Mast cell and autoimmune diseases

Mediators of Inflammation

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Xu, Yunzhi ^a   Chen, Guangjie ^a  

^a SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ALLERGIC REACTION; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL INTERACTION; CHRONIC URTICARIA; EXOCYTOSIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IN VITRO STUDY; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; MAST CELL; MAST CELL DEGRANULATION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TH17 CELL; ANIMAL; CELL MOTION; CHEMISTRY; CHRONIC DISEASE; CYTOLOGY; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOLOGY; MOUSE; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; URTICARIA;

ENZYME INHIBITOR;

ANIMALS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CELL MOVEMENT; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INFLAMMATION; MAST CELLS; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; T-LYMPHOCYTES, REGULATORY; TH17 CELLS; URTICARIA;

EID: 84928473937     PISSN: 09629351     EISSN: 14661861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/246126     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. E. Z. da Silva, M. C. Jamur, and C. Oliver, "Mast cell function: a new vision of an old cell, " Journal of Histochemistry-Cytochemistry, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 698-738, 2014.
2. S. Kivity, N. Agmon-Levin, M. Blank, and Y. Shoenfeld, "Infections and autoimmunity-friends or foes?" Trends in Immunology, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 409-414, 2009.
3. L. M. Pennell, C. L. Galligan, and E. N. Fish, "Sex affects immunity, " Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 38, no. 2-3, pp. J282-J291, 2012.
4. A. V. Rubtsov, K. Rubtsova, J. W. Kappler, and P. Marrack, "Genetic and hormonal factors in female-biased autoimmunity, " Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 494-498, 2010.
5. M. A. Brown and J. K. Hatfield, "Mast cells are important modifiers of autoimmune disease: with so much evidence, why is there still controversy?" Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 3, article 147, 2012.
6. I. R. Mackay andW. H. Anderson, "What's in a name? Experimental encephalomyelitis: 'Allergic' or 'autoimmune', " Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 223, no. 1-2, pp. 1-4, 2010.
7. J. Lohr, B. Knoechel, V. Nagabhushanam, and A. K. Abbas, "T-cell tolerance and autoimmunity to systemic and tissuerestricted self-antigens, " Immunological Reviews, vol. 204, pp. 116-127, 2005.
8. J.-F. Bach, A. Bendelac, M. B. Brenner et al. , "The role of innate immunity in autoimmunity, "The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 200, no. 12, pp. 1527-1531, 2004.
9. A. Chervonsky, "Innate receptors and microbes in induction of autoimmunity, " Current Opinion in Immunology, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 641-647, 2009.
10. A. Marshak-Rothstein and P. S. Ohashi, "Intricate connections between innate and adaptive autoimmunity, " Current Opinion in Immunology, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 603-605, 2007.
11. H. Maciejewska Rodrigues, A. Jüngel, R. E. Gay, and S. Gay, "Innate immunity, epigenetics and autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis, " Molecular Immunology, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 12-18, 2009.
12. D. S. Pisetsky, "The role of innate immunity in the induction of autoimmunity, " Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 69-72, 2008.
13. A. J. Tenner, "Influence of innate immune responses on autoimmunity, " Autoimmunity, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 83-84, 2004.
14. S. J. Galli, M. Grimbaldeston, and M. Tsai, "Immunomodulatory mast cells: negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity, " Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 478-486, 2008.
15. S. N. Abraham and A. L. St. John, "Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens, " Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 440-452, 2010.
16. U. Blank, I. K. Madera-Salcedo, L. Danelli et al. , "Vesicular trafficking and signaling for cytokine and chemokine secretion in mast cells, " Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 5, article 453, 2014.
17. G. D. Gregory and M. A. Brown, "Mast cells in allergy and autoimmunity: implications for adaptive immunity, " Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 315, pp. 35-50, 2006.
18. K. N. Rao and M. A. Brown, "Mast cells: multifaceted immune cells with diverse roles in health and disease, " Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1143, pp. 83-104, 2008.
19. B. A. Sayed, A. Christy, M. R. Quirion, and M. A. Brown, "The master switch: the role of mast cells in autoimmunity and tolerance, " Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 26, pp. 705-739, 2008.
20. X. Pang, R. Letourneau, J. J. Rozniecki, L. Wang, and T. C. Theoharides, "Definitive characterization of rat hypothalamic mast cells, " Neuroscience, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 889-902, 1996.
