메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2015, Pages

Capillary Dysfunction: Its Detection and Causative Role in Dementias and Stroke

Author keywords

Alzheimer s disease; Capillary dysfunction; Cardiovascular risk factors; Perfusion imaging; Reperfusion injury; Stroke; Vascular dementia

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD VESSEL PARAMETERS; CAPILLARY FLOW; CAPILLARY TRANSIT TIME HETEROGENEITY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEMENTIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; MEAN TRANSIT TIME; MICROANGIOPATHY; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXYGEN EXTRACTION FRACTION; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; TISSUE OXYGENATION; ANIMAL; BRAIN; BRAIN CIRCULATION; CAPILLARY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COMPLICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; VASCULARIZATION;

EID: 84929119501     PISSN: 15284042     EISSN: 15346293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-015-0557-x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (68)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 0022272565 scopus 로고
    • B. W. Zweifach Award lecture. Regulation of the microcirculation
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL287hsl2ntg%3D%3D, PID: 408809
    • Renkin EM. B. W. Zweifach Award lecture. Regulation of the microcirculation. Microvasc Res. 1985;30:251–63.
    • (1985) Microvasc Res , vol.30 , pp. 251-263
    • Renkin, E.M.1
  • 2
    • 0021745987 scopus 로고
    • Effect of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhsleqsw%3D%3D, PID: 650156
    • Vorstrup S, Henriksen L, Paulson OB. Effect of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen. J Clin Invest. 1984;74:1634–9.
    • (1984) J Clin Invest , vol.74 , pp. 1634-1639
    • Vorstrup, S.1    Henriksen, L.2    Paulson, O.B.3
  • 3
    • 20444383813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral hypoperfusion and clinical onset of dementia: the Rotterdam study
    • PID: 1592905
    • Ruitenberg A, den Heijer T, Bakker SL, et al. Cerebral hypoperfusion and clinical onset of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Ann Neurol. 2005;57:789–94.
    • (2005) Ann Neurol , vol.57 , pp. 789-794
    • Ruitenberg, A.1    den Heijer, T.2    Bakker, S.L.3
  • 4
    • 28244439860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prediction of rapid conversion to Alzheimer’s disease in mild cognitive impairment using regional cerebral blood flow SPECT
    • PID: 1612962
    • Hirao K, Ohnishi T, Hirata Y, et al. The prediction of rapid conversion to Alzheimer’s disease in mild cognitive impairment using regional cerebral blood flow SPECT. Neuroimage. 2005;28:1014–21.
    • (2005) Neuroimage , vol.28 , pp. 1014-1021
    • Hirao, K.1    Ohnishi, T.2    Hirata, Y.3
  • 5
    • 0037135111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xls1Cju7s%3D, PID: 1213077
    • Hardy J, Selkoe DJ. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science. 2002;297:353–6.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 353-356
    • Hardy, J.1    Selkoe, D.J.2
  • 6
    • 81555200043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVSktbzP, PID: 2204806
    • Zlokovic BV. Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12:723–38.
    • (2011) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 723-738
    • Zlokovic, B.V.1
  • 7
    • 77956231757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The overlap between neurodegenerative and vascular factors in the pathogenesis of dementia
    • PID: 2062329
    • Iadecola C. The overlap between neurodegenerative and vascular factors in the pathogenesis of dementia. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120:287–96.
    • (2010) Acta Neuropathol , vol.120 , pp. 287-296
    • Iadecola, C.1
  • 8
    • 84899671671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of capillary transit time heterogeneity in myocardial oxygenation and ischemic heart disease
    • PID: 2474392
    • Østergaard L, Kristiansen SB, Angleys H, et al. The role of capillary transit time heterogeneity in myocardial oxygenation and ischemic heart disease. Basic Res Cardiol. 2014;109:409. doi:10.1007/s00395-014-0409-x.
    • (2014) Basic Res Cardiol , vol.109 , pp. 409
    • Østergaard, L.1    Kristiansen, S.B.2    Angleys, H.3
  • 9
    • 84856460295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of cerebral blood flow, capillary transit time heterogeneity and oxygen tension in brain oxygenation and metabolism
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslOks7g%3D, PID: 22044867, This paper examines the effects of capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH) and shows that is serves as a mechanism to maintain efficient oxygen extraction during hyperemia. They introduce ‘neurocapillary coupling’ as a term to describe the active participation of for example pericytes in adjusting oxygenation to the metabolic needs of the tissue. The authors discover that brain oxygenation may fall with increasing CBF if capillary flow patterns fail to homogenize in parallel. They refer to the phenomenon as ‘malignant CTH’ and associate the phenomenon with the luxury perfusion syndrome after reperfusion in strok
    • Jespersen SN, Østergaard L. The roles of cerebral blood flow, capillary transit time heterogeneity and oxygen tension in brain oxygenation and metabolism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32:264–77. This paper examines the effects of capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH) and shows that is serves as a mechanism to maintain efficient oxygen extraction during hyperemia. They introduce ‘neurocapillary coupling’ as a term to describe the active participation of for example pericytes in adjusting oxygenation to the metabolic needs of the tissue. The authors discover that brain oxygenation may fall with increasing CBF if capillary flow patterns fail to homogenize in parallel. They refer to the phenomenon as ‘malignant CTH’ and associate the phenomenon with the luxury perfusion syndrome after reperfusion in stroke.
    • (2012) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.32 , pp. 264-277
    • Jespersen, S.N.1    Østergaard, L.2
  • 10
    • 0342369420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted flow heterogeneity magnetic resonance imaging in acute stroke
    • PID: 1079717
    • Østergaard L, Sorensen AG, Chesler DA, et al. Combined diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted flow heterogeneity magnetic resonance imaging in acute stroke. Stroke. 2000;31:1097–103.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 1097-1103
    • Østergaard, L.1    Sorensen, A.G.2    Chesler, D.A.3
  • 11
    • 0032417876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluctuations and stimulus-induced changes in blood flow observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhvFegsg%3D%3D, PID: 986104
    • Kleinfeld D, Mitra PP, Helmchen F, Denk W. Fluctuations and stimulus-induced changes in blood flow observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:15741–6.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.95 , pp. 15741-15746
    • Kleinfeld, D.1    Mitra, P.P.2    Helmchen, F.3    Denk, W.4
  • 12
    • 0028290563 scopus 로고
    • Capillary perfusion of the rat brain cortex. An in vivo confocal microscopy study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3ot1yrug%3D%3D, PID: 801308
    • Villringer A, Them A, Lindauer U, Einhaupl K, Dirnagl U. Capillary perfusion of the rat brain cortex. An in vivo confocal microscopy study. Circ Res. 1994;75:55–62.
