Sea-ice microbial communities

The Prokaryotes: Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology

Volumn 9783642301230, Issue , 2013, Pages 139-161

  Bowman, John P ^a  

^a University of Tasmania   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929845123     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30123-0_46     Document Type: Chapter

References (218)

1. Ackley SF, Sullivan CW (1994) Physical controls on the development and characteristics of Antarctic Sea ice biological communities-a review and synthesis. Deep Sea Research I. Oceanogr Res Paper 41:1583-1604
2. Ackley SF, Diekmann GS, Shen H (1987) Algal and foram incorporation into new sea ice. Eos 68:1736
3. Aguilar A, Ingemansson T, Magnien E (1998) Extremophile microorganisms as cell factories-support from the European Union. Extremophiles 2:367-373
4. Allen EE, Bartlett DH (2002) Structure and regulation of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase genes from the deep-sea bacterium Photobacterium profundum strain SS9. Microbiology 148:1903-1913
5. Allen PA, Etienne JL (2008) Sedimentary challenge to Snowball Earth. Nat Geosci 1:817-825
6. Arrigo KR, Thomas DN (2004) Large scale of sea ice biology in the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Sci 16:471-486
7. Auman AJ, Breezee JL, Gosink JJ, Kämpfer P, Staley JT (2006) Psychromonas ingrahamii sp nov., a novel gas vacuolate, psychrophilic bacterium isolated from Arctic polar sea ice. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:1001-1007
8. Auman AJ, Breezee JL, Gosink JJ, Schumann P, Barnes CR, Kämpfer P, Staley JT (2010) Psychromonas boydii sp nov., a gas-vacuolate, psychrophilic bacterium isolated from an Arctic sea-ice core. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:84-92
9. Baas-Becking LGM(1934) Geobiologie of inleiding tot de milieukunde.W.P. Van Stockum & Zoon, The Hague
10. Bathmann UK, Bathmann UK, Scharek R, Klaas C, Duischar CD, Smetachek V (1997) Spring development of phytoplankton biomass and composition in major water masses of the Atlantic sector and the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 44:51-67
11. Bayer-Giraldi M, Uhlig C, John U,Mock T, Valentin K (2010) Antifreeze proteins in polar sea ice diatoms: diversity and gene expression in the genus Fragilariopsis. Environ Microbiol 12:1041-1052
12. Bayer-Giraldi M, Weikusat I, Besir H, Dieckmann G (2011) Characterization of an antifreeze protein from the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its relevance in sea ice. Cryobiology 63:210-219
13. Bell W, Mitchell R (1972) Chemotactic and growth responses of marine bacteria to algal extracellular products. Biol Bull 143:265-277
14. Bluhm BA, Gradinger RR, Schnack-Shiel SB (2010) Sea-ice meio-and macrofauna. In: Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (eds) Sea ice, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, pp 357-394
15. Boras JA, Sala MM, Arrieta JM, Sa EL, Felipe J, Agusti S, Duarte CM, Vaque D (2010) Effect of ice melting on bacterial carbon fluxes channeled by viruses and protists in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Biol 33:1695-1707
16. Borriss M, Helmke E, Hanschke R, Schweder T (2004) Isolation and characterization of marine psychrophilic phage-host systems from Arctic sea-ice. Extremophiles 7:377-384
17. Borriss M, Lombardot T, Glockner FO, Becher D, Albrecht D, Schweder T (2007) Genome and proteome characterization of the psychrophilic Flavobacterium phage 11b. Extremophiles 11:95-104
18. Bowman JP (1998) Pseudoalteromonas prydzensis sp. nov., a psychrotrophic, halotolerant bacterium from Antarctic sea ice. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 48:1037-1041
19. Bowman JP (2000) Description of Cellulophaga algicola sp. nov., isolated from the surfaces of Antarctic algae, and reclassification of Cytophaga uliginosa (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Reichenbach 1989 as Cellulophaga uliginosa comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50:1861-1868
20. Bowman JP (2008) Genomic analysis of psychrophilic prokaryotes. In: Margesin R, Schinner F, Marx J-C, Gerday C (eds) Psychrophiles: from biodiversity to biotechnology. Springer, New York, pp 265-284
21. Bowman JS, Deming JW (2010) Elevated bacterial abundance and exopolymers in saline frost flowers and implications for atmospheric chemistry and microbial dispersal. Geophys Res Lett 12:1041-1052
22. Bowman JP, Nichols DS (2002) Aequorivita gen. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from terrestrial and marine Antarctic habitats. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1533-1541
23. Bowman JP, Nichols DS (2005) Novel members of the family Flavobacteriaceae from Antarctic maritime habitats including Subsaximicrobium wynnwilliamsii gen. nov., sp nov., Subsaximicrobium saxinquililnus sp nov., Subsaxibacter broadyi gen. nov., sp nov., Lacinutrix copepodicola gen. nov., sp nov., and novel species of the genera Bizionia, Gelidibacter and Gillisia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:1471-1486
24. Bowman JP, Brown MV, Nichols DS (1997a) Biodiversity and ecophysiology of bacteria associated with Antarctic sea ice. Antarctic Sci 9:134-142