21. Y. Kitamura and A. Ito, "Mast cell-committed progenitors, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, no. 32, pp. 11129-11130, 2005.
22. H.-R. Rodewald, M. Dessing, A. M. Dvorak, and S. J. Galli, "Identification of a committed precursor for the mast cell lineage, " Science, vol. 271, no. 5250, pp. 818-822, 1996.
23. C.-C. Chen, M. A. Grimbaldeston, M. Tsai, I. L. Weissman, and S. J. Galli, "Identification ofmast cell progenitors in adult mice, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, no. 32, pp. 11408-11413, 2005.
24. T. C. Theoharides, K.-D. Alysandratos, A. Angelidou et al. , "Mast cells and inflammation, " Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1822, no. 1, pp. 21-33, 2012.
25. M. Metz, V. A. Botchkarev, N. V. Botchkareva et al. , "Neurotrophin-3 regulates mast cell functions in neonatal mouse skin, " Experimental Dermatology, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 273-281, 2004.
26. P. G. Kruger, L. Bo, K. M. Myhr et al. , "Mast cells and multiple sclerosis: a light and electron microscopic study of mast cells in multiple sclerosis emphasizing staining procedures, " Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 31-36, 1990.
27. M. Rottem and Y. A. Mekori, "Mast cells and autoimmunity, " Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 21-27, 2005.
28. S. J. Galli and M. Tsai, "Mast cells in allergy and infection: versatile effector and regulatory cells in innate and adaptive immunity, " European Journal of Immunology, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 1843-1851, 2010.
29. U. Blank and J. Rivera, "Theins and outs of IgE-dependentmastcell exocytosis, " Trends in Immunology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 266-273, 2004.
30. M. E. Walker, J. K. Hatfield, and M. A. Brown, "New insights into the role of mast cells in autoimmunity: evidence for a common mechanism of action?" Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Basis of Disease, vol. 1822, no. 1, pp. 57-65, 2012.
31. G. Gri, S. Piconese, B. Frossi et al. , "CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress mast cell degranulation and allergic responses throughOX40-OX40L interaction, " Immunity, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 771-781, 2008.
32. M. Kashyap, A. M. Thornton, S. K. Norton et al. , "Cutting edge: CD4 T cell-mast cell interactions alter IgE receptor expression and signaling, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 180, no. 4, pp. 2039-2043, 2008.
33. S. Piconese, G. Gri, C. Tripodo et al. , "Mast cells counteract regulatory T-cell suppression through interleukin-6 and OX40/OX40L axis toward Th17-cell differentiation, " Blood, vol. 114, no. 13, pp. 2639-2648, 2009.
34. O. Malbec and M. Daëron, "The mast cell IgG receptors and their roles in tissue inflammation, " Immunological Reviews, vol. 217, no. 1, pp. 206-221, 2007.
35. S. Merluzzi, B. Frossi, G. Gri, S. Parusso, C. Tripodo, and C. Pucillo, "Mast cells enhance proliferation of B lymphocytes and drive their differentiation toward IgA-secreting plasma cells, " Blood, vol. 115, no. 14, pp. 2810-2817, 2010.
36. R. Geoffrey, S. Jia, A. E. Kwitek et al. , "Evidence of a functional role formast cells in the development of type 1 diabetesmellitus in the biobreeding rat, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, no. 10, pp. 7275-7286, 2006.
37. T. Ishii, T. Fujita, T. Matsushita et al. , "Establishment of experimental eosinophilic vasculitis by IgE-mediated cutaneous reverse passive arthus reaction, " The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 174, no. 6, pp. 2225-2233, 2009.
38. S. S. Saini, M. Paterniti, K. Vasagar, S. P. Gibbons Jr. , P. M. Sterba, and B. M. Vonakis, "Cultured peripheral blood mast cells from chronic idiopathic urticaria patients spontaneously degranulate upon IgE sensitization: relationship to expression of Syk and SHIP-2, " Clinical Immunology, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 342-348, 2009.
39. B. U. Wintroub, M. C. Mihm Jr. , E. J. Goetzl, N. A. Soter, and K. F. Austen, "Morphologic and functional evidence for release ofmast-cell products in bullous pemphigoid, " The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 298, no. 8, pp. 417-421, 1978.
