation of polyester in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecular Bioscience 2001, 1:215-218.
133. Takamoto T., Uyama H., Kobayashi S. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of aliphatic polyesters in supercritical carbon dioxide. e-Polymers 2001, 1-6.
134. Takahashi Y., Okajima S., Toshima K., Matsumura S. Lipase-catalyzed transformation of poly(lactic acid) into cyclic oligomers. Macromolecular Bioscience 2004, 4:346-353.
135. Matsumura S. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis and chemical recycling of polyesters. Macromolecular Bioscience 2002, 2:105-126.
136. Matsumura S., Ebata H., Kondo R., Toshima K. Organic solvent-free enzymatic transformation of poly(ε-caprolactone) into repolymerizable oligomers in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 2001, 22:1325-1329.
137. Matsumura S., Ebata H., Toshima K. A new strategy for sustainable polymer recycling using an enzyme: Poly(ε-caprolactone). Macromolecular Rapid Communications 2000, 21:860-863.
138. Matsumura S., Harai S., Toshima K. Lipase-catalyzed transformation of poly(trimethylene carbonate) into cyclic monomer, trimethylene carbonate: A new strategy for sustainable polymer recycling using an enzyme. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 2001, 22:215-218.
139. Ebata H., Toshima K., Matsumura S. Lipase-catalyzed transformation of Poly(ε-caprolactone) into cyclic dicaprolactone. Biomacromolecules 2000, 1:511-514.
140. Kondo R., Toshima K., Matsumura S. Lipase-catalyzed selective transformation of polycaprolactone into cyclic dicaprolactone and its repolymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecular Bioscience 2002, 2:267-271.
141. Kaihara S., Osanai Y., Nishikawa K., Toshima K., Doi Y., Matsumura S. Enzymatic transformation of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates into repolymerizable oligomers directed towards chemical recycling. Macromolecular Bioscience 2005, 5:644-652.
142. Osanai Y., Toshima K., Matsumura S. Enzymatic transformation of aliphatic polyesters into cyclic oligomers using enzyme packed column under continuous flow of supercritical carbon dioxide with toluene. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 2006, 7:202-208.
143. Ariffin H., Nishida H., Hassan M.A., Shirai Y. Chemical recycling of polyhydroxyalkanoates as a method towards sustainable development. Biotechnology Journal 2010, 5:484-492.
144. Cornell D. Biopolymers in the existing postconsumer plastics recycling stream. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2007, 15:295-299.
145. Witzke D.R. Introduction to Properties, Engineering, and Prospects of Polylactide Polymer 1997, PhD Thesis, Chemical Engineering, Michigan, State University. http://www.jimluntllc.com/pdfs/polylactic_acid_technology.pdf.
146. WRAP Final Report Development of NIR Detectable Black Plastic Packaging. Project code 2011, MDP024-004, Sept. http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Recyclability%20of%20black%20plastic%20packaging.pdf.
147. Bioplastics European Fact Sheet. Mechanical Recycling Dec 2010, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/fs/FactSheet_Mechanical_Recycling.pdf.
148. Huth-Fehre Th, Feldhoff R., Th Kantimm, Quick L., Winter F., Cammann K., et al. NIR - Remote sensing and artificial neural networks for rapid identification of post consumer plastics. Journal of Molecular Structure 1995, 348:143-146.
149. NatureWorks LLC Using Near-Infrared Sorting to Recycle PLA Bottles http://www.natureworksllc.com/the-ingeo-journey/end-of-life-%20options/recycling/recycling-sortation.aspx.
150. http://www.titech.com.
151. http://www.magsep.com.
152. WRAP Final Report: Domestic Mixed Plastics Packaging Waste Options, Project code: MDP017 June 2008, http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Mixed%20Plastic%20Final%20Report.pdf.
153. http://www.napcor.com/pdf/NAPCOR_PLA.pdf.
154. http://www.plasticsrecycling.org.
155. http://www.incpen.org.
156. Bruno E.A. Automated Sorting of Plastics for Recycling 2000, http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/09/08620.pdf.
157. SPI: The Plastics Industry Trade Association 2012, http://www.plasticsindustry.org/AboutPlastics/content.cfm%3FItemNumber%3D823.
158. Advances in Biodegradable Polymers. Rapra Review Reports. Report 98 1997, vol. 9. Rapra Technology Limited, (no. 2). G. Moore, S. Saunders (Eds.).
159. De Wilde B. Chapter 5: International Norms on Biodegradability and Certification Procedures. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers 2005, 145-182. Rapra Technology Limited, Sawbury, UK. C. Bastioli (Ed.).
160. Tolinski M. The Life Cycles of Plastics. Plastics and Sustainability: Towards a Peaceful Coexistence between Bio-based and Fossil Fuel-based Plastics 2011, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp. 31-71.
161. Levis J.W., Barlaz M.A. Is biodegradability a desirable attribute for discarded solid waste? Perspectives from a national landfill greenhouse gas inventory model. Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45:5470-5476.
162. Hermann B.G., Debeer L., De Wilde B., Blok K., Patel M.K. To compost or not to compost: Carbon and energy footprints of biodegradable materials' waste treatment. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2011, 96:1159-1171.
163. Davis G., Song J.H. Biodegradable packaging based on raw materials from crops and their impact on waste management. Industrial Crops and Products 2006, 23:147-161.
164. Kale G., Auras R., Singh S.P. Degradation of commercial biodegradable packages under real composting and ambient exposure conditions. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2006, 14:317-334.
165. Kyrikou I., Briassoulis D. Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films: A critical review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2007, 15:125-150.
166. Pranamuda H., Tokiwa Y., Tanaka H. Polylactide degradation by an Amycolatopsis sp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1997, 63:1637-1640.
167. Tomita K., Tsuji H., Nakajima T., Kikuchi Y., Ikarashi K., Ikeda N. Degradation of poly(D-lactic acid) by a thermophile. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2003, 81:167-171.
168. Tomita K., Kuroki Y., Nagai K. Isolation of thermophiles degrading poly(l-lactic acid). Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 1999, 87:752-755.