    • (1994) Circ Res , vol.75 , pp. 55-62
    • Villringer, A.1    Them, A.2    Lindauer, U.3    Einhaupl, K.4    Dirnagl, U.5
  • 15
    • 0037435973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical electrical stimulation alters erythrocyte perfusion pattern in the cerebral capillary network of the rat
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmsV2itw%3D%3D, PID: 1256011
    • Schulte ML, Wood JD, Hudetz AG. Cortical electrical stimulation alters erythrocyte perfusion pattern in the cerebral capillary network of the rat. Brain Res. 2003;963:81–92.
    • (2003) Brain Res , vol.963 , pp. 81-92
    • Schulte, M.L.1    Wood, J.D.2    Hudetz, A.G.3
  • 16
    • 0029908654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased heterogeneity of capillary plasma flow in the rat whisker-barrel cortex during functional hyperemia
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FlsVCjtQ%3D%3D, PID: 889870
    • Vogel J, Kuschinsky W. Decreased heterogeneity of capillary plasma flow in the rat whisker-barrel cortex during functional hyperemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16:1300–6.
    • (1996) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.16 , pp. 1300-1306
    • Vogel, J.1    Kuschinsky, W.2
  • 17
    • 84938533107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of transit time heterogeneity on brain oxygenation during rest and functional activation
    • PID: 25492112, The authors show that incorporation of capillary transit time heterogeneity into descriptions of the relation between CBF and brain oxygenation provide superior fits to experimental data, and that CTH and MTT tends to change in parallel in vascular networks, maintaining constant CoV
    • Rasmussen PM, Jespersen SN, Østergaard L. The effects of transit time heterogeneity on brain oxygenation during rest and functional activation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;35:432–42. The authors show that incorporation of capillary transit time heterogeneity into descriptions of the relation between CBF and brain oxygenation provide superior fits to experimental data, and that CTH and MTT tends to change in parallel in vascular networks, maintaining constant CoV.
    • (2015) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.35 , pp. 432-442
    • Rasmussen, P.M.1    Jespersen, S.N.2    Østergaard, L.3
  • 18
    • 84928827390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH) on brain oxygenation
    • PID: 25669911, The authors extend the original flow-oxygenation model by Jespersen and Østergaard to take the ongoing oxygen utilization in tissue into account and find that the paradox ‘malignant CTH’ phenomenon is a general feature of realistic capillary flow distributions. They discover a dissociation between tissue oxygenation and oxygen tension that may have implication for the interpretation of invasive oxygen probe measurements in neurocritical care
    • Angleys H, Østergaard L, Jespersen SN. The effects of capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH) on brain oxygenation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.254. The authors extend the original flow-oxygenation model by Jespersen and Østergaard to take the ongoing oxygen utilization in tissue into account and find that the paradox ‘malignant CTH’ phenomenon is a general feature of realistic capillary flow distributions. They discover a dissociation between tissue oxygenation and oxygen tension that may have implication for the interpretation of invasive oxygen probe measurements in neurocritical care.
    • (2015) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
    • Angleys, H.1    Østergaard, L.2    Jespersen, S.N.3
  • 19
    • 33645735805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connexin40 and connexin43 in mouse aortic endothelium: evidence for coordinated regulation
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjtFCgtLg%3D, PID: 1628422
    • Isakson BE, Damon DN, Day KH, Liao Y, Duling BR. Connexin40 and connexin43 in mouse aortic endothelium: evidence for coordinated regulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;290:H1199–205.
    • (2006) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.290 , pp. 1199-1205
    • Isakson, B.E.1    Damon, D.N.2    Day, K.H.3    Liao, Y.4    Duling, B.R.5
  • 20
    • 0023009542 scopus 로고
    • Flow control among microvessels coordinated by intercellular conduction
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2Fkt1OktA%3D%3D, PID: 377536
    • Segal SS, Duling BR. Flow control among microvessels coordinated by intercellular conduction. Science. 1986;234:868–70.
    • (1986) Science , vol.234 , pp. 868-870
    • Segal, S.S.1    Duling, B.R.2
  • 21
    • 77954955587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The shunt problem: control of functional shunting in normal and tumour vasculature
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXovVGntbg%3D, PID: 2063180
    • Pries AR, Hopfner M, le Noble F, Dewhirst MW, Secomb TW. The shunt problem: control of functional shunting in normal and tumour vasculature. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;10:587–93.
    • (2010) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.10 , pp. 587-593
    • Pries, A.R.1    Hopfner, M.2    le Noble, F.3    Dewhirst, M.W.4    Secomb, T.W.5
  • 22
    • 25444463573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelial/pericyte interactions
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpvFGrtLg%3D, PID: 1616656
    • Armulik A, Abramsson A, Betsholtz C. Endothelial/pericyte interactions. Circ Res. 2005;97:512–23.
    • (2005) Circ Res , vol.97 , pp. 512-523
    • Armulik, A.1    Abramsson, A.2    Betsholtz, C.3
  • 23
    • 84897564199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXlsFyis7k%3D, PID: 24670647, The Atwell group pioneered the study of pericyte contractility and its role in neurovascular coupling. The authors show that pericyte dilation antedates the increase in CBF in relation to functional hyperemia and suggest that pericytes may control both CBF and CTH. They also study irreversible pericyte constrictions after ischemi
    • Hall CN, Reynell C, Gesslein B, et al. Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease. Nature. 2014;508:55–60. The Atwell group pioneered the study of pericyte contractility and its role in neurovascular coupling. The authors show that pericyte dilation antedates the increase in CBF in relation to functional hyperemia and suggest that pericytes may control both CBF and CTH. They also study irreversible pericyte constrictions after ischemia.
    • (2014) Nature , vol.508 , pp. 55-60
    • Hall, C.N.1    Reynell, C.2    Gesslein, B.3
  • 24
    • 0029797605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of distinct luminal domains for macromolecules, erythrocytes, and leukocytes within mammalian capillaries
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XlsVOns78%3D, PID: 878149
    • Vink H, Duling BR. Identification of distinct luminal domains for macromolecules, erythrocytes, and leukocytes within mammalian capillaries. Circ Res. 1996;79:581–9.