25. Bowman JP, McCammon SA, Brown JL, Nichols PD, McMeekin TA (1997b) Psychroserpens burtonensis gen. nov, sp. nov, and Gelidibacter algens gen. nov, sp. nov, psychrophilic bacteria isolated from Antarctic lacustrine and sea ice habitats. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47:670-677
26. Bowman JP, McCammon SA, Brown MV, Nichols DS, McMeekin TA (1997c) Diversity and association of psychrophilic bacteria in Antarctic sea ice. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3068-3078
27. Bowman JP, McCammon SA, Nichols DS, Skerratt JH, Rea SM, Nichols PD, McMeekin TA (1997d) Shewanella gelidimarina sp. nov. and Shewanella frigidimarina sp. nov., novel Antarctic species with the ability to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3) and grow anaerobically by dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47:1040-1047
28. Bowman JP, Nichols DS, McMeekin TA (1997e) Psychrobacter glacincola sp. nov, a halotolerant, psychrophilic bacterium isolated from Antarctic sea ice. Syst Appl Microbiol 20:209-215
29. Bowman JP, Gosink JJ, McCammon SA, Lewis TE, Nichols DS, Nichols PD, Skerratt JH, Staley JT, McMeekin TA (1998a) Colwellia demingiae sp. nov., Colwellia hornerae sp. nov., Colwellia rossensis sp. nov. and Colwellia psychrotropica sp. nov.: psychrophilic Antarctic species with the ability to synthesize docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6 omega 3). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 48:1171-1180
30. Bowman JP,McCammon SA, Brown JL,McMeekin TA (1998b) Glaciecola punicea gen. nov., sp. nov. and Glaciecola pallidula gen. nov., sp. nov.: psychrophilic bacteria from Antarctic sea-ice habitats. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 48:1213-1222
31. Bowman JP, McCammon SA, Lewis T, Skerratt JH, Brown JL, Nichols DS, McMeekin TA (1998c) Psychroflexus torquis gen. nov., sp. nov., a psychrophilic species from Antarctic sea ice, and reclassification of Flavobacterium gondwanense (Dobson et al. 1993) as Psychroflexus gondwanense gen. nov., comb. nov. Microbiology 144:1601-1609
32. Bowman JP, Mancuso Nichols C, Gibson JAE (2003) Algoriphagus ratkowskyi gen. nov., sp nov., Brumimicrobium glaciale gen. nov., sp nov., Cryomorpha ignava gen. nov., sp nov and Crocinitomix catalasitica gen. nov., sp nov., novel flavobacteria isolated from various polar habitats. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:1343-1355
33. Bowman JS, Rasmussen S, Blom N, Deming JW, Rysgaard S, Sicheritz-Ponten T (2012) Microbial community structure of Arctic multiyear sea ice and surface seawater by 454 sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. ISME J 6:11-20
34. Brakstad OG, Nonstad I, Faksness LG, Brandvik PJ (2008) Responses of microbial communities in Arctic sea ice after contamination by crude petroleum oil. Microb Ecol 55:540-552
35. Bratback G, Thingstad TF (1985) Phytoplankton-bacteria interactions: an apparent paradox? Analysis of a model system with both competition and commensalisms. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 25:23-30
36. Brett MT,Muller-Navarra DC (1997) The role of highly unsaturated fatty acids in aquatic food web processes. Freshwater Biol 38:483-499
37. Brinkmeyer R, Knitted K, Jargons J, Weyland H, Amman R, Helmke E (2003) Diversity and structure of bacterial communities in Arctic versus Antarctic pack ice. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:6610-6619
38. Brown MV, Bowman JP (2001) A molecular phylogenetic survey of sea-ice microbial communities (SIMCO). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 35:267-275
39. Bull AT, Ward AC, Goodfellow M (2000) Search and discovery strategies for biotechnology: the paradigm shift. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64:573-606
40. Cavalieri DJ, Gloersen P, Parkinson CL, Comiso JC, Zwally HJ (1997) Observed hemisphere asymmetry in global sea ice changes. Science 278:1104-1106
41. Cavicchioli R (2006) Cold-adapted archaea. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:331-343
42. Christian JR, Karl DM (1995) Bacterial ectoenzymes in marine waters: activity ratios and temperature responses in three oceanographic provinces. Limnol Oceanogr 40:1042-1049
43. Chró st RJ (1992) Significance of bacterial ectoenzymes in aquatic environments. Hydrobiologia 243:61-70
44. Clarke DB, Ackley SF (1984) Sea ice structure and biological activity in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. J Geophys Res 89:2087-2095
45. Cole JJ (1982) Interactions between bacteria and algae in aquatic ecosystems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13:291-314
46. Collins RE, Deming JW (2011) Abundant dissolved genetic material in Arctic sea ice Part II: viral dynamics during autumn freeze-up. Polar Biol 34:1831-1841
47. Collins RE, Carpenter SD, Deming JW (2008a) Spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of particles, bacteria, and pEPS in Arctic winter sea ice. J Mar Syst 74:902-917
48. Collins T, Roulling F, Piette F, Marx J-C, Feller G, Gerday C, D'Amico S (2008b) Fundamentals of cold-adapted enzymes. In: Margesin R, Schinner F, Marx J-C, Gerday C (eds) Psychrophiles: from biodiversity to biotechnology. Springer, New York, pp 211-228