169. Tomita K., Nakajima T., Kikuchi Y., Miwa N. Degradation of poly(L-lactic acid) by a newly isolated thermophile. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2004, 84:433-438.
170. Ebeling W., Hennrich N., Klockow M., Metz H., Orth H.D., Lang H. Proteinase K from Tritirachium album Limber. European Journal of Biochemistry 1974, 47:91-97.
171. Tokiwa Y., Calabia B. Biodegradability and biodegradation of poly(lactide). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2006, 72:244-251.
172. Delafield F.P., Doudoroff M., Palleroni N.J., Lusty C.J., Contopoulos R. Decomposition of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by pseudomonads. Journal of Bacteriology 1965, 90:1455-1466.
173. Chowdhurry A.A. Poly-β-hydroxybuttersaure abbauende Bakterien und Exoenzym. Archives of Mikrobiology 1963, 47:167-200.
174. Lunt J. Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1998, 59:145-152.
175. Jendrossek D., Knoke I., Habibian R.B., Steinbûchel A., Schlegel H.G. Degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, by bacteria and purification of a novel PHB depolymerase from Comamonas sp. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1993, 1:53-63.
176. K-i Kasuya, Doi Y., Yao T. Enzymatic degradation of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] by Comamonas testosteroni ATSU of soil bacterium. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1994, 45:379-386.
177. Mergaert J., Webb A., Anderson C., Wouters A., Swings J. Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1993, 59:3233-3238.
178. Tanio T., Fukui T., Shirakura Y., Saito T., Tomita K., Kaiho T., et al. An extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis. European Journal of Biochemistry 1982, 124:71-77.
179. Mukai K., Yamada K., Doi Y. Efficient hydrolysis of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas stutzeri YM1414 isolated from lake water. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1994, 43:319-327.
180. Mukai K., Yamada K., Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) by a marine bacterium. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1993, 41:85-91.
181. Uefuji M., Kasuya K-i, Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: Secretion and properties of PHB depolymerase from Pseudomonas stutzeri. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1997, 58:275-281.
182. Kita K., Ishimaru K., Teraoka M., Yanase H., Kato N. Properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from a marine bacterium, Alcaligenes faecalis AE122. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995, 61:1727-1730.
183. Doi Y., Kanesawa Y., Kunioka M., Saito T. Biodegradation of microbial copolyesters: Poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate). Macromolecules 1990, 23:26-31.
184. Volova T.G., Gladyshev M.I., Trusova M.Y., Zhila N.O. Degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates in eutrophic reservoir. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2007, 92:580-586.
185. Knoll M., Hamm T.M., Wagner F., Martinez V., Pleiss J. The PHA Depolymerase Engineering Database: A systematic analysis tool for the diverse family of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) depolymerases. BMC Bioinformatics 2009, 10:89-97.
186. Mueller R.J. Biological degradation of synthetic polyesters-Enzymes as potential catalysts for polyester recycling. Process Biochemistry 2006, 41:2124-2128.
187. Witt U., Mûller R.J., Deckwer W.D. New biodegradable polyester-copolymers from commodity chemicals with favorable use properties. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1995, 3:215-223.
188. Mûller R.J., Kleeberg I., Deckwer W.D. Biodegradation of polyesters containing aromatic constituents. Journal of Biotechnology 2001, 86:87-95.
189. Mûller R.J. Aliphatic-Aromatic Polyesters. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers 2005, Shawbury, UK: Rapra Technology Limited. C. Bastioli (Ed.).
190. Tokiwa Y. Bidegradation of Polycarbonates. Biopolymers, vol. 9. Miscellaneous Biopolymers and Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers 2002, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany. S. Matsumura, A. Steinbûchel (Eds.).
191. Federle T.W., Barlaz M.A., Pettigrew C.A., Kerr K.M., Kemper J.J., Nuck B.A., et al. Anaerobic biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyoctanoate) and poly(ε-caprolactone). Biomacromolecules 2002, 3:813-822.
192. Itävaara M., Karjomaa S., Selin J.F. Biodegradation of polylactide in aerobic and anaerobic thermophilic conditions. Chemosphere 2002, 46:879-885.
193. Eldsäter C., Erlandsson B., Renstad R., Albertsson A.C., Karlsson S. The biodegradation of amorphous and crystalline regions in film-blown poly(ε-caprolactone). Polymer 2000, 41:1297-1304.
194. Nishide H., Toyota K., Kimura M. Effects of soil temperature and anaerobiosis on degradation of biodegradable plastics in soil and their degrading microorganisms. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 1999, 45:963-972.
195. Albertsson A.-C., Renstad R., Erlandsson B., Eldsäter C., Karlsson S. Effect of processing additives on (bio)degradability of film-blown poly(ε-caprolactone). Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1998, 70:61-74.
196. Gartiser S., Wallrabenstein M., Stiene G. Assessment of several test methods for the determination of the anaerobic biodegradability of polymers. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1998, 6:159-173.
197. Reischwitz A., Stoppok E., Buchholz K. Anaerobic degradation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate. Biodegradation 1998, 8:313-319.
198. Shin P.K., Kim M.H., Kim J.M. Biodegradability of degradable plastics exposed to anaerobic digested sludge and simulated landfill conditions. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1997, 5:33-39.
199. Budwill K., Fedorak P.M., Page W.J. Anaerobic microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) with various terminal electron acceptors. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1996, 4:91-102.
200. Urmeneta J., Mas-Castella J., Guerrero R. Biodegradation of poly-(beta)-hydroxyalkanoates in a lake sediment sample increases bacterial sulfate reduction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995, 61:2046-2048.
201. Budwill K., Fedorak P.M., Page W.J. Methanogenic degradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1992, 58:1398-1401.
202. Gu J.D., McCarthy S., Smith G., Eberiel D., Gross R. Degradability of cellulose acetate(1.7 D.S.) and cellophane in anaerobic bioreactors. Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering (PMSE) 1992, 67:230-231.
203. Rivard C., Moens L., Roberts K., Brigham J., Kelley S. Starch esters as biodegradable plastics: Effects of ester group chain length and degree of substitution on anaerobic biodegradation. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 1995, 17:848-852.