40. L. Steinman, "Multiple sclerosis: a two-stage disease, " Nature Immunology, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 762-764, 2001.
41. N. D. Chiaravalloti and J. DeLuca, "Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis, " The Lancet Neurology, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1139-1151, 2008.
42. F. D. Lublin, "Clinical features and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, " Neurologic Clinics, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2005.
43. A. Jäger and V. K. Kuchroo, "Effector and regulatory T-cell subsets in autoimmunity and tissue inflammation, " Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 173-184, 2010.
44. J. M. Fletcher, S. J. Lalor, C. M. Sweeney, N. Tubridy, and K. H. G. Mills, "T cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, " Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2010.
45. J. J. Dropp, "Mast cells in mammalian brain. I. Distribution, " Acta Anatomica, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 1-21, 1976.
46. L. Edvinsson, J. Cervos-Navarro, L. I. Larsson, C. Owman, and A. L. Rönnberg, "Regional distribution of mast cells containing histamine, dopamine, or 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mammalian brain, " Neurology, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 878-883, 1977.
47. R. C. Goldschmidt, L. B. Hough, S. D. Glick, and J. Padawer, "Mast cells in rat thalamus: nuclear localization, sex difference and left-right asymmetry, " Brain Research, vol. 323, no. 2, pp. 209-217, 1984.
48. P. Panula, H. Y. T. Yang, and E. Costa, "Histamine-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 2572-2576, 1984.
49. V. Dimitriadou, M. Lambracht-Hall, J. Reichler, and T. C. Theoharides, "Histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of rat brain perivascular mast cells stimulated with compound 48/80 and carbachol, " Neuroscience, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 209-224, 1990.
50. M. Z. M. Ibrahim, M. E. Al-Wirr, andN. Bahuth, "Themast cells of the mammalian central nervous system. III. Ultrastructural characteristics in the adult rat brain, " Acta Anatomica, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 134-154, 1979.
51. T. C. Theoharides, "Mast cells: the immune gate to the brain, " Life Sciences, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 607-617, 1990.
52. M. A. Brown, M. B. Tanzola, and M. Robbie-Ryan, "Mechanisms underlying mast cell influence on EAE disease course, " Molecular Immunology, vol. 38, no. 16-18, pp. 1373-1378, 2002.
53. M. Z. M. Ibrahim, A. T. Reder, R. Lawand, W. Takash, and S. Sallouh-Khatib, "The mast cells of the multiple sclerosis brain, " Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 131-138, 1996.
54. J. J. Rozniecki, S. L. Hauser, M. Stein, R. Lincoln, and T. C. Theoharides, "Elevated mast cell tryptase in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients, " Annals of Neurology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 63-66, 1995.
55. U. Shanas, R. Bhasin, A. K. Sutherland, A.-J. Silverman, and R. Silver, "Brain mast cells lack the c-kit receptor: immunocytochemical evidence, " Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 207-211, 1998.
56. T. C. Theoharides, C. Weinkauf, and P. Conti, "Brain cytokines and neuropsychiatric disorders, " Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 577-581, 2004.
57. T. C. Theoharides and A. D. Konstantinidou, "Corticotropinreleaslng hormone and the blood-brain-barrier, " Frontiers in Bioscience, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1615-1628, 2007.
58. M. Wilhelm, R. Silver, and A.-J. Silverman, "Central nervous system neurons acquire mast cell products via transgranulation, " European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 2238-2248, 2005.
59. W. E. F. Klinkert, K. Kojima, W. Lesslauer, W. Rinner, H. Lassmann, and H. Wekerle, "TNF- receptor fusion protein prevents experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis and demyelination in Lewis rats: an overview, " Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 163-168, 1997.
60. K. S. Kim, C. A. Wass, A. S. Cross, and S. M. Opal, "Modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability by tumor necrosis factor and antibody to tumor necrosis factor in the rat, " Lymphokine and Cytokine Research, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 293-298, 1992.
61. V. Malamud, A. Vaaknin, O. Abramsky et al. , "Tryptase activates peripheral blood mononuclear cells causing the synthesis and release of TNF-, IL-6 and IL-1: possible relevance tomultiple sclerosis, " Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 138, no. 1-2, pp. 115-122, 2003.
62. N. W. Bunnett, "Protease-activated receptors: how proteases signal to cells to cause inflammation and pain, " Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 39-48, 2006.