49. Collins RE, Rocap G, Deming JW (2010) Persistence of bacterial and archaeal communities in sea-ice through the Arctic winter. Environ Microbiol 12:1828-1841
50. Connelly TL, Tilburg CM, Yager PL (2006) Evidence for psychrophiles outnumbering psychrotolerant marine bacteria in the springtime coastal Arctic. Limnol Oceanogr 51:1205-1210
51. Croft MT, Lawrence AD, Raux-Deery E, Warren MJ, Smith AG (2005) Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Nature 438:90-93
52. DeConto RM, Pollard D (2003) Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2. Nature 421:245-249
53. Delille D (1996) Biodiversity and function of bacteria in the Southern Ocean. Biodivers Conserv 5:1505-1523
54. Delille D, Rosiers C (1996) Seasonal changes of Antarctic marine bacterioplankton and sea ice bacterial assemblages. Polar Biol 16:27-34
55. Delille D, Fiala M, Rosiers C (1995) Seasonal changes in phytoplankton and bacterioplankton distribution at the ice-water interface in the Antarctic neritic area. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 123:225-233
56. Delille D, Basseres A, Dessommes A (1997) Seasonal variation if bacteria in sea ice contaminated by diesel fuel and dispersed crude oil. Microb Ecol 33:97-105
57. DeLong EF, Bé jà O (2010) The light-driven proton pump proteorhodopsin enhances bacterial survival during tough times. PLoS Biol 8:e1000359
58. Deming JW (2002) Psychrophiles and polar regions. Curr Opin Microbiol 5:301-309
59. Dieckmann GS, Hellmer HH (2010) The importance of sea-ice: an overview. In: Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (eds) Sea ice, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, pp 1-22
60. Duman JG, Olsen TM (1993) Thermal hysteresis protein activity in bacteria, fungi and phylogenetically diverse plants. Cryobiology 30:322-328
61. Eicken H, Lensu M, Leppäranta M, Tucker WB III, Gow AJ, Salmela O (1995) Thickness, structure, and properties of level summer multiyear ice in the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 100:22697-22710
62. El-Sayed SK (1971) Biological aspects of the pack ice ecosystem. In: Deacon G (ed) Symposium on antarctic ice and water masses. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Tokyo, pp 534-554
63. El-Sayed SZ, Fryxell GA (1993) Phytoplankton. In: Friedmann EI (ed) Antarctic microbiology. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 65-122
64. Elser JJ, Stabler LB, Hassett RP (1995) Nutrient limitation of bacterial growth and rates of bactivory in lakes and oceans: a comparative study. Aquat Microb Ecol 9:105-110
65. Ewert M, Deming JW (2011) Selective retention in saline ice of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the cold-adapted marine bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H. Annals Glaciol 52:111-117
66. Finlay BJ (2002) Global dispersal of free-living microbial eukaryote species. Science 296:1061-1063
67. Franzmann PD (1996) Examination of Antarctic prokaryotic diversity through molecular comparisons. Biodiver Conserv 5:1295-1305
68. Fritsen CH, Memmott JC, Ross RM, Quetin LB, Vernet M, Wirthlin ED (2011) The timing of sea ice formation and exposure to photosynthetically active radiation along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 34:683-692
69. Garcia RO, Reichenbach H, Ring MW, Müller R (2009) Phaselicystis flava gen. nov., sp. nov., an arachidonic acid-containing soil myxobacterium, and the description of Phaselicystidaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:1524-1530
70. Garrison DL, Buck KR (1986) Organism losses during ice melting: a serious bias in sea ice community studies. Polar Biol 10:564-572
71. Garrison DL, Buck KR (1989) The biota of Antarctic pack ice in the Weddell Sea and Antarctic Peninsula regions. Polar Biol 10:211-219
72. Garrison DL, Ackley SF, Buck KR (1983) A physical mechanism for establishing algal populations in frazil ice. Nature 306:363-365
73. Gerdes B, Brinkmeyer R, Dieckmann G, Helmke E (2004) Influence of crude oil on changes of bacterial communities in Arctic sea-ice. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 53:129-139
74. Gianelli V, Thomas DN, Haas C, Kattner G, Kennedy H, Dieckmann GS, Jeffries MO, Eicken H (2001) Behavior of dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients during experimental sea-ice formation. Annals Glaciol 33:317-321
75. Giesenhager HC, Detme AE, de Wall JA, Weber A, Gradinger RR, Jochem FJ (1999) How are Antarctic planktonic microbial food webs and algal blooms affected by melting of sea ice? Microcosm simulations. Aquat Microb Ecol 20:183-201
76. Gleitz M, Thomas DN (1993) Variation in phytoplankton standing stock, chemical composition and physiology during sea ice formation in the southeastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 173:211-230
77. Gleitz M, Bathmann UV, Lochte K (1994) Build-up and decline of summer phytoplankton biomass in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol 14:413-422
78. Gosink JJ, Herwig RP, Staley JT (1997) Octadecabacter arcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., and O. antarcticus, sp.nov., non-pigmented, psychrophilic gas vacuolate bacteria from polar sea ice and water. Syst Appl Microbiol 20:356-365