204. Gu J.D., Eberiel D., McCarthy S., Gross R. Cellulose acetate biodegradability upon exposure to simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactor environments. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1993, 1:143-153.
205. Nishida H., Tokiwa Y. Degradation of poly(2-oxepanone) by phytopathogens. Chemistry Letters 1994, 23:1547-1550.
206. Janssen P.H., Schink B. Pathway of anaerobic poly-β-hydroxybutyrate degradation by Ilyobacter delafieldii. Biodegradation 1993, 4:179-185.
207. Janssen P.H., Harfoot C. Ilyobacter delafieldii sp. nov., a metabolically restricted anaerobic bacterium fermenting PHB. Archives of Microbiology 1990, 154:253-259.
208. Abou-Zeid D., Mûller R., Deckwer W. Degradation of natural and synthetic polyesters under anaerobic conditions. Journal of Biotechnology 2001, 86:113-126.
209. Abou-Zeid D. Anaerobic biodegradation of natural and synthetic polyesters [dissertation]. TU Braunschweig 2001.
210. Abou-Zeid D.M., Mûller R.J., Deckwer W.D. Biodegradation of aliphatic homopolyesters and aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by anaerobic microorganisms. Biomacromolecules 2004, 5:1687-1697.
211. Wang F., Hidaka T., Oishi T., Osumi S., Tsubota J., Tsuno H. Degradation characteristics of polylactide in thermophilic anaerobic digestion with hyperthermophilic solubilization condition. Water Science and Technology 2011, 64:2135.
212. Wang F., Tsuno H., Hidaka T., Tsubota J. Promotion of polylactide degradation by ammonia under hyperthermophilic anaerobic conditions. Bioresource Technology 2011, 102:9933-9941.
213. Nolan-ITU Pty Ltd Environment Australia Biodegradable Plastics - Developments and Environmental Impacts. Prepared in association with ExcelPlas Australia; Ref: 3111-01 2002, Melbourne.
214. Doi Y., Kumagai Y., Tanahashi N., Mukai K. Structural effects on the biodegradation of microbial and synthetic poly(hydroxyalkanoates). Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics: Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics. Montpellier, 1991 1992, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, p. 139-46. M. Vert, J. Feijen, A. Albertsson, G. Scott, E. Chiellini (Eds.).
215. Brandl H., Piichner P. The degradation of shampoo bottles in a lake. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on New Biosynthetic, Biodegradable Polymers of Industrial Interest from Microorganisms. Sitges, Spain 1990. NATO ASI Series E: Applied Science 1990, vol. 186:412-422. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. E.A. Dawes (Ed.).
216. O'Brine T., Thompson R.C. Degradation of plastic carrier bags in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2010, 60:2279-2283.
217. Kasuya K-i, Inoue Y., Tanaka T., Akehata T., Iwata T., Fukui T., et al. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase of Comamonas acidovorans YM1609, isolated from freshwater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1997, 63:4844-4852.
218. Imam S.H., Gordon S.H., Shogren R.L., Tosteson T.R., Govind N.S., Greene R.V. Degradation of starch-poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) bioplastic in tropical coastal waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1999, 65:431-437.
219. Doi Y., Kanesawa Y., Tanahashi N., Kumagai Y. Biodegradation of microbial polyesters in the marine environment. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1992, 36:173-177.
220. Sridewi N., Bhubalan K., Sudesh K. Degradation of commercially important polyhydroxyalkanoates in tropical mangrove ecosystem. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2006, 91:2931-2940.
221. Rutkowska M., Krasowska K., Heimowska A., Adamus G., Sobota M., Musioł M., et al. Environmental degradation of blends of atactic poly-[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] with Natural PHBV in Baltic Sea Water and Compost with Activated Sludge. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2008, 16:183-191.
222. Ray S.S., Yamada K., Okamoto M., Ogami A., Ueda K. New polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposites. 3. High-performance biodegradable materials. Chemistry of Materials 2003, 15:1456-1465.
223. Cornelissen T., Jans M., Stals M., Kuppens T., Thewys T., Janssens G.K., et al. Flash co-pyrolysis of biomass: The influence of biopolymers. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2009, 85:87-97.
224. Cornelissen T., Jans M., Yperman J., Reggers G., Schreurs S., Carleer R. Flash co-pyrolysis of biomass with polyhydroxybutyrate: Part 1. Influence on bio-oil yield, water content, heating value and the production of chemicals. Fuel 2008, 87:2523-2532.
225. Cornelissen T., Yperman J., Reggers G., Schreurs S., Carleer R. Flash co-pyrolysis of biomass with polylactic acid. Part 1: Influence on bio-oil yield and heating value. Fuel 2008, 87:1031-1041.
226. Kuppens T., Cornelissen T., Carleer R., Yperman J., Schreurs S., Jans M., et al. Economic assessment of flash co-pyrolysis of short rotation coppice and biopolymer waste streams. Journal of Environmental Management 2010, 91:2736-2747.
227. Vilaplana F., Karlsson S. Quality concepts for the improved use of recycled polymeric materials. A review. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 2008, 293:274-297.
228. Plastics Technology http://www.ptonline.com/products/pe-film-reclaim-system-works-for-pla-too.
229. Laird K. 21.05.2012, PlasticsToday.com. http://www.plasticstoday.com/articles/recycling-made-simple-erema-ngr-052220125.
230. eppm -NEWS NGR Develops Effective Solution for Bioplastic Recycling (6 14) 2012, http://www.eppm.com/x/guideArchiveArticle.html%3Fgname%3D%26%26browse%3Dp%26bid%3D21%26id%3D35453.
231. Pallmann Maschinenfabrik GmbH & Co. KG Recycling of PLA (Polylactic Acid) Foam and Film Waste with The Plast-Agglomerator, Type PFV. http://www.pallmannindustries.com/pla_foam_waste_recycling.htm.
232. Södergård A., Näsman J.H. Stabilization of poly-(L-lactide) in the melt. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1994, 46:25-30.
233. Södergård A., Näsman J.H. Melt stability study of various types of poly(l-lactide). Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 1996, 35:732-735.