    • (1996) Circ Res , vol.79 , pp. 581-589
    • Vink, H.1    Duling, B.R.2
  • 25
    • 33750856804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for red blood cell motion in glycocalyx-lined capillaries
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhvF2qtbc%3D, PID: 953021
    • Secomb TW, Hsu R, Pries AR. A model for red blood cell motion in glycocalyx-lined capillaries. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:H1016–22.
    • (1998) Am J Physiol , vol.274 , pp. 1016-1022
    • Secomb, T.W.1    Hsu, R.2    Pries, A.R.3
  • 26
    • 0025323252 scopus 로고
    • Heparinase treatment suggests a role for the endothelial cell glycocalyx in regulation of capillary hematocrit
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXitFCgt7w%3D, PID: 231667
    • Desjardins C, Duling BR. Heparinase treatment suggests a role for the endothelial cell glycocalyx in regulation of capillary hematocrit. Am J Physiol. 1990;258:H647–54.
    • (1990) Am J Physiol , vol.258 , pp. 647-654
    • Desjardins, C.1    Duling, B.R.2
  • 27
    • 0030271233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms and consequences of cell activation in the microcirculation
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2Fnt1ChsQ%3D%3D, PID: 891518
    • Mazzoni MC, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Mechanisms and consequences of cell activation in the microcirculation. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;32:709–19.
    • (1996) Cardiovasc Res , vol.32 , pp. 709-719
    • Mazzoni, M.C.1    Schmid-Schonbein, G.W.2
  • 28
    • 84872343218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The capillary dysfunction hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease
    • PID: 23084084, The authors introduce the capillary dysfunction concept and analyze how flow-metabolism coupling mechanisms can compensate for the accompanying reduction in oxygen extraction efficacy. They argue that pre-symptomatic hyperemia may be a tell-tale sign of early capillary dysfunction and discuss the progression of capillary dysfunction in relation to dementia
    • Østergaard L, Aamand R, Gutierrez-Jimenez E, et al. The capillary dysfunction hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2013;34:1018–31. The authors introduce the capillary dysfunction concept and analyze how flow-metabolism coupling mechanisms can compensate for the accompanying reduction in oxygen extraction efficacy. They argue that pre-symptomatic hyperemia may be a tell-tale sign of early capillary dysfunction and discuss the progression of capillary dysfunction in relation to dementia.
    • (2013) Neurobiol Aging , vol.34 , pp. 1018-1031
    • Østergaard, L.1    Aamand, R.2    Gutierrez-Jimenez, E.3
  • 29
    • 0030452414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral vessels in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXisFalsA%3D%3D, PID: 936457
    • Kalaria RN. Cerebral vessels in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Ther. 1996;72:193–214.
    • (1996) Pharmacol Ther , vol.72 , pp. 193-214
    • Kalaria, R.N.1
  • 30
    • 0019427882 scopus 로고
    • Morphometric comparison of hippocampal microvasculature in ageing and demented people: diameters and densities
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7otVamsQ%3D%3D, PID: 722337
    • Bell MA, Ball MJ. Morphometric comparison of hippocampal microvasculature in ageing and demented people: diameters and densities. Acta Neuropathol. 1981;53:299–318.
    • (1981) Acta Neuropathol , vol.53 , pp. 299-318
    • Bell, M.A.1    Ball, M.J.2
  • 31
    • 0021933130 scopus 로고
    • Basement membrane of hypothalamus and cortex capillaries from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7ksFSjtQ%3D%3D, PID: 397635
    • Junker U, Jaggi C, Bestetti G, Rossi GL. Basement membrane of hypothalamus and cortex capillaries from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Acta Neuropathol. 1985;65:202–8.
    • (1985) Acta Neuropathol , vol.65 , pp. 202-208
    • Junker, U.1    Jaggi, C.2    Bestetti, G.3    Rossi, G.L.4
  • 32
    • 0025334021 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural changes in cerebral pericytes and astrocytes of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK3czht1Glug%3D%3D, PID: 236810
    • Tagami M, Nara Y, Kubota A, Fujino H, Yamori Y. Ultrastructural changes in cerebral pericytes and astrocytes of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke. 1990;21:1064–71.
    • (1990) Stroke , vol.21 , pp. 1064-1071
    • Tagami, M.1    Nara, Y.2    Kubota, A.3    Fujino, H.4    Yamori, Y.5
  • 33
    • 0345698791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ observation of living pericytes in rat retinal capillaries
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1czltVWksw%3D%3D, PID: 968356
    • Schonfelder U, Hofer A, Paul M, Funk RH. In situ observation of living pericytes in rat retinal capillaries. Microvasc Res. 1998;56:22–9.
    • (1998) Microvasc Res , vol.56 , pp. 22-29
    • Schonfelder, U.1    Hofer, A.2    Paul, M.3    Funk, R.H.4
  • 34
    • 11344256587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of angiotensin II on the pericyte-containing microvasculature of the rat retina
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtVaqtQ%3D%3D, PID: 1548601
    • Kawamura H, Kobayashi M, Li Q, et al. Effects of angiotensin II on the pericyte-containing microvasculature of the rat retina. J Physiol. 2004;561:671–83.
    • (2004) J Physiol , vol.561 , pp. 671-683
    • Kawamura, H.1    Kobayashi, M.2    Li, Q.3
  • 35
    • 0020027766 scopus 로고
    • Thickened cerebral cortical capillary basement membranes in diabetics
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL387otFCktQ%3D%3D, PID: 689613
    • Johnson PC, Brendel K, Meezan E. Thickened cerebral cortical capillary basement membranes in diabetics. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1982;106:214–7.
    • (1982) Arch Pathol Lab Med , vol.106 , pp. 214-217
    • Johnson, P.C.1    Brendel, K.2    Meezan, E.3
  • 36
    • 34250537223 scopus 로고
    • Pathological changes in the central and peripheral nervous system of young long-term diabetics. I. Diabetic encephalopathy
    • Reske-Nielsen E, Lundbæk K, Rafaelsen OJ. Pathological changes in the central and peripheral nervous system of young long-term diabetics. I. Diabetic encephalopathy. Diabetologia. 1965;1:233–41.