79. Gosink JJ, Woese CR, Staley JT (1998) Polaribacter gen. nov., with three new species, P. irgensii sp. nov., P. franzmannii sp. nov. and P. filamentus sp. nov., gas vacuolated polar marine bacteria of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group and reclassification of ' Flectobacillus glomeratus as Polaribacter glomeratus comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:223-235
80. Gosselin M, Legendre L, Demers S, Ingram RG (1985) Responses of sea-ice microalgae to climatic and fortnightly tidal energy inputs (Manitounuk Sound, Hudson Bay). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 42:999-1006
81. Gowing MM, Garrison DL, Gibson AH, Krupp JM, Jeffries MO, Fritsen CH (2004) Bacterial and viral abundance in Ross Sea summer pack ice communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 279:3-12
82. Griffiths RP, Caldwell BA, Morita RY (1982) Seasonal changes in microbial heterotrophic activity in subarctic marine waters as related to phytoplankton primary productivity. Mar Biol 71:121-127
83. Grossi SM, Kottmeier ST, Sullivan CW (1984) Sea ice microbial communities III. Seasonal abundance of microalgae and associated bacteria, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Microb Ecol 10:231-241
84. Grossmann S (1994) Bacterial activity in sea ice and open water of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica: a microautoradiographic study. Microb Ecol 28:1-18
85. Grossmann S, Diekmann GS (1994) Bacterial standing stock, activity and carbon production of sea ice in theWeddell Sea, Antarctica. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2746-2753
86. Grossmann S, Gleitz M (1993) Microbial responses to experimental sea ice formation: implications for the establishment of Antarctic sea ice communities. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 173:273-289
87. Groudieva T, Grote R, Antranikian G (2003) Psychromonas arctica sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant, biofilm-forming bacterium isolated from Spitzbergen. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:539-545
88. Groudieva T,Kambourova M, YusefH, RoyterM,Grote R, Trinks H, AntranikianG (2004) Diversity and cold-active hydrolytic enzymes of culturable bacteria associated with Arctic sea ice, Spitzbergen. Extremophiles 8:475-488
89. Gunther S, Gleitz M, Dieckmann GS (1999) Biogeochemistry of Antarctic sea ice: a case study on platelet ice layers at Drescher Inlet, Weddell Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 177:1-13
90. Harder W, Veldcamp H (1971) Competition of marine psychrophilic bacteria at low temperatures. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 37:51-63
91. Hassler C, Schoemann V, Mancuso-Nichols CA, Butler EC, Boyd P (2011) Saccharides enhance iron bioavailability to Southern Ocean phytoplankton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:1076-1081
92. Helmke E, Weyland H (1995) Bacteria in sea ice and underlying water of the eastern Weddell Sea in midwinter. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 11:269-287
93. Herborg LM, Thomas DN, Kennedy H, Haas C, Dieckmann GS (2001) Dissolved carbohydrates in Antarctic sea ice. Antarctic Sci 13:119-125
94. Hodson RE, Azam F, Carlucci AF, Fuhrman JA, Karl DM, Holm-Hansen O (1981) Microbial uptake of dissolved organic matter in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Mar Biol 61:89-94
95. Holm-Hansen O, VernetM(1990) RACER: phytoplankton distribution and rates of primary production during the austral spring bloom. Antarctic J US 25:141-144
96. Horner RA (ed) (1985) Sea ice biota. CRC Press, Boca Raton
97. Horner RA, Syvertsen EE, Thomas DP, Lange C (1988) Proposed terminology and reporting units for sea ice algal assemblages. Polar Biol 8:249-253
98. Hosoya S, Arunpairojana V, Suwannachart C, Kanjana-Opas A, Yokota A (2006) Aureispira marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a gliding, arachidonic acid-containing bacterium isolated from the southern coastline of Thailand. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:2931-2935
99. Hunken M, Harder J, Kirst GO (2008) Epiphytic bacteria on the Antarctic ice diatom Amphiprora kufferathii Manguin cleave hydrogen peroxide produced during algal photosynthesis. Plant Biol 10:519-526
100. Huston AL, Krieger-Brockett BB, Deming JW (2000) Remarkably low temperature optima for extracellular enzyme activity from Arctic bacteria and sea ice. Environ Microbiol 2:383-388
101. Janech MG, Krell A, Mock T, Kang JS, Raymond JA (2006) Ice-binding proteins from sea ice diatoms. J Phycol 42:410-416
102. Jaspers E,Overmann J (2004) Ecological significance ofmicrodiversity: identical 16S rRNA gene sequences can be found in bacteria with highly divergent genomes and ecophysiologies. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:4831-4839
103. Junge K, Swanson BD (2008) High-resolution ice nucleation spectra of sea-ice bacteria: implications for cloud formation and life in frozen environments. Biogeosciences 5:865-873
104. Junge K, Gosink JJ, Hoppe HG, Staley JT (1998) Arthrobacter, Brachybacterium and Planococcus isolates identified from Antarctic sea ice brine. description of Planococcus mcmeekinii, sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 21:306-314