234. McNeill I., Leiper H. Degradation studies of some polyesters and polycarbonates-1. Polylactide: General features of the degradation under programmed heating conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1985, 11:267-285.
235. McNeill I., Leiper H. Degradation studies of some polyesters and polycarbonates-2. Polylactide: Degradation under isothermal conditions, thermal degradation mechanism and photolysis of the polymer. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1985, 11:309-326.
236. Wachsen O., Platkowski K., Reichert K.H. Thermal degradation of poly-l-lactide-studies on kinetics, modelling and melt stabilisation. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1997, 57:87-94.
237. Hartmann M. Advance in the commercialization of poly(lactic acid). Polymer Preprints 1999, 40:570-571.
238. BASF-News Release New life for recycled plastics and bioplastics in packaging applications 19 March 2009, http://www2.basf.us/corporate/news_2009/news_release_2009_00073.htm.
239. Pillin I., Montrelay N., Bourmaud A., Grohens Y. Effect of thermo-mechanical cycles on the physico-chemical properties of poly(lactic acid). Polymer Degradation and Stability 2008, 93:321-328.
240. Zenkiewicz M., Richert J., Rytlewski P., Moraczewski K., Stepczyńska M., Karasiewicz T. Characterisation of multi-extruded poly(lactic acid). Polymer Testing 2009, 28:412-418.
241. Hamad K., Kaseem M., Deri F. Effect of recycling on rheological and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/polystyrene polymer blend. Journal of Materials Science 2011, 46:3013-3019.
242. ® http://www.jbpaweb.net/english/english.htm.
243. Ravenstijn J. Bioplastics in consumer electronics. Industrial Biotechnology 2010, 6:252-263.
244. Public law 107-171-May 13. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002.
245. United Sates Department of Agriculture (USDA) - Biopreferred Program. USDA Biopreferred brand guide addendum - Definitions and frequently asked questions http://www.biopreferred.gov/FILES/Defintions_and_FAQs.pdf.
246. European Bioplastics Bioplastics. Fact Sheets October 2012, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/fs/Bioplastics_eng.pdf.
247. Raquez J.-M., Deléglise M., Lacrampe M.F., Krawczak P. Thermosetting (bio)materials derived from renewable resources: A critical review. Progress in Polymer Science 2010, 35:487-509.
248. Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics Association http://www.biodeg.org.
249. Symphony Environmental Technologies 19 March 2010, Symphony statement - Response to Loughborough report. http://www.biodeg.org/files/uploaded/biodeg/Sym_response_to_Loughborough_Rept%2816%29%5B1%5D.pdf.
250. Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics Association Response to "European Bioplastics, Environmental Communications Guide," September 2012, http://www.biodeg.org.
251. European Bioplastics http://en.european-bioplastics.org.
252. European Bioplastics Oxo-biodegradable Plastics July 2009, Position Paper. http://en.european-bioplastics.org.
253. NOLAN-ITU, Pty Ltd. Environment Australia Biodegradable Plastics - Developments and Environmental Impacts. Prepared in association with ExcelPlas Australia; Ref: 3111-01. Melbourne 2002.
254. Scott G. Oxobiodegradable plastic. Bioplastics Magazine 2009, 4:28-30.
255. Lockerbie A. Benefit of bioplastics questioned by industry. Materials Recycling Week November 2006, 20. http://www.mrw.co.uk/home/benefit-of-bioplastics-questioned-by-industry-comment-update/3000509.article.
256. Thomas N., Clarke J., McLauchlin A., Patrick S. Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Oxo-degradable Plastics Across Their Life Cycle March 2010, A research report completed for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, by the Department of Materials at Loughborough University, UK, pdf-file at, pp. 1-104. http://www.defra.gov.uk.
257. Södergard A., Stolt M. Properties of lactic acid based polymers and their correlation with composition. Progress in Polymer Science 2002, 27:1123-1163.
258. Kopinke F.D., Remmler M., Mackenzie K., Möder M., Wachsen O. Thermal decomposition of biodegradable polyesters-II. Poly(lactic acid). Polymer Degradation and Stability 1996, 53:329-342.
259. McNeill I., Leiper H. Degradation studies of some polyesters and polycarbonates-1. Polylactide: General features of the degradation under programmed heating conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1985, 11:267-285.
260. McNeill I.C., Leiper H.A. Degradation studies of some polyesters and polycarbonates-2. Polylactide: Degradation under isothermal conditions, thermal degradation mechanism and photolysis of the polymer. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1985, 11:309-326.
261. Tsuji H., Fukui I., Daimon H., Fujie K. Poly-(L-lactide) XI. Lactide formation by thermal depolymerisation of poly(l-lactide) in a closed system. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2003, 81:501-509.
262. Lim L.T., Auras R., Rubino M. Processing technologies for poly(lactic acid). Progress in Polymer Science 2008, 33:820-852.
263. Nishida H. Thermal degradation. Poly(lactic acid): Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, and Applications 2010, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 401-12. R.A. Auras, L.T. Lim, S.E.M. Selke, H. Tsuji (Eds.).
264. Morikawa H., Marchessault R.H. Pyrolysis of bacterial polyalkanoates. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 1981, 59:2306-2313.
265. Ballistreri A., Garozzo D., Giuffrida M., Impallomeni G., Montaudo G. Analytical degradation: An approach to the structural analysis of microbial polyesters by different methods. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 1989, 16:239-253.
266. Kopinke F.D., Remmler M., Mackenzie K. Thermal decomposition of biodegradable polyesters-I: Poly(β-hydroxybutyric acid). Polymer Degradation and Stability 1996, 52:25-38.
267. Gonzalez A., Irusta L., Fernandez-Berridi M.J., Iriarte M., Iruin J.J. Application of pyrolysis/gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and TGA techniques in the study of thermal degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Polymer Degradation and Stability 2005, 87:347-354.
268. Kawalec M., Adamus G., Kurcok P., Kowalczuk M., Foltran I., Focarete M.L., et al. Carboxylate-induced degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)s. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8:1053-1058.
269. Ariffin H., Nishida H., Shirai Y., Hassan M.A. Anhydride production as an additional mechanism of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) pyrolysis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2009, 111:323-328.