    • (1965) Diabetologia , vol.1 , pp. 233-241
    • Reske-Nielsen, E.1    Lundbæk, K.2    Rafaelsen, O.J.3
  • 37
    • 0017738994 scopus 로고
    • Is hyperviscosity a treatable component of diabetic microcirculatory disease?
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaE1c%2FgvFChtg%3D%3D, PID: 7160
    • Barnes AJ, Locke P, Scudder PR, Dormandy TL, Dormandy JA, Slack J. Is hyperviscosity a treatable component of diabetic microcirculatory disease? Lancet. 1977;2:789–91.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 789-791
    • Barnes, A.J.1    Locke, P.2    Scudder, P.R.3    Dormandy, T.L.4    Dormandy, J.A.5    Slack, J.6
  • 38
    • 0021404067 scopus 로고
    • In vivo and electron microscopic study of the development of cerebral diabetic microangiography
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL283ls12jtQ%3D%3
    • McCuskey PA, McCuskey RS. In vivo and electron microscopic study of the development of cerebral diabetic microangiography. Microcirc Endothel Lymphat. 1984;1:221–44.
    • (1984) Microcirc Endothel Lymphat , vol.1 , pp. 221-244
    • McCuskey, P.A.1    McCuskey, R.S.2
  • 39
    • 84455185110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topiramate treatment protects blood-brain barrier pericytes from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in diabetic mice
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XovFWksA%3D%3D, PID: 2210988
    • Price TO, Eranki V, Banks WA, Ercal N, Shah GN. Topiramate treatment protects blood-brain barrier pericytes from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in diabetic mice. Endocrinology. 2012;153:362–72.
    • (2012) Endocrinology , vol.153 , pp. 362-372
    • Price, T.O.1    Eranki, V.2    Banks, W.A.3    Ercal, N.4    Shah, G.N.5
  • 40
    • 0034603747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidized lipoproteins degrade the endothelial surface layer : implications for platelet-endothelial cell adhesion
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXivVyhsbo%3D, PID: 1074734
    • Vink H, Constantinescu AA, Spaan JA. Oxidized lipoproteins degrade the endothelial surface layer: implications for platelet-endothelial cell adhesion. Circulation. 2000;101:1500–2.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.101 , pp. 1500-1502
    • Vink, H.1    Constantinescu, A.A.2    Spaan, J.A.3
  • 41
    • 0034975472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated capillary tube hematocrit reflects degradation of endothelial cell glycocalyx by oxidized LDL
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtV2gt7o%3D, PID: 1117904
    • Constantinescu AA, Vink H, Spaan JA. Elevated capillary tube hematocrit reflects degradation of endothelial cell glycocalyx by oxidized LDL. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;280:H1051–7.
    • (2001) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.280 , pp. 1051-1057
    • Constantinescu, A.A.1    Vink, H.2    Spaan, J.A.3
  • 42
    • 0028806512 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural demonstration of endothelial glycocalyx disruption in the reperfused rat heart. Involvement of oxygen free radicals
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XitVCjtw%3D%3D, PID: 858585
    • Czarnowska E, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E. Ultrastructural demonstration of endothelial glycocalyx disruption in the reperfused rat heart. Involvement of oxygen free radicals. Basic Res Cardiol. 1995;90:357–64.
    • (1995) Basic Res Cardiol , vol.90 , pp. 357-364
    • Czarnowska, E.1    Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, E.2
  • 43
    • 84874442369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases protects mouse cerebral pericytes from high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjvVaju7g%3D, PID: 2324962
    • Shah GN, Price TO, Banks WA, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases protects mouse cerebral pericytes from high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013;344:637–45.
    • (2013) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.344 , pp. 637-645
    • Shah, G.N.1    Price, T.O.2    Banks, W.A.3
  • 44
    • 0035047718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral microvascular pathology in aging and Alzheimer’s disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXislGgt7k%3D, PID: 1131146
    • Farkas E, Luiten PG. Cerebral microvascular pathology in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2001;64:575–611.
    • (2001) Prog Neurobiol , vol.64 , pp. 575-611
    • Farkas, E.1    Luiten, P.G.2
  • 45
    • 0031017399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid degeneration of cultured human brain pericytes by amyloid beta protein
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhsVaquro%3D, PID: 904875
    • Verbeek MM, de Waal RM, Schipper JJ, Van Nostrand WE. Rapid degeneration of cultured human brain pericytes by amyloid beta protein. J Neurochem. 1997;68:1135–41.
    • (1997) J Neurochem , vol.68 , pp. 1135-1141
    • Verbeek, M.M.1    de Waal, R.M.2    Schipper, J.J.3    Van Nostrand, W.E.4
  • 46
    • 38349026548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 mediates amyloid-β-mediated cell death of cerebrovascular cells
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXntlarsQ%3D%3D, PID: 1805554
    • Wilhelmus MMM, Otte-Höller I, van Triel JJJ, et al. Lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 mediates amyloid-β-mediated cell death of cerebrovascular cells. Am J Pathol. 2007;171:1989–99.
    • (2007) Am J Pathol , vol.171 , pp. 1989-1999
    • Wilhelmus, M.M.M.1    Otte-Höller, I.2    van Triel, J.J.J.3
  • 47
    • 2542462256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion and expression of adhesion molecules, VCAM and ICAM, in endothelial cells in vitro
    • PID: 1535463
    • Albaugh G, Bellavance E, Strande L, Heinburger S, Hewitt CW, Alexander JB. Nicotine induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion and expression of adhesion molecules, VCAM and ICAM, in endothelial cells in vitro. Ann Vasc Surg. 2004;18:302–7.
    • (2004) Ann Vasc Surg , vol.18 , pp. 302-307
    • Albaugh, G.1    Bellavance, E.2    Strande, L.3    Heinburger, S.4    Hewitt, C.W.5    Alexander, J.B.6
  • 48
    • 0344110498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine induces leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the cerebral microcirculation of the mouse
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnsVyhsr8%3D, PID: 941327
    • Yong T, Zheng MQ, Linthicum DS. Nicotine induces leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the cerebral microcirculation of the mouse. J Neuroimmunol. 1997;80:158–64.