105. Junge K, Imhoff F, Staley JT, Deming JW (2002) Phylogenetic diversity of numerically important Arctic sea-ice bacteria cultured at subzero temperature. Microb Ecol 43:315-328
106. Junge K, Eicken H, Deming JW (2004) Bacterial activity at-2 to-20 degrees C in Arctic wintertime sea ice. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:550-557
107. Junge K, Eicken H, Swanson BD, Deming JW (2006) Bacterial incorporation of leucine into protein down to-20 C with evidence for potential activity in sub-eutectic saline ice formations. Cryobiology 52:417-429
108. Kaartokallio H (2001) Evidence for active microbial nitrogen transformations in sea ice (Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea) in midwinter. Polar Biol 24:21-28
109. Kaartokallio H, Laamanen M, Sivonen K (2005) Responses of Baltic Sea ice and open-water natural bacterial communities to salinity change. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4363-4371
110. Kaartokallio H, Tuomainen J, Kuosa H, Kuparinen J, Martikainen PJ, Servomaa K (2008) Succession of sea-ice bacterial communities in the Baltic Sea fast ice. Polar Biol 31:783-893
111. Karl DM (1993) Microbial processes in the southern oceans. In: Friedmann EI (ed) Antarctic microbiology. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 1-64
112. Karl DM, Holm-Hansen O, Taylor GT et al (1991) Microbial biomass and productivity in the western Bransfield Strait, Antarctica during the 1986-87 austral summer. Deep Sea Res 38:1029-1055
113. Kim K, Kim KR, Min DH et al (2001)Warming and structural changes in the East (Japan) Sea: a clue to future changes in global oceans? Geophys Res Lett 28:3293-3296
114. Kivi K, Kuosa H (1994) Late winter microbial communities in the western Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol 14:389-399
115. Knox GA (ed) (1994) The biology of the southern ocean: studies in polar research. Cambridge University Press, New York
116. Koh EY, Atamna-Ismaeel N, Martin A, Cowie ROM, Bé jà O, Davy SK, Maas EW, Ryan KG (2010) Proteorhodopsin-bearing bacteria in Antarctic sea ice. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:5918-5925
117. Koh EY, Phua W, Ryan KG (2011) Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in Antarctic sea ice and seawater. Environ Microbiol Reports 3:710-716
118. Kottmeier ST, Sullivan CW (1987) Late winter primary production and bacterial production in sea ice and seawater west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 36:287-298
119. Kottmeier ST, Sullivan CW (1988) Sea ice microbial communities (SIMCO) 9. Effects of temperature and salinity on rates of metabolism and growth of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Polar Biol 8:293-304
120. Kottmeier ST, Sullivan CW (1990) Bacterial biomass and production in pack ice of Antarctic marginal ice edge zones. Deep Sea Res 37:1311-1330
121. Kottmeier ST, Grossi SM, Sullivan CW (1987) Sea ice microbial communities. VIII. Bacterial production in annual sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 35:175-186
122. Krembs C, Deming JW (2008) The role of exopolymers to adaptation of microorganisms to sea-ice. In: Margesin R, Schinner F, Marx J-C, Gerday C (eds) Psychrophiles: from biodiversity to biotechnology. Springer, New York, pp 247-264
123. Krembs C, Gradinger R, Spindler M (1999) Implications of brine channel geometry and surface area for the interaction of sympagic organisms in Arctic sea ice. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 243:55-80
124. Krembs C, Tuschling K, Juterzenka K (2002) The topography of the ice water interface-its influence on the colonization of sea ice by algae. Polar Biol 25:106-117
125. Krembs C, Eicken H, Deming JW (2011) Exopolymer alteration of physical properties of sea ice and implications for ice habitability and biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:3653-3658
126. Kunin V, Engelbrektson A, Ochman H, Hugenholtz P (2009)Wrinkles in the rare biosphere: pyrosequencing errors can lead to artificial inflation of diversity estimates. Environ Microbiol 12:118-123
127. Kuparinen J, Autio R, Kaartokallio H (2011) Sea ice bacterial growth rate, growth efficiency and preference for inorganic nitrogen sources in the Baltic Sea. Polar Biol 34:1361-1373
128. Lange MA (1988) Basic properties of Antarctic sea ice as revealed by textural analysis of ice cores. Annals Glaciol 10:95-101
129. Lewis EL, Weeks WF (1971) Sea ice: some polar contrasts. In: Deacon G (ed) Antarctic ice and water masses. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, pp 23-34
130. Lizotte MP (2003) Microbiology. In: Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (eds) Sea-ice: an introduction to its physics, chemistry, biology and geology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 184-210
131. Lovejoy C, Bowman JP, Hallegraeff GM (1998) Algicidal effects of a novel marine Pseudoalteromonas isolate (class Proteobacteria, gamma subdivision) on harmful algal bloom species of the genera Chattonella, Gymnodinium, and Heterosigma. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2806-2813
132. Margesin R, Schinner F (2001) Properties of cold-adapted microorganisms and their potential role in biotechnology. J Biotechnol 33:1-14