270. Lucas N., Bienaime C., Belloy C., Queneudec M., Silvestre F., Nava-Saucedo J.E. Polymer biodegradation: Mechanisms and estimation techniques-A review. Chemosphere 2008, 73:429-442.
271. Tsuji H., Echizen Y., Nishimura Y. Photodegradation of biodegradable polyesters: A comprehensive study on poly(l-lactide) and poly(ε-caprolactone). Polymer Degradation and Stability 2006, 91:1128-1137.
272. Ikada E., Takeuchi Y., Ashida M. Possibility of poly(lactic Acid) as a photodegradable polymer. Kobunshi Ronbunshu 1992, 49:527-533.
273. Ikada E. Role of the molecular structure in the photodecomposition of polymers. Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 1993, 6:115-122.
274. Ikada E. Photo- and bio-degradable polyesters. Photodegradation behaviors of aliphatic polyesters. Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 1997, 10:265-270.
275. Belbachir S., Zaïri F., Ayoub G., Maschke U., Naït-Abdelaziz M., Gloaguen J.M., et al. Modelling of photodegradation effect on elastic-viscoplastic behaviour of amorphous polylactic acid films. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 2010, 58:241-255.
276. Sakai W., Kinoshita M., Nagata M., Tsutsumi N. ESR studies of photosensitized degradation of poly(L-lactic acid) via photoionization of dopant. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2001, 39:706-714.
277. Yasuda N., Wang Y., Tsukegi T., Shirai Y., Nishida H. Quantitative evaluation of photodegradation and racemization of poly(l-lactic acid) under UV-C irradiation. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2010, 95:1238-1243.
278. Kijchavengkul T., Auras R., Rubino M., Ngouajio M., Fernandez R.T. Assessment of aliphatic-aromatic copolyester biodegradable mulch films. Part II: Laboratory simulated conditions. Chemosphere 2008, 71:1607-1616.
279. Kijchavengkul T., Auras R., Rubino M., Ngouajio M., Fernandez R.T. Assessment of aliphatic-aromatic copolyester biodegradable mulch films. Part I: Field study. Chemosphere 2008, 71:942-953.
280. Briassoulis D. Mechanical behaviour of biodegradable agricultural films under real field conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2006, 91:1256-1272.
281. Briassoulis D. Analysis of the mechanical and degradation performances of optimised agricultural biodegradable films. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2007, 92:1115-1132.
282. Lunt J. Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1998, 59:145-152.
283. Hu H.-T., Shin T.-C., Lee S.-Y., Chen C.-C., Yang J- C. Influence of hydrolytic degradation on the surface properties of poly-5d/95l-lactide resorbable bone plates. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2011, 96:1522-1529.
284. Williams S., Peoples O. Biodegradable plastics from plants. CHEMTECH 1996, 26:38-44.
285. Wilde de B. Chapter 5: International Norms on Biodegradability and Certification Procedures. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers 2005, Sawbury, UK: Rapra Technology Limited, pp. 145-182. C. Bastioli (Ed.).
286. Itävaara M., Siika-aho M., Viikari L. Enzymatic degradation of cellulose-based materials. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1999, 7:67-73.
287. Mûller R.J. Biodegradability of polymers: Regulations and methods for testing. Biopolymers Online 2005.
288. Moore G.F., Saunders S.M. Advances in Biodegradable Polymers. Rapra Technology Limited; 1997.
289. Zee M. Chapter 1: Biodegradability of Polymers: Mechanisms and Evaluation Methods. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers 2005, Rapra Technology Limited, Sawbury, UK, pp. 1-32. C. Bastioli (Ed.).
290. Shah A.A., Hasan F., Hameed A., Ahmed S. Biological degradation of plastics: A comprehensive review. Biotechnology Advances 2008, 26:246-265.
291. Breulmann M., Kûnkel A., Philipp S., Reimer V., Siegenthaler K.O., Skupin G., et al. Polymers, Biodegradable. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
292. Innocenti F.D. Chapter 3: Biodegradation Behaviour of Polymers in the Soil. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers 2005, Sawbury, UK: Rapra Technology Limited, pp. 57-102. C. Bastioli (Ed.).
293. Fritz J. Chapter 4: Ecotoxicological Aspects in the Biodegradation Process of Polymers. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers 2005, Sawbury, UK: Rapra Technology Limited, pp. 103-144. C. Bastioli (Ed.).
294. Supplementary patents (not necessarily relating to biopolymers)PatentPub. dateFamily membersApplicantTitleGB2464285 A20100414US2011200771 A1 20110818;MX2011003798 A 20110729;WO2010041063 A2 20100415;WO2010041063 A3 20100916;EP2334723 A2 20110622;CN102177196 A 20110907WELLS PLASTICS LTDTransition metal additives for enhancing polymer degradationWO9928366 A119990610AU1709099 A 19990616;US5990266 A 19991123;US6121033 A 20000919UNIV NEBRASKANovel degradable polyesters useful in packaging, agricultural, and biomedical applications.
295. Vroman I., Tighzert L. Biodegradable polymers. Materials 2009, 2:307-344.
296. Mochizuki M., Hirami M. Structural effects on the biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 1997, 8:203-209.
297. Dunsing R., Kricheldorf H.R. Polylactones. Polymer Bulletin 1985, 14:491-495.
298. Kricheldorf H.R., Dunsing R. Polylactones, 8. Mechanism of the cationic polymerization of L, L-dilactide. Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1986, 187:1611-1625.
299. Maharana T., Mohanty B., Negi Y. Melt-solid polycondensation of lactic acid and its biodegradability. Progress in Polymer Science 2009, 34:99-124.
300. Radano C.P., Baker G.L., Smith M. Stereoselective polymerization of a racemic monomer with a racemic catalyst: Direct preparation of the polylactic acid stereocomplex from racemic lactide. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2000, 122:1552-1553.
301. Auras R., Harte B., Selke S. An overview of polylactides as packaging materials. Macromolecular Bioscience 2004, 4:835-864.
302. Rutot D., Dubois P. Les (bio)polyméres biodégradables: L'enjeu de demain? Chimie Nouvelle 2004, 86:66-74.
303. Nair L.S., Laurencin C.T. Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. Progress in Polymer Science 2007, 32:762-798.