    • (1997) J Neuroimmunol , vol.80 , pp. 158-164
    • Yong, T.1    Zheng, M.Q.2    Linthicum, D.S.3
  • 49
    • 84877576712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Østergaard L, Jespersen SN, Mouridsen K, et al. The role of the cerebral capillaries in acute ischemic stroke: the extended penumbra model.;33:635–48. The authors demonstrate that a certain CTH threshold, CTHmaxexists for which any changes in CBF (increases or reductions) or additional capillary flow disturbances (eg. increased blood viscosity) can cause stroke-like symptoms. They propose that severe capillary dysfunction represent a condition of extreme risk of both stroke and dementia, and show that flow metabolism coupling mechanisms will cause CBF to approach the classical ischemic threshold as CTH approaches CTHmax. They argue that irreversible per-ischemic capillary compression or pericyte constrictions are likely to cause severe tissue hypoxia upon reperfusion and underscore the importance of capillary reperfusion in stroke care, irrespective of whether recanalization therapy is attempted or not. They discover that the Tmaxparameter, which is used by some for imaging-based selection for revascularization therapy, show a coincidental correlation with oxygen extraction efficacy, OEFmax
    • Østergaard L, Jespersen SN, Mouridsen K, et al. The role of the cerebral capillaries in acute ischemic stroke: the extended penumbra model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:635–48. The authors demonstrate that a certain CTH threshold, CTHmaxexists for which any changes in CBF (increases or reductions) or additional capillary flow disturbances (eg. increased blood viscosity) can cause stroke-like symptoms. They propose that severe capillary dysfunction represent a condition of extreme risk of both stroke and dementia, and show that flow metabolism coupling mechanisms will cause CBF to approach the classical ischemic threshold as CTH approaches CTHmax. They argue that irreversible per-ischemic capillary compression or pericyte constrictions are likely to cause severe tissue hypoxia upon reperfusion and underscore the importance of capillary reperfusion in stroke care, irrespective of whether recanalization therapy is attempted or not. They discover that the Tmaxparameter, which is used by some for imaging-based selection for revascularization therapy, show a coincidental correlation with oxygen extraction efficacy, OEFmax.
    • (2013) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.
  • 50
    • 84870617639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can restoring incomplete microcirculatory reperfusion improve stroke outcome after thrombolysis?
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslKrsbzF, PID: 23047270, The Dalkara group pioneered in vivo studies of irreversible capillary constriction in ischemia and reperfusion. Here they discuss the evidence and clinical implications of incomplete microcirculatory reperfusion (IMR) after strok
    • Dalkara T, Arsava EM. Can restoring incomplete microcirculatory reperfusion improve stroke outcome after thrombolysis? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32:2091–9. The Dalkara group pioneered in vivo studies of irreversible capillary constriction in ischemia and reperfusion. Here they discuss the evidence and clinical implications of incomplete microcirculatory reperfusion (IMR) after stroke.
    • (2012) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.32 , pp. 2091-2099
    • Dalkara, T.1    Arsava, E.M.2
  • 51
    • 0014022317 scopus 로고
    • The luxury-perfusion syndrome and its possible relation to acute metabolic acidosis localised within the brain
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaF2s%2Fkt1yhtQ%3D%3D, PID: 416253
    • Lassen NA. The luxury-perfusion syndrome and its possible relation to acute metabolic acidosis localised within the brain. Lancet. 1966;2:1113–5.
    • (1966) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1113-1115
    • Lassen, N.A.1
  • 53
    • 84944487954 scopus 로고
    • Researches on the circulation time in organs and on the influences which affect it. Parts I.-III
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FntFSktQ%3D%3D, PID: 1699211
    • Stewart GN. Researches on the circulation time in organs and on the influences which affect it. Parts I.-III. J Physiol. 1893;15:1–89.
    • (1893) J Physiol , vol.15 , pp. 1-89
    • Stewart, G.N.1
  • 54
    • 2342614850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer’s disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjt1ClsLY%3D, PID: 1510071
    • Iadecola C. Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5:347–60.
    • (2004) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 347-360
    • Iadecola, C.1
  • 55
    • 65249112686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perfusion scanning using 99mTc-HMPAO detects early cerebrovascular changes in the diabetic rat
    • PID: 1855907
    • Al-Saeedi FJ. Perfusion scanning using 99mTc-HMPAO detects early cerebrovascular changes in the diabetic rat. BMC Med Phys. 2008;8:1. doi:10.1186/1756-6649-8-1.
    • (2008) BMC Med Phys , vol.8 , pp. 1
    • Al-Saeedi, F.J.1
  • 56
    • 0025165484 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of cerebral blood flow during basal, hypotensive, hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions between normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats
    • PID: 212697
    • Simpson 3rd RE, Phillis JW, Buchannan J. A comparison of cerebral blood flow during basal, hypotensive, hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions between normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Brain Res. 1990;531:136–42.
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.531 , pp. 136-142
    • Simpson, R.E.1    Phillis, J.W.2    Buchannan, J.3
  • 57
    • 0022356609 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral vascular autoregulation of blood flow and tissue PO2 in diabetic rats
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL2MzgsVCktg%3D%3D, PID: 389887
    • Rubin MJ, Bohlen HG. Cerebral vascular autoregulation of blood flow and tissue PO2 in diabetic rats. Am J Physiol. 1985;249:H540–6.
    • (1985) Am J Physiol , vol.249 , pp. 540-546
    • Rubin, M.J.1    Bohlen, H.G.2
  • 58
    • 84896723621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional cerebral blood flow and arterial blood volume and their reactivity to hypercapnia in hypertensive and normotensive rats
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvValur3E, PID: 2425284
    • Kim T, Richard Jennings J, Kim SG. Regional cerebral blood flow and arterial blood volume and their reactivity to hypercapnia in hypertensive and normotensive rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:408–14.
    • (2014) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.34 , pp. 408-414
    • Kim, T.1    Richard Jennings, J.2    Kim, S.G.3
  • 59
    • 0141797311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APOE genotype and cerebral blood flow in healthy young individuals
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvVamtbw%3D, PID: 1450611
    • Scarmeas N, Habeck CG, Stern Y, Anderson KE. APOE genotype and cerebral blood flow in healthy young individuals. JAMA. 2003;290:1581–2.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 1581-1582
    • Scarmeas, N.1    Habeck, C.G.2    Stern, Y.3    Anderson, K.E.4
  • 60
    • 25444522210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APOE related alterations in cerebral activation even at college age
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MvpslyhtQ%3D%3D, PID: 1617009
    • Scarmeas N, Habeck CG, Hilton J, et al. APOE related alterations in cerebral activation even at college age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1440–4.