133. Martin A, Anderson MJ, Thorn C, Davy SK, Ryan KG (2011) Response of sea-ice microbial communities to environmental disturbance: an in situ transplant experiment in the Antarctic. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 424:25-37
134. Martin A, Hall J, Ryan K (2009) Low salinity and high level UV-B radiation reduce single-cell activity in Antarctic sea-ice bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:7570-7573
135. Marx JG, Carpenter SD, Deming JW (2009) Production of cryoprotectant extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) by the marine psychrophilic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H. Can J Microbiol 55:63-72
136. Maykut GA (1985) The Ice Environment. In: Horner RA (ed) Sea ice biota. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 21-82
137. McMinn A, Skerratt J, Trull T, Ashworth C, Lizotte M (1999) Nutrient stress gradient in the bottom 5 cm of fast ice, McMurdo sound, Antarctica. Polar Biol 21:220-227
138. Meiners K, Brinkmeyer R, Granskog MA, Lindfors A (2004) Abundance, size distribution and bacterial colonization of exopolymer particles in Antarctic sea ice (Bellinghausen Sea). Aquat Microb Ecol 35:283-296
139. Meiners K, Krembs C, Gradinger R (2008) Exopolymer particles: microbial hotspots of enhanced bacterial activity in Arctic fast ice (Chukchi Sea). Aquat Microb Ecol 52:195-207
140. Methe BA, Nelson KE, Deming JW, Momen B, Melamud E, Zhang XJ, Moult J, Madupu R, NelsonWC, Dodson RJ, Brinkac LM, Daugherty SC, Durkin AS, DeBoy RT, Kolonay JF, Sullivan SA, Zhou LW, Davidsen TM, Wu M, Huston AL, Lewis M, Weaver B, Weidman JF, Khouri H, Utterback TR, Feldblyum TV, Fraser CM (2005) The psychrophilic lifestyle as revealed by the genome sequencing of Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H through genome and proteomic analyses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:10913-10918
141. Mitchell BG, Holm-Hansen O (1991) Observations and modeling of the Antarctic phytoplankton crop in relation to mixing depth. Deep Sea Res 38:981-1007
142. Mock T, Kruse M, Dieckmann GS (2003) A new microcosm to investigate oxygen dynamics during sea ice formation. Aquat Microb Ecol 30:197-205
143. Mock T, Thomas DN (2005) Recent advances in sea-ice microbiology. Environ Microbiol 7:605-619
144. Montfort P, Demers S, Levasseur M(2000) Bacterial dynamics in first year sea ice and underlying seawater of Saroma-ko Lagoon (sea of Okhotsk, Japan) and resolute Passage (High Canadian Arctic): inhibitory effects of ice algae on bacterial dynamics. Can J Microbiol 46:623-632
145. Morita RY (1975) Psychrophilic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 39:144-167
146. Nevot M, Deroncele V,Messner P, Guinea J,Mercade E (2006) Characterization of the outer membrane vesicles released by the psychrotolerant bacterium Pseudoalteromonas antarctica NF(3). Environ Microbiol 8:1523-1533
147. Nguyen D, Maranger R (2011) Respiration and bacterial carbon dynamics in Arctic sea-ice. Polar Biol 34:1843-1855
148. Nichols DS, Brown JL, Nichols PD, McMeekin TA (1997) Production of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids by an Antarctic bacterium: response to growth temperature. FEMS Microbiol Lett 152:349-354
149. Nichols D, Bowman J, Sanderson K, Nichols CM, Lewis T, McMeekin T, Nichols PD (1999a) Developments with Antarctic microorganisms: culture collections, bioactivity screening, taxonomy, PUFA production and cold-adapted enzymes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10:240-246
150. Nichols DS, Greenhill AR, Shadbolt CT, Ross T, McMeekin TA (1999b) Physicochemical parameters for growth of the sea ice bacteria Glaciecola punicea 611(T) and Gelidibacter sp. IC158. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3757-3760
151. Nichols DS, Olley J, Garda H, Brenner RR, McMeekin TA (2000) Effect of temperature and salinity stress on growth and; lipid composition of Shewanella gelidimarina. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2422-2429
152. Nichols CM, Bowman JP, Guezennec J (2005) Effects of incubation temperature on growth and production of exopolysaccharides by an Antarctic sea-ice bacterium grown in batch culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:3519-3523
153. Nichols CM, Guezennec J, Bowman JP (2006) Bacterial exopolysaccharides from extreme marine environments with special consideration of the Southern Ocean, sea ice, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents: a review. Marine Biotechnol 7:253-271
154. Ochman H, Elwyn H, Moran NA (1999) Calibrating bacterial evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:12638-12643
155. Palmisano AC, Garrison DL (1993) Microorganisms in Antarctic sea ice. In: Friedmann EI (ed) Antarctic microbiology.Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 167-218
156. Palmisano AC, Sullivan CW (1985) Pathways of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in sea ice microalgae from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Limnol Oceanogr 30:674-678
157. Palmisano AC, SooHoo JB, Moe RL, Sullivan CW (1997) Sea ice microbial communities. VII. Changes in under ice spectral irradiance during the development of Antarctic sea ice microalgal communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 35:165-173