304. Loos K. Biocatalysis in Polymer Chemistry 2011, Wiley-VCH.
305. Steinbûchel A., Valentin H.E. Diversity of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acids. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1995, 128:219-228.
306. Witholt B., Kessler B. Perspectives of medium chain length poly(hydroxyalkanoates), a versatile set of bacterial bioplastics. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 1999, 10:279-285.
307. Abe C., Taima Y., Nakamura Y., Doi Y. New bacterial copolyester of 3-hydroxyalkanoates and 3-hydroxy-ω-fluoroalkanoates produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans. Polymer Communications 1990, 31:404-406.
308. Fritzsche K., Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C. An unusual bacterial polyester with a phenyl pendant group. Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2003, 191:1957-1965.
309. Hocking P., Marchessault R. Biopolyesters. Chemistry and Technology of Biodegradable Polymers 1994, 48-96. Chapman and Hall, London. G. Griffin (Ed.).
310. Williams S., Peoples O. Biodegradable plastics from plants. CHEMTECH 1996, 26:38-44.
311. Mûller H.-M., Seebach D. Poly(hydroxyfettsäureester), eine fûnfte Klasse von physiologisch bedeutsamen organischen Biopolymeren?. Angewandte Chemie 1993, 105:483-509.
312. Delafield F.P., Doudoroff M., Palleroni N.J., Lusty C.J., Contopoulos R. Decomposition of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by pseudomonads. Journal of Bacteriology 1965, 90:1455-1466.
313. Steinbûchel A. Perspectives for biotechnological production and utilization of biopolymers: Metabolic engineering of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis pathways as a successful example. Macromolecular Bioscience 2001, 1:1-24.
314. De Koning G., Lemstra P. Crystallization phenomena in bacterial poly [(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: 2. Embrittlement and rejuvenation. Polymer 1993, 34:4089-4094.
315. Fei B., Chen C., Wu H., Peng S., Wang X., Dong L., et al. Modified poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) using hydrogen bonding monomers. Polymer 2004, 45:6275-6284.
316. Saito Y., Doi Y. Microbial synthesis and properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in Comamonas acidovorans. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 1994, 16:99-104.
317. Koosha F., Muller R., Davis S. Polyhydroxybutyrate as a drug carrier. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 1989, 6:117-130.
318. Pouton C.W., Akhtar S. Biosynthetic polyhydroxyalkanoates and their potential in drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 1996, 18:133-162.
319. Matsumura S. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis and chemical recycling of polyesters. Macromolecular Bioscience 2002, 2:105-126.
320. Brode G., Koleske J. Lactone polymerization and polymer properties. Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 1972, 6:1109-1144.
321. Takiyama E., Fujimaki T. "BIONOLLE", Biodegradable Plastic through Chemical Synthesis. Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers Studies in Polymer Science 1994, vol. 12:150-174. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
322. Maeda Y., Nakayama A., Iyoda J., Hayashi K., Yamamoto N. Synthesis and biodegradation of the copolymers of succinic anhydride with various oxiranes. Japanese Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 1993, 50:723-729.
323. Lu J., Qiu Z., Yang W. Fully biodegradable blends of poly(L-lactide) and poly(ethylene succinate): Miscibility, crystallization, and mechanical properties. Polymer 2007, 48:4196-4204.
324. Tokiwa Y., Calabia B.P., Ugwu C.U., Aiba S. Biodegradability of plastics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2009, 10:3722-3742.
325. Guzman de D. SDK starts bio-PBS sampling 2012, Blog "ICIS Green Chemicals", 12.07. http://www.icis.com/blogs/green-chemicals/2012/07/sdk-starts-bio-pbs-sampling.html.
326. Ishioka R., Kitakuni E., Ichikawa Y. Biopolymers, polyesters III. applications and commercial products 2002, Aliphatic Polyesters: "Bionolle" In: Doi Y, Steinbûchel A, editors. Biopolymers, vol. 4. Polyesters III: Applications and Commercial Products, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 275-298.
327. Tokiwa Y., Suzuki T., Takeda K. Hydrolysis of polyesters by Rhizopus arrhizus lipase. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 1986, 50:1323-1325.
328. Carothers W.H., Arvin J., Dorough G. Studies on polymerization and ring formation. V. Glycol esters of oxalic acid. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1930, 52:3292-3300.
329. The Coca-Cola Company Press Releases The Coca-Cola Company Announces Partnerships to Develop Commercial Solutions for Plastic Bottles Made Entirely From Plants 2011, 15.12. http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/dynamic/press_center/2011/12/plantbottle-partnerships.html.
330. Toray Industries Inc Corporate Communications Section, Press Releases. Toray Succeeds in Production of the World's First Fully Renewable, Biobased Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Fiber 15 November 2011, http://www.toray.com/news/fiber/nr111115.html.
331. Eerhart A., Faaij A., Patel M. Replacing fossil based PET with biobased PEF; process analysis, energy and GHG balance. Energy & Environmental Science 2012, 5:6407-6422.
332. Houck M., Huff R., Lowe P., Menold R. Poly-(trimethylene terephthalate): A "new" type of polyester fiber. Forensic Science Communications 2001, 3.
333. Wu T., Li Y., Wu Q., Song L., Wu G. Thermal analysis of the melting process of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) using FTIR micro-spectroscopy. European Polymer Journal 2005, 41:2216-2223.
334. Schroeder H., Cella R. Polyesters, elastomeric. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Second Edition. Wiley-Interscience; 1988, 12:75-117.
335. Quirk R., Alsamarraie M. Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomers. Biopolymers I: Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Marcel Dekker, Inc, Handbook of Elastomers: New Developments and Technology 1993, 341-373. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. A.K. Bhowmick, H.L. Stephens (Eds.).
336. Tijsma E., van der Does L., Bantjes A., Vulić I. Mechanical properties and chemical stability of pivalolactone-based poly(ether ester)s. Polymer 1994, 35:5483-5490.
337. Inoue S., Koinuma H., Tsuruta T. Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide with organometallic compounds. Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1969, 130:210-220.