    • (2005) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.76 , pp. 1440-1444
    • Scarmeas, N.1    Habeck, C.G.2    Hilton, J.3
  • 61
    • 0034680078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of brain activation in people at risk for Alzheimer’s disease
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czpvVWhtA%3D%3D, PID: 1094456
    • Bookheimer SY, Strojwas MH, Cohen MS, et al. Patterns of brain activation in people at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:450–6.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 450-456
    • Bookheimer, S.Y.1    Strojwas, M.H.2    Cohen, M.S.3
  • 62
    • 70149105133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation differences in Alzheimer’s disease risk
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFGktL3N, PID: 1832563
    • Fleisher AS, Podraza KM, Bangen KJ, et al. Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation differences in Alzheimer’s disease risk. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30:1737–48.
    • (2009) Neurobiol Aging , vol.30 , pp. 1737-1748
    • Fleisher, A.S.1    Podraza, K.M.2    Bangen, K.J.3
  • 63
    • 66349129276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct patterns of brain activity in young carriers of the APOE-epsilon4 allele
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlvVymurw%3D, PID: 1935730
    • Filippini N, MacIntosh BJ, Hough MG, et al. Distinct patterns of brain activity in young carriers of the APOE-epsilon4 allele. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:7209–14.
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.106 , pp. 7209-7214
    • Filippini, N.1    MacIntosh, B.J.2    Hough, M.G.3
  • 64
    • 74949100133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APOE epsilon4 genotype and longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow in normal aging
    • PID: 2006513
    • Thambisetty M, Beason-Held L, An Y, Kraut MA, Resnick SM. APOE epsilon4 genotype and longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow in normal aging. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:93–8.
    • (2010) Arch Neurol , vol.67 , pp. 93-98
    • Thambisetty, M.1    Beason-Held, L.2    An, Y.3    Kraut, M.A.4    Resnick, S.M.5
  • 65
    • 33846447793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebrovascular nitrosative stress mediates neurovascular and endothelial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjvFKjuw%3D%3D, PID: 1713894
    • Girouard H, Park L, Anrather J, Zhou P, Iadecola C. Cerebrovascular nitrosative stress mediates neurovascular and endothelial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:303–9.
    • (2007) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.27 , pp. 303-309
    • Girouard, H.1    Park, L.2    Anrather, J.3    Zhou, P.4    Iadecola, C.5
  • 67
    • 8644277006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXoslGitL8%3D, PID: 1533822
    • Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol. 2004;122:339–52.
    • (2004) Histochem Cell Biol , vol.122 , pp. 339-352
    • Touyz, R.M.1    Schiffrin, E.L.2
  • 68
    • 15244344823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study
    • PID: 1578110
    • Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet. 2005;365:1046–53.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , pp. 1046-1053
    • Marin, J.M.1    Carrizo, S.J.2    Vicente, E.3    Agusti, A.G.4
  • 69
    • 77953533246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges
    • PID: 2061034
    • Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:689–701.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 689-701
    • Pantoni, L.1
  • 70
    • 0347123263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White matter lesions in Fabry disease occur in ‘prior’ selectively hypometabolic and hyperperfused brain regions
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpvF2qtrw%3D, PID: 1469835
    • Moore DF, Altarescu G, Barker WC, Patronas NJ, Herscovitch P, Schiffmann R. White matter lesions in Fabry disease occur in ‘prior’ selectively hypometabolic and hyperperfused brain regions. Brain Res Bull. 2003;62:231–40.
    • (2003) Brain Res Bull , vol.62 , pp. 231-240
    • Moore, D.F.1    Altarescu, G.2    Barker, W.C.3    Patronas, N.J.4    Herscovitch, P.5    Schiffmann, R.6
  • 71
    • 0032507974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism before and after a stroke-like episode in patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1czjtVemsQ%3D%3D, PID: 966777
    • Takahashi S, Tohgi H, Yonezawa H, Obara S, Nagane Y. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism before and after a stroke-like episode in patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). J Neurol Sci. 1998;158:58–64.
    • (1998) J Neurol Sci , vol.158 , pp. 58-64
    • Takahashi, S.1    Tohgi, H.2    Yonezawa, H.3    Obara, S.4    Nagane, Y.5
  • 72
    • 0036165239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between influenza vaccination and reduced risk of brain infarction
    • PID: 1182366
    • Lavallee P, Perchaud V, Gautier-Bertrand M, Grabli D, Amarenco P. Association between influenza vaccination and reduced risk of brain infarction. Stroke. 2002;33:513–8.
    • (2002) Stroke , vol.33 , pp. 513-518
    • Lavallee, P.1    Perchaud, V.2    Gautier-Bertrand, M.3    Grabli, D.4    Amarenco, P.5
  • 73
    • 0037417219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly
    • PID: 1267285
    • Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J, Lask R, Fillbrandt K, Iwane M. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1322–32.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 1322-1332
    • Nichol, K.L.1    Nordin, J.2    Mullooly, J.3    Lask, R.4    Fillbrandt, K.5    Iwane, M.6
  • 74
    • 22044447049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of stroke
    • PID: 1594726
    • Grau AJ, Fischer B, Barth C, Ling P, Lichy C, Buggle F. Influenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of stroke. Stroke. 2005;36:1501–6.
    • (2005) Stroke , vol.36 , pp. 1501-1506
    • Grau, A.J.1    Fischer, B.2    Barth, C.3    Ling, P.4    Lichy, C.5    Buggle, F.6
  • 75
    • 0034600450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between troponin T concentration and mortality in patients presenting with an acute stroke: observational study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXksF2qsLg%3D, PID: 1083489
    • James P, Ellis CJ, Whitlock RM, McNeil AR, Henley J, Anderson NE. Relation between troponin T concentration and mortality in patients presenting with an acute stroke: observational study. BMJ. 2000;320:1502–4.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.320 , pp. 1502-1504
    • James, P.1    Ellis, C.J.2    Whitlock, R.M.3    McNeil, A.R.4    Henley, J.5    Anderson, N.E.6
  • 76
    • 33845696386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency and significance of troponin T elevation in acute ischemic stroke
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsFGrug%3D%3D, PID: 1719647
    • Jensen JK, Kristensen SR, Bak S, Atar D, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Mickley H. Frequency and significance of troponin T elevation in acute ischemic stroke. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:108–12.