158. Pankowski A, McMinn A (2008) Ferredoxin and flavodoxin in eastern Antarctica pack ice. Polar Biol 31:1153-1165
159. Pankowski A, McMinn A (2009) Iron availability regulates growth, photosynthesis and production of ferredoxin and flavodoxin in Antarctic sea ice diatoms. Aquat Biol 4:273-288
160. Petri R, Imhoff JF (2001) Genetic analysis of sea-ice bacterial communities of the Western Baltic Sea using an improved double gradient method. Polar Biol 24:252-257
161. Pomeroy LR,Wiebe WJ (2001) Temperature and substrates as interactive limiting factors for marine heterotrophic bacteria. Aquat Microb Ecol 23:187-204
162. Priddle J, Leakey RKG, Archer SD, Murphy EJ (1996) Eukaryotic microbiota in the surface waters and sea ice of the Southern Ocean: aspects of physiology, ecology and biodiversity in a 'two-phase' ecosystem. Biodivers Conserv 5:1473-1504
163. Pusceddu A, Dell'Anno A, Vezzulli L, Fabiano M, Saggiomo V, Cozzi S, Catalano G, Guglielmo L (2009) Microbial loop malfunctioning in the annual sea ice at Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica). Polar Biol 32:337-346
164. Ratkowsky DA, Lowry RK,McMeekin TA, Stokes AN, Chandler RE (1983)Model for bacterial culture growth rate through the entire biokinetic temperature range. J Bacteriol 154:1222-1226
165. Ratkowsky DA, Olley J, Ross T (2005) Unifying temperature effects on the growth rate of bacteria and the stability of globular proteins. J Theor Biol 233:351-362
166. Raymond JA, Fritsen C, Shen K (2007) An ice-binding protein from an Antarctic sea ice bacterium. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 61:214-221
167. Reimnitz E, Clayton JR, Kempema EW, Payne JR,Weber WS (1993) Interaction of rising frazil with suspended particles: tank experiments with application to nature. Cold Regions Sci Technol 21:117-135
168. Riedel A, Michel C, Gosselin M (2006) Seasonal study of sea-ice exopolymeric substances of the Mackenzie shelf: implication for transport of sea-ice bacteria and algae. Aquat Microb Ecol 45:195-206
169. Riedel A, Michel C, Gosselin M, Leblanc B (2007) Enrichment of nutrients, exopolymeric substances and microorganisms in newly formed sea ice on the Mackenzie shelf. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 342:55-67
170. Riley M, Staley JT, Danchin A, Wang TZ, Brettin TS, Hauser LJ, Land ML, Thompson L (2008) Genomics of an extreme psychrophile. Psychromonas ingrahamii. BMC Genom 9:e210
171. Rodrigues DF, Jesus ED, Ayala-del-Rio HL, Pellizari VH, Gilichinsky D, Sepulveda-Torres L, Tiedje JM (2009) Biogeography of two cold-adapted genera: Psychrobacter and Exiguobacterium. ISME J 3:658-665
172. Romanenko LA, Uchino M, Mikhailov VV, Zhukova NV, Uchimura T (2003) Marinomonas primoryensis sp nov., a novel psychrophile isolated from coastal sea-ice in the Sea of Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:829-832
173. Romanenko LA, Lysenko AM, Rohde M, Mikhailov VV, Stackebrandt E (2004) Psychrobacter maritimus sp.nov.and Psychrobacter arenosus sp.nov., isolated from coastal sea ice and sediments of the Sea of Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:1741-1745
174. Romanenko LA, Tanaka N, FrolovaGM, Mikhailov VV (2008) Pseudochrobactrum glaciei sp nov., isolated from sea ice collected from Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2454-2458
175. Rothschild LJ, Mancinelli RL (2001) Life in extreme environments. Nature 409:1092-1101
176. Russell NJ (1998) Molecular adaptations in psychrophilic bacteria: potential for biotechnological applications. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 61:1-21
177. Russell NJ (2000) Toward a molecular understanding of cold activity of enzymes from psychrophiles. Extremophiles 4:83-90
178. Russell NJ, Nichols DS (1999) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine bacteria-a dogma rewritten. Microbiology 145:767-779
179. Rysgaard S, Glud RN (2004) N2 production in Arctic sea ice. Limnol Oceanogr 49:86-94
180. Rysgaard S, Glud RN, Sejr MK, Blicher ME, Stahl HJ (2008) Denitrification activity and oxygen dynamics in Arctic sea ice. Polar Biol 31:527-537
181. Sala MM, Arrieta JM, Boras JA, Duarte CM, Vaque D (2010) The impact of ice melting on bacterioplankton in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Biol 33:1683-1694
182. Schewe I, Soltwedel T (2003) Benthic response to ice-edge-induced particle flux in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Biol 26:610-620
183. Schwartzmann D (1999) Life, temperature and the Earth: the self-organizing biosphere. Columbia University Press, New York
184. Seiler H, Bleicher A, Busse HJ, Hüfner J, Scherer S (2011) Psychroflexus halocasei sp. nov., isolated from an aberrant cheese surface ripening microbial consortium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.034801-0
185. Shivaji S, Reddy GSN, Raghavan PUM, Sarita NB, Delille D (2004) Psychrobacter salsus sp. nov. and Psychrobacter adeliensis sp. nov. isolated from fast ice from Adelie Land, Antarctica. Syst Appl Microbiol 27:628-635
186. Shulse CN, Allen EE (2010) Diversity and distribution of microbial long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic genes in the marine environment. Environ Microbiol 13:684-695