338. Tao J., Song C., Cao M., Hu D., Liu L., Liu N., et al. Thermal properties and degradability of poly(propylene carbonate)/poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate)(PPC/PHBV) blends. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2009, 94:575-583.
339. Zhu K., Hendren R., Jensen K., Pitt C. Synthesis, properties, and biodegradation of poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate). Macromolecules 1991, 24:1736-1740.
340. Pranamuda H., Chollakup R., Tokiwa Y. Degradation of polycarbonate by a polyester-degrading strain, Amycolatopsis sp. strain HT-6. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1999, 65:4220-4222.
341. Thielen M. Basics of polyamides. Bioplastics Magazine 2010, 5:51-53.
342. Oppermann-Sanio F., Steinbûchel A. Occurrence, functions and biosynthesis of polyamides in microorganisms and biotechnological production. Naturwissenschaften 2002, 89:11-22.
343. Bajaj I., Singhal R. Poly (glutamic acid)-An emerging biopolymer of commercial interest. Bioresource Technology 2011, 102:5551-5561.
344. Hermand R. Biopolymers: Making Materials Nature's Way 1993, John Wiley, New York.
345. Kunioka M., Choi H.J. Properties of biodegradable hydrogels prepared by γ irradiation of microbial poly(ε-lysine) aqueous solutions. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1995, 58:801-806.
346. Ajinomoto and Toray to Conduct Joint Research on Biobased Nylon 2012, 09.10. http://www.ajinomoto.com/about/press/g2012_02_13.html.
347. Rodriguez-Galan A., Franco L., Puiggali J. Degradable poly(ester amide)s for biomedical applications. Polymers 2010, 3:65-99.
348. Vasile C., Zaikov G. Environmentally Degradable Materials Based on Multicomponent Polymeric Systems 2009, CRC Press.
349. Wolf O., Crank M., Patel M., Marscheider-Weidemann F., Schleich J., Hûsing B., et al. Techno-economic feasibility of large-scale production of bio-based polymers in Europe. European Commission Technical Report EUR 22103 EN. European Communities 2005.
350. Guan J., Stankus J.J., Wagner W.R. Development of composite porous scaffolds based on collagen and biodegradable poly(ester urethane) urea. Cell Transplantation 2006, 15:S17.
351. Desroches M., Escouvois M., Auvergne R., Caillol S., Boutevin B. From vegetable oils to polyurethanes: Synthetic routes to polyols and main industrial products. Polymer Reviews 2012, 52:38-79.
352. Adler E. Lignin chemistry-past, present and future. Wood Science and Technology 1977, 11:169-218.
353. Roberts A.D. Natural Rubber Science and Technology 1988, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
354. Heller J., Barr J., Ng S.Y., Abdellauoi K.S., Gurny R. Poly(ortho esters): Synthesis, characterization, properties and uses. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2002, 54:1015-1039.
355. Heller J. Poly(ortho esters). Biopolymers I. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer 1993, 41-92. R. Langer, N. Peppas (Eds.).
356. Hill J.W., Carothers W.H. Studies of polymerization and ring formation. XIV. A linear superpolyanhydride and a cyclic dimeric anhydride from sebacic acid. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1932, 54:1569-1579.
357. Hill J.W. Studies on polymerization and ring formation. VI. Adipic anhydride. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1930, 52:4110-4114.
358. Ibim S.E.M., Uhrich K.E., Attawia M., Shastri V.R., El-Amin S.F., Bronson R., et al. Preliminary in vivo report on the osteocompatibility of poly-(anhydride-co-imides) evaluated in a tibial model. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1998, 43:374-379.
359. Kumar N., Langer R.S., Domb A.J. Polyanhydrides: An overview. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2002, 54:889-910.
360. Domb A.J., Ron E., Langer R. Poly(anhydrides). 2. One-step polymerization using phosgene or diphosgene as coupling agents. Macromolecules 1988, 21:1925-1929.
361. Allcock H.R., Kugel R.L. Synthesis of high polymeric alkoxy- and aryloxyphosphonitriles. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1965, 87:4216-4217.
362. Allcock H.R. Polyphosphazenes: New polymers with inorganic backbone atoms. Science 1976, 193:1214-1219.
363. Allcock H.R. Poly(organophosphazenes)-Unusual new high polymers. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 1977, 16:147-156.
364. Allcock H.R. Polyphosphazenes. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers 1992, 2:197-211.
365. Allcock H.R. Inorganic-organic polymers. Advanced Materials 1994, 6:106-115.
366. Laurencin C.T., Koh H.J., Neenan T.X., Allcock H.R., Langer R. Controlled release using a new bioerodible polyphosphazene matrix system. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1987, 21:1231-1246.
367. Laurencin C.T., Norman M.E., Elgendy H.M., El-Amin S.F., Allcock H.R., Pucher S.R., et al. Use of polyphosphazenes for skeletal tissue regeneration. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1993, 27:963-973.
368. Gunatillake P.A., Adhikari R. Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. European Cells & Materials Journal 2003, 5:1-16.
369. Bastioli C. Properties and applications of Mater-Bi starch-based materials. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1998, 59:263-272.
370. Jin H.J., Chin I.J., Kim M.N., Kim S.H., Yoon J.S. Blending of poly(L-lactic acid) with poly(cis-1, 4-isoprene). European Polymer Journal 2000, 36:165-169.
371. Broz M., VanderHart D., Washburn N. Structure and mechanical properties of poly(d,l-lactic acid)/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends. Biomaterials 2003, 24:4181-4190.
372. Parulekar Y., Mohanty A.K. Biodegradable toughened polymers from renewable resources: Blends of polyhydroxybutyrate with epoxidized natural rubber and maleated polybutadiene. Green Chemistry 2005, 8:206-213.
373. Shuai X., He Y., Na Y.H., Inoue Y. Miscibility of block copolymers of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol) with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) as well as the compatibilizing effect of these copolymers in blends of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2001, 80:2600-2608.
374. Qiu Z., Ikehara T., Nishi T. Poly-(hydroxybutyrate)/poly(butylene succinate) blends: Miscibility and nonisothermal crystallization. Polymer 2003, 44:2503-2508.