63. D. Baram, G. G. Vaday, P. Salamon, I. Drucker, R. Hershkoviz, and Y. A. Mekori, "Humanmast cells releasemetalloproteinase-9 on contact with activated T cells: Juxtacrine regulation by TNF-, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 167, no. 7, pp. 4008-4016, 2001.
64. G. N. Dietsch and D. J. Hinrichs, "Mast cell proteases liberate stable encephalitogenic fragments from intact myelin, " Cellular Immunology, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 541-548, 1991.
65. T. Brenner, D. Soffer, M. Shalit, and F. Levi-Schaffer, "Mast cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: characterization, distribution in the CNS and in vitro activation by myelin basic protein and neuropeptides, " Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 210-213, 1994.
66. V. Dimitriadou, X. Pang, and T. C. Theoharides, "Hydroxyzine inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and associated brain mast cell activation, " International Journal of Immunopharmacology, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 673-684, 2000.
67. K. Kannan, R. A. Ortmann, and D. Kimpel, "Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and their relevance to human disease, " Pathophysiology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 167-181, 2005.
68. D. M. Lee, D. S. Friend, M. F. Gurish, C. Benoist, D. Mathis, and M. B. Brenner, "Mast cells: a cellular link between autoantibodies and inflammatory arthritis, " Science, vol. 297, no. 5587, pp. 1689-1692, 2002.
69. P. A. Nigrovic and D. M. Lee, "Synovial mast cells: role in acute and chronic arthritis, " Immunological Reviews, vol. 217, no. 1, pp. 19-37, 2007.
70. L. Aloe, L. Probert, G. Kollias et al. , "Level of nerve growth factor and distribution of mast cells in the synovium of tumour necrosis factor transgenic arthritic mice, " International Journal of Tissue Reactions, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 139-143, 1993.
71. T. Kambayashi, E. J. Allenspach, J. T. Chang et al. , "Inducible MHC class II expression by mast cells supports effector and regulatory T cell activation, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 182, no. 8, pp. 4686-4695, 2009.
72. K. Shin, M. F. Gurish, D. S. Friend et al. , "Lymphocyteindependent connective tissue mast cells populate murine synovium, " Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 2863-2871, 2006.
73. A. J. Hueber, D. L. Asquith, A. M. Miller et al. , "Cutting edge: mast cells express IL-17A in rheumatoid arthritis synovium, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 184, no. 7, pp. 3336-3340, 2010.
74. K. Shin, P. A. Nigrovic, J. Crish et al. , "Mast cells contribute to autoimmune inflammatory arthritis via their tryptase/heparin complexes, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 647-656, 2009.
75. H. S. Palmer, E. B. Kelso, J. C. Lockhart et al. , "Protease-activated receptor 2 mediates the proinflammatory effects of synovial mast cells, " Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 3532-3540, 2007.
76. N. Sawamukai, S. Yukawa, K. Saito, S. Nakayamada, T. Kambayashi, and Y. Tanaka, "Mast cell-derived tryptase inhibits apoptosis of human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts via rhomediated signaling, " Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 952-959, 2010.
77. I. Matsumoto and A. Staub, "Arthritis provoked by linked T and B cell recognition of a glycolytic enzyme, " Science, vol. 286, no. 5445, pp. 1732-1735, 1999.
78. H. Ji, A. Pettit, K. Ohmura et al. , "Critical roles for interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor in antibody-induced arthritis, " Journal of ExperimentalMedicine, vol. 196, no. 1, pp. 77-85, 2002.
79. J. S. Zhou, W. Xing, D. S. Friend, K. F. Austen, and H. R. Katz, "Mast cell deficiency in Kit mice does not impair antibodymediated arthritis, " Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 204, no. 12, pp. 2797-2802, 2007.
80. P. A. Nigrovic, B. A. Binstadt, P. A. Monach et al. , "Mast cells contribute to initiation of autoantibody-mediated arthritis via IL-1, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 7, pp. 2325-2330, 2007.
81. C. Benoist and D. Mathis, "Mast cells in autoimmune disease, " Nature, vol. 420, no. 6917, pp. 875-878, 2002.
82. D. E. Woolley and L. C. Tetlow, "Mast cell activation and its relation to proinflammatory cytokine production in the rheumatoid lesion, " Arthritis Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 65-74, 2000.