    • (2007) Am J Cardiol , vol.99 , pp. 108-112
    • Jensen, J.K.1    Kristensen, S.R.2    Bak, S.3    Atar, D.4    Hoilund-Carlsen, P.F.5    Mickley, H.6
  • 77
    • 0029909977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part II: experimental comparison and preliminary results
    • PID: 891602
    • Østergaard L, Sorensen AG, Kwong KK, Weisskoff RM, Gyldensted C, Rosen BR. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part II: experimental comparison and preliminary results. Magn Reson Med. 1996;36:726–36.
    • (1996) Magn Reson Med , vol.36 , pp. 726-736
    • Østergaard, L.1    Sorensen, A.G.2    Kwong, K.K.3    Weisskoff, R.M.4    Gyldensted, C.5    Rosen, B.R.6
  • 78
    • 0029907308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part I: mathematical approach and statistical analysis
    • PID: 891602
    • Østergaard L, Weisskoff RM, Chesler DA, Gyldensted C, Rosen BR. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part I: mathematical approach and statistical analysis. Magn Reson Med. 1996;36:715–25.
    • (1996) Magn Reson Med , vol.36 , pp. 715-725
    • Østergaard, L.1    Weisskoff, R.M.2    Chesler, D.A.3    Gyldensted, C.4    Rosen, B.R.5
  • 79
    • 41249088909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How reliable is perfusion MR in acute stroke? Validation and determination of the penumbra threshold against quantitative PET
    • PID: 1825883
    • Takasawa M, Jones PS, Guadagno JV, et al. How reliable is perfusion MR in acute stroke? Validation and determination of the penumbra threshold against quantitative PET. Stroke. 2008;39:870–7.
    • (2008) Stroke , vol.39 , pp. 870-877
    • Takasawa, M.1    Jones, P.S.2    Guadagno, J.V.3
  • 80
    • 60549114678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal Tmax threshold for predicting penumbral tissue in acute stroke
    • PID: 1910954
    • Olivot JM, Mlynash M, Thijs VN, et al. Optimal Tmax threshold for predicting penumbral tissue in acute stroke. Stroke. 2009;40:469–75.
    • (2009) Stroke , vol.40 , pp. 469-475
    • Olivot, J.M.1    Mlynash, M.2    Thijs, V.N.3
  • 81
    • 33644795031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic selection of arterial input function using cluster analysis
    • PID: 1645331
    • Mouridsen K, Christensen S, Gyldensted L, Østergaard L. Automatic selection of arterial input function using cluster analysis. Magn Reson Med. 2006;55:524–31.
    • (2006) Magn Reson Med , vol.55 , pp. 524-531
    • Mouridsen, K.1    Christensen, S.2    Gyldensted, L.3    Østergaard, L.4
  • 82
    • 33749267950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian estimation of cerebral perfusion using a physiological model of microvasculature
    • PID: 1697114
    • Mouridsen K, Friston K, Hjort N, Gyldensted L, Østergaard L, Kiebel S. Bayesian estimation of cerebral perfusion using a physiological model of microvasculature. Neuroimage. 2006;33:570–9.
    • (2006) Neuroimage , vol.33 , pp. 570-579
    • Mouridsen, K.1    Friston, K.2    Hjort, N.3    Gyldensted, L.4    Østergaard, L.5    Kiebel, S.6
  • 83
    • 84908274250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliable estimation of capillary transit time distributions using DSC-MRI
    • PID: 24938401, The authors show that indices of capillary transit time heterogeneity can be derived from clinical perfusion MRI data and demonstrate preliminary data from acute stroke patients. They show that perfusion parameters from current state-of-the-art perfusion algorithms cannot distinguish hypoperfusion (prolonged MTT) and capillary dysfunction (elevated CTH
    • Mouridsen K, Hansen MB, Østergaard L, Jespersen SN. Reliable estimation of capillary transit time distributions using DSC-MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:1511–21. The authors show that indices of capillary transit time heterogeneity can be derived from clinical perfusion MRI data and demonstrate preliminary data from acute stroke patients. They show that perfusion parameters from current state-of-the-art perfusion algorithms cannot distinguish hypoperfusion (prolonged MTT) and capillary dysfunction (elevated CTH).
    • (2014) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.34 , pp. 1511-1521
    • Mouridsen, K.1    Hansen, M.B.2    Østergaard, L.3    Jespersen, S.N.4
  • 84
    • 0030952378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flow-independent heterogeneity of brain capillary plasma perfusion after blood exchange with a Newtonian fluid
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXivF2rsro%3D, PID: 913997
    • Vogel J, Waschke KF, Kuschinsky W. Flow-independent heterogeneity of brain capillary plasma perfusion after blood exchange with a Newtonian fluid. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:H1833–7.
    • (1997) Am J Physiol , vol.272 , pp. 1833-1837
    • Vogel, J.1    Waschke, K.F.2    Kuschinsky, W.3
  • 85
    • 33746698933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial flow-volume dissociation of the cerebral microcirculatory response to mild hypercapnia
    • PID: 1671371
    • Hutchinson EB, Stefanovic B, Koretsky AP, Silva AC. Spatial flow-volume dissociation of the cerebral microcirculatory response to mild hypercapnia. Neuroimage. 2006;32:520–30.
    • (2006) Neuroimage , vol.32 , pp. 520-530
    • Hutchinson, E.B.1    Stefanovic, B.2    Koretsky, A.P.3    Silva, A.C.4
  • 86
    • 71749091683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbogen inhalation increases oxygen transport to hypoperfused brain tissue in patients with occlusive carotid artery disease: increased oxygen transport to hypoperfused brain
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVWlsrnM, PID: 1978266
    • Ashkanian M, Gjedde A, Mouridsen K, et al. Carbogen inhalation increases oxygen transport to hypoperfused brain tissue in patients with occlusive carotid artery disease: increased oxygen transport to hypoperfused brain. Brain Res. 2009;1304:90–5.