375. Ha C.S., Cho W.J. Miscibility, properties, and biodegradability of microbial polyester containing blends. Progress in Polymer Science 2002, 27:759-809.
376. Abbate M., Martuscelli E., Ragosta G., Scarinzi G. Tensile properties and impact behaviour of poly(D(-)3-hydroxybutyrate)/rubber blends. Journal of Materials Science 1991, 26:1119-1125.
377. Greco P., Martuscelli E. Crystallization and thermal behaviour of poly(d(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate)-based blends. Polymer 1989, 30:1475-1483.
378. Pachekoski W.M., Agnelli J.A.M., Belem L.P. Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate) and polypropylene blends after processing. Materials Research 2009, 12:159-164.
379. Avella M., Martuscelli E. Poly-D-(-)-(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blends: Phase diagram, thermal and crystallization behaviour. Polymer 1988, 29:1731-1737.
380. Yoon J.S., Choi C.S., Maing S.J., Choi H.J., Lee H.S., Choi S.J. Miscibility of poly-D-(-)-(3-hydroxybutyrate) in poly(ethylene oxide) and poly (methyl methacrylate). European Polymer Journal 1993, 29:1359-1364.
381. Choi H.J., Park S.H., Yoon J.S., Lee H.S., Choi S.J. Rheological study on poly-d-(-)-(3-hydroxybutyrate) and its blends with poly(ethylene oxide). Polymer Engineering & Science 1995, 35:1636-1642.
382. Avella M., Martuscelli E., Greco P. Crystallization behaviour of poly (ethylene oxide) from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blends: Phase structuring, morphology and thermal behaviour. Polymer 1991, 32:1647-1653.
383. Baumberger S., Lapierre C., Monties B. Utilization of pine kraft lignin in starch composites: Impact of structural heterogeneity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1998, 46:2234-2240.
384. Baumberger S., Lapierre C., Monties B., Valle G.D. Use of kraft lignin as filler for starch films. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1998, 59:273-277.
385. Raquez J.M., Narayan R., Dubois P. Recent advances in reactive extrusion processing of biodegradable polymer-based compositions. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 2008, 293:447-470.
386. Nitz H., Semke H., Landers R., Mûlhaupt R. Reactive extrusion of polycaprolactone compounds containing wood flour and lignin. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2001, 81:1972-1984.
387. Weihua K., He Y., Asakawa N., Inoue Y. Effect of lignin particles as a nucleating agent on crystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2004, 94:2466-2474.
388. Graupner N. Application of lignin as natural adhesion promoter in cotton fibre-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites. Journal of Materials Science 2008, 43:5222-5229.
389. Li J., He Y., Inoue Y. Thermal and mechanical properties of biodegradable blends of poly(L-lactic acid) and lignin. Polymer International 2003, 52:949-955.
390. Bourg V., Chivrac F., Berthé V. Bioplastic innovation 2012, 09.10. http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2012/06/02/galactic-to-research-on-lactic-acid-production-from-algal-%20.
391. Corporation R. Chemical Additives for the Plastics Industry: Properties, Applications, Toxicologies 1987, Radian Corporation, Noyes Publications, New Jersey, USA.
392. Labrecque L., Kumar R., Dave V., Gross R., McCarthy S. Citrate esters as plasticizers for poly(lactic acid). Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1998, 66:1507-1513.
393. Martin O., Avérous L. Poly(lactic acid): Plasticization and properties of biodegradable multiphase systems. Polymer 2001, 42:6209-6219.
394. Jacobsen S., Fritz H. Filling of poly(lactic acid) with native starch. Polymer Engineering & Science 1996, 36:2799-2804.
395. Jacobsen S., Fritz H.G. Plasticizing polylactide-the effect of different plasticizers on the mechanical properties. Polymer Engineering & Science 2004, 39:1303-1310.
396. Baltieri R.C., Innocentini Mei L.H., Bartoli J. Study of the influence of plasticizers on the thermal and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) compounds. Macromolecular Symposia 2003, 197:33-44.
397. King D., Inderwildi O.R., Wiliams A. The Future of Industrial Biorefineries. Cologny/Geneva: World Economic Forum 2010.
398. Cereplast 2012, 09.10. http://www.cereplast.com/innovation.
399. Dow. In: Winder D, editor, . http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/turning-carbon-dioxide-into-fuel/.
400. Kram J. PetroSun commences algae-farm operations. Biodiesel Magazine April 15, 2008.
401. Soley Institute 2012, 09.10. http://algaeinstitute.com.
402. Frost & Sullivan. Biodegradable Packaging Market - Opportunity 2008, N4F6-39.
403. Blog "Bioplastic innovation" Overview of the main applications based on bioplastics 2012, 06.08. http://bioplastic-innovation.com/%3Fs%3DGalactic, V. Bourg, F. Chivrac, V. Berthé (Eds.).
404. European Bioplastics Service packaging October 2012, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/press/press-pictures/service-packaging/.
405. European Bioplastics Food packaging October 2012, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/press/press-pictures/food-packaging/.
406. Applications October 2012, http://www.bio-plastics.org/en/information%8211knowledge-a-market-know-how/range-of-application/farmingandgardening.
407. European Bioplastics Agriculture and horticulture October 2012, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/market/applications/agriculturehorticulture/.
408. European Bioplastics Consumer electronics October 2012, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/press/press-pictures/consumer-electronics/.
409. Hill K., Swiecki B., Cregger J. The Bio-Based Materials Automotive Value Chain. CAR - CENTER FOR AUTOMOBILE RESEARCH February 2012.
410. European Bioplastics Textiles and fibers October 2012, http://en.european-bioplastics.org/press/press-pictures/textilesfibers/.
411. Platt D.K. Biodegradable polymers: Market report. Shawbury, UK: Smithers Rapra Technology 2006.
412. Wijk van I. Biobased plastic sporting goods - the perfect stepstone for the wider exposure of bio-based plastics. Bioplastics Magazine 2012, 7:28-29.
413. Blog "InnovativeIndustry.net" PLA Recycling Infrastructure 12.02. http://www.innovativeindustry.net/pla-recycling-infrastructure.