187. Skerratt JH, Bowman JP, Nichols PD (2002) Shewanella olleyana sp. nov., a marine species isolated from a temperate estuary which produces high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:2101-2106
188. Skinner LC, Fallon S, Waelbroeck C, Michel E, Barker S (2010) Ventilation of the deep Southern Ocean and deglacial CO2 rise. Science 328:1147-1151
189. Smith CR, Mincks S, Demaster DJ (2004) A synthesis of bentho-pelagic coupling on the Antarctic shelf: Food banks, ecosystem inertia and global climate change. deep sea research II. Top Stud Oceanogr 53:875-894
190. Staley JT, Gosink JJ (1999) Poles apart: biodiversity and biogeography of sea ice bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 53:189-215
191. Staley JT, Irgens RL, Herwig RP (1989) Gas vacuolate bacteria from the sea ice of Antarctica. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1033-1036
192. Style RW, Worster MG (2009) Frost flower formation on sea ice and lake ice. Geophys Res Lett 36:11501-11504
193. Sullivan CW, Palmisano AC (1981) Sea ice microbial communities in McMurdo Sound. Antarctic J US 16:126-127
194. Sullivan CW, Palmisano AC (1984) Sea ice microbial communities: distribution, abundance and diversity of sea ice bacteria in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, in 1980. Appl Environ Microbiol 47:788-795
195. Sullivan CW, Palmisano AC, Kottmeier S, McGrath Grossi S, Moe R, Taylor GT (1983) The influence of light on development and growth of sea ice microbial communities in McMurdo Sound. Antarctic J US 18:177-179
196. Taylor GT, Sullivan CW (2008) Vitamin B-12 and cobalt cycling among diatoms and bacteria in Antarctic sea ice microbial communities. Limnol Oceanogr 53:2454-2458
197. Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (2002) Ocean science-Antarctic Sea ice-a habitat for extremophiles. Science 295:641-644
198. Thomas DN, Kattner G, Engbrodt R, Gianelli V, Kennedy H, Haas C, Dieckmann GS, Jeffries MO, Eicken H (2001) Dissolved organic matter in Antarctic sea ice. Annals Glaciol 33:297-303
199. Tucker WB, Weatherly JW, Eppler DT, Farmer LD, Bentley DL (2001) Evidence for rapid thinning of sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean at the end of the 1980s. Geophys Res Lett 28:2851-2854
200. Tupas LM, Koike I, Karl DM, Holm-Hansen O (1994) Nitrogen metabolism by heterotrophic bacterial assemblages in Antarctic coastal waters. Polar Biol 14:195-204
201. Uauy R, Hoffman DR, Peirano P, Birch DG, Birch EE (2001) Essential fatty acids in visual and brain development. Lipids 36:885-895
202. Vincent WF (1988) Microbial ecosystems of Antarctica. Cambridge University Press, London
203. Vincent WF (2000) Evolutionary origins of Antarctic microbiota: invasion, selection and endemism. Antarctic Sci 12:374-385
204. Vincent WF (2010) Microbial ecosystem responses to rapid climate change in the Arctic. ISME J 4:1089-1091
205. Wadhams P (1994) The Antarctic sea ice cover. In: Hempel G (ed) Antarctic science: global concerns. Springer, Berlin, pp 45-59
206. Watanabe K, Satoh H (1997) Seasonal variations of ice algae standing crop near Syowa Station, East Antarctica. Bull Plankton Soc Jpn 34:143-164
207. Weissenberger J, Grossmann S (1998) Experimental formation of sea ice: importance of water circulation and wave action for incorporation of phytoplankton and bacteria. Polar Biol 20:178-188
208. Wells LE, Deming JW (2006a) Modelled and measured dynamics of viruses in Arctic winter sea-ice brines. Environ Microbiol 8:1115-1121
209. Wells LE, Deming JW (2006b) Characterization of a cold-active bacteriophage on two psychrophilic marine hosts. Aquat Microb Ecol 45:15-29
210. Wigley TML, Raper SCB (1987) Thermal expansion of sea water associated with global warming. Nature 330:127-131
211. Wong APS, Bindoff NL, Church JA (1999) Large-scale freshening of intermediate waters in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Nature 400:440-443
212. Yu Y, Li HR, Zeng YX, Chen B (2009) Extracellular enzymes of cold adapted bacteria from Arctic sea-ice, Canada Basin. Polar Biol 32:1539-1547
213. Yurkov VV, Beatty JT (1998) Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:695-724
214. Zdanowski MK, Donachie SP (1993) Bacteria in the sea ice zone between Elephant Island and the South Orkneys during the Polish sea-ice zone expedition (December 1988 to January 1989). Polar Biol 13:245-254
215. Zhang DC, Li HR, Xin YH, Chi ZM, Zhou PJ, Yu Y (2008a) Marinobacter psychrophilus sp nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from the Arctic. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:1463-1466
216. Zhang DC, Li HR, Xin YH, Liu HC, Chen B, Chi ZM, Zhou PJ, Yu Y (2008b) Marinomonas arctica sp nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from the Arctic. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:1715-1718
217. Zhang DC, Yu Y, Xin YH, Liu HC, Zhou PJ, Zhou YG (2008c) Colwellia polaris sp nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from Arctic sea ice. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:1931-1934
218. Zwally HJ, Parkinson CL, Comiso JC (1983) Variability of Antarctic sea ice and changes in carbon dioxide. Science 220:1005-1012