83. H. McDevitt, "Closing in on type 1 diabetes, " The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 345, no. 14, pp. 1060-1061, 2001.
84. G. Dahlquist, "The aetiology of type 1 diabetes: an epidemiological perspective, " Acta Paediatrica, vol. 87, Supplement 425, pp. 5-10, 1998.
85. D. A. Rees and J. C. Alcolado, "Animal models of diabetes mellitus, " Diabetic Medicine, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 359-370, 2005.
86. I. Esposito, H. Friess, A. Kappeler et al. , "Mast cell distribution and activation in chronic pancreatitis, " Human Pathology, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1174-1183, 2001.
87. I. Esposito, J. Kleeff, S. C. Bischoff et al. , "The stem cell factor-c-kit system and mast cells in human pancreatic cancer, " Laboratory Investigation, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 1481-1492, 2002.
88. L. Zimnoch, B. Szynaka, and Z. Puchalski, "Mast cells and pancreatic stellate cells in chronic pancreatitis with differently intensified fibrosis, " Hepato-Gastroenterology, vol. 49, no. 46, pp. 1135-1138, 2002.
89. C. Parlapiano, C. Danese, M. Marangi et al. , "The relationship between glycated hemoglobin and polymorphonuclear leukocyte leukotriene B4 release in people with diabetes mellitus, " Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 43-45, 1999.
90. S. Jain, "Pathogenesis of chronic urticaria: an overview, " Dermatology Research and Practice, vol. 2014, Article ID 674709, 10 pages, 2014.
91. G. N. Konstantinou, R. Asero, M. Ferrer et al. , "EAACI taskforce position paper: evidence for autoimmune urticaria and proposal for defining diagnostic criteria, " Allergy, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 27-36, 2013.
92. A. Leznoff, R. G. Josse, J. Denburg, andJ. Dolovich, "Association of chronic urticaria and angioedema with thyroid autoimmunity, " Archives of Dermatology, vol. 119, no. 8, pp. 636-640, 1983.
93. B. L. Gruber, M. L. Baeza, M. J. Marchese, V. Agnello, and A. P. Kaplan, "Prevalence and functional role of anti-IgE autoantibodies in urticarial syndromes, " Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 213-217, 1988.
94. S. Sachdeva, V. Gupta, S. S. Amin, and M. Tahseen, "Chronic urticaria, " Indian Journal of Dermatology, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 622-628, 2011.
95. Y. C. Wai and G. L. Sussman, "Evaluating chronic urticaria patients for allergies, infections, or autoimmune disorders, " Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 185-193, 2002.
96. M. Caproni, B. Giomi, W. Volpi et al. , "Chronic idiopathic urticaria: infiltrating cells and related cytokines in autologous serum-induced wheals, " Clinical Immunology, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 284-292, 2005.
97. C. H. Smith, C. Kepley, L. B. Schwartz, and T. H. Lee, "Mast cell number and phenotype in chronic idiopathic urticaria, " Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 360-364, 1995.
98. F. Bossi, B. Frossi, O. Radillo et al. , "Mast cells are critically involved in serum-mediated vascular leakage in chronic urticaria beyond high-affinity IgE receptor stimulation, " Allergy, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 1538-1545, 2011.
99. L. Frenzel and O. Hermine, "Mast cells and inflammation, " Joint Bone Spine, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 141-145, 2013.
100. S. Cemerski, S. Y. Chu, G. L. Moore, U. S. Muchhal, J. R. Desjarlais, and D. E. Szymkowski, "Suppression of mast cell degranulation through a dual-targeting tandem IgE-IgG Fc domain biologic engineered to bind with high affinity to FcRIIb, " Immunology Letters, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 34-43, 2012.
101. P. Vermersch, R. Benrabah, N. Schmidt et al. , "Masitinib treatment in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomized pilot study, " BMC Neurology, vol. 12, article 36, 2012.
102. T. B. Feyerabend, A. Weiser, A. Tietz et al. , "Cre-mediated cell ablation contests mast cell contribution in models of antibodyand T cell-mediated autoimmunity, " Immunity, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 832-844, 2011.
103. D. A. Gutierrez, W. Fu, S. Schonefeldt et al. , "Type 1 diabetes in NOD mice unaffected by mast cell deficiency, " Diabetes, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 3827-3834, 2014.