    • (2009) Brain Res , vol.1304 , pp. 90-95
    • Ashkanian, M.1    Gjedde, A.2    Mouridsen, K.3
  • 87
    • 77956323278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-photon high-resolution measurement of partial pressure of oxygen in cerebral vasculature and tissue
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpvVWgsrg%3D, PID: 2069399
    • Sakadzic S, Roussakis E, Yaseen MA, et al. Two-photon high-resolution measurement of partial pressure of oxygen in cerebral vasculature and tissue. Nat Methods. 2010;7:755–9.
    • (2010) Nat Methods , vol.7 , pp. 755-759
    • Sakadzic, S.1    Roussakis, E.2    Yaseen, M.A.3
  • 88
    • 84923265935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large arteriolar component of oxygen delivery implies a safe margin of oxygen supply to cerebral tissue
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXjvFahsbY%3D, PID: 2548392
    • Sakadzic S, Mandeville ET, Gagnon L, et al. Large arteriolar component of oxygen delivery implies a safe margin of oxygen supply to cerebral tissue. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5734.
    • (2014) Nat Commun , vol.5 , pp. 5734
    • Sakadzic, S.1    Mandeville, E.T.2    Gagnon, L.3
  • 89
    • 84887114740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple-capillary measurement of RBC speed, flux, and density with optical coherence tomography
    • PID: 2402262
    • Lee J, Wu W, Lesage F, Boas DA. Multiple-capillary measurement of RBC speed, flux, and density with optical coherence tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:1707–10.
    • (2013) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.33 , pp. 1707-1710
    • Lee, J.1    Wu, W.2    Lesage, F.3    Boas, D.A.4
  • 90
    • 79951829343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoxia and inflammation
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXitFykt78%3D, PID: 2132354
    • Eltzschig HK, Carmeliet P. Hypoxia and inflammation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:656–65.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.364 , pp. 656-665
    • Eltzschig, H.K.1    Carmeliet, P.2
  • 91
    • 77952549255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological role of hypoxia in Alzheimer’s disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXlsFShsrc%3D, PID: 1967912
    • Zhang X, Le W. Pathological role of hypoxia in Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Neurol. 2010;223:299–303.
    • (2010) Exp Neurol , vol.223 , pp. 299-303
    • Zhang, X.1    Le, W.2
  • 92
    • 59649110562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SRF and myocardin regulate LRP-mediated amyloid-beta clearance in brain vascular cells
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1Oqt7g%3D, PID: 1909890
    • Bell RD, Deane R, Chow N, et al. SRF and myocardin regulate LRP-mediated amyloid-beta clearance in brain vascular cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11:143–53.
    • (2009) Nat Cell Biol , vol.11 , pp. 143-153
    • Bell, R.D.1    Deane, R.2    Chow, N.3
  • 93
    • 84880391350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration
    • PID: 2386720
    • Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:822–38.
    • (2013) Lancet Neurol , vol.12 , pp. 822-838
    • Wardlaw, J.M.1    Smith, E.E.2    Biessels, G.J.3
  • 94
    • 44349096287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension and cerebrovascular dysfunction
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnsVCktbY%3D, PID: 1852282
    • Iadecola C, Davisson RL. Hypertension and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Cell Metab. 2008;7:476–84.
    • (2008) Cell Metab , vol.7 , pp. 476-484
    • Iadecola, C.1    Davisson, R.L.2
  • 95
    • 0029915577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain capillary tissue plasminogen activator in a diabetes stroke model
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xis1Wlu70%3D, PID: 861493
    • Kittaka M, Wang L, Sun N, et al. Brain capillary tissue plasminogen activator in a diabetes stroke model. Stroke. 1996;27:712–9.
    • (1996) Stroke , vol.27 , pp. 712-719
    • Kittaka, M.1    Wang, L.2    Sun, N.3
  • 96
    • 69949172891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pericyte contraction induced by oxidative-nitrative stress impairs capillary reflow despite successful opening of an occluded cerebral artery
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVKhs7%2FK, PID: 1971804
    • Yemisci M, Gursoy-Ozdemir Y, Vural A, Can A, Topalkara K, Dalkara T. Pericyte contraction induced by oxidative-nitrative stress impairs capillary reflow despite successful opening of an occluded cerebral artery. Nat Med. 2009;15:1031–7.
    • (2009) Nat Med , vol.15 , pp. 1031-1037
    • Yemisci, M.1    Gursoy-Ozdemir, Y.2    Vural, A.3    Can, A.4    Topalkara, K.5    Dalkara, T.6
  • 97
    • 84889094930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the microcirculation in delayed cerebral ischemia and chronic degenerative changes after subarachnoid hemorrhage
    • PID: 24064495, The radiographic vasospasms observed after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage coincide with clinical deterioration and the development of delayed cerebral ischemia, but may not suffice as therapeutic targets. The authors discuss the putative roles of microvascular vasoconstrictions in relation to the clearance of blood breakdown in the pathophysiology of delayed cerebral ischemi
    • Østergaard L, Aamand R, Karabegovic S, et al. The role of the microcirculation in delayed cerebral ischemia and chronic degenerative changes after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:1825–37. The radiographic vasospasms observed after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage coincide with clinical deterioration and the development of delayed cerebral ischemia, but may not suffice as therapeutic targets. The authors discuss the putative roles of microvascular vasoconstrictions in relation to the clearance of blood breakdown in the pathophysiology of delayed cerebral ischemia.
    • (2013) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.33 , pp. 1825-1837
    • Østergaard, L.1    Aamand, R.2    Karabegovic, S.3
  • 98
    • 19944428242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal intravoxel cerebral blood flow heterogeneity in human ischemic stroke determined by dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging
    • PID: 1557665
    • Perkio J, Soinne L, Østergaard L, et al. Abnormal intravoxel cerebral blood flow heterogeneity in human ischemic stroke determined by dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 2005;36:44–9.
    • (2005) Stroke , vol.36 , pp. 44-49
    • Perkio, J.1    Soinne, L.2    Østergaard, L.3
  • 100
    • 80755188166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for stroke prevention in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia: the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study randomized trial
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsF2ntLfP, PID: 2206899
    • Powers WJ, Clarke WR, Grubb Jr RL, et al. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for stroke prevention in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia: the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306:1983–92.
    • (2011) JAMA , vol.306 , pp. 1983-1992
    • Powers, W.J.1    Clarke, W.R.2    Grubb, R.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.