The diversity of mechanisms influenced by transthyretin in neurobiology: Development, disease and endocrine disruption

Journal of Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 303-323

  Alshehri, B ^a   D'Souza, D G ^a   Lee, J Y ^b   Petratos, S ^b   Richardson, S J ^a  

^a RMIT UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Amyloid; Choroid plexus; Endocrine disruption; Evolution of function; Thyroid hormones; Transthyretin

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; PREALBUMIN; THYROID HORMONE; DNA; RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMYLOIDOSIS; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHOROID PLEXUS; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DEPRESSION; FAMILIAL AMYLOID POLYNEUROPATHY; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; LEARNING; MEMORY; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN CLEAVAGE; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHWANN CELL; TISSUE SPECIFICITY; ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; BRAIN; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; COGNITION; DRUG EFFECTS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METABOLISM; NERVE CELL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; VERTEBRATE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; CHOROID PLEXUS; COGNITION; DNA; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; HUMANS; NEURONS; PREALBUMIN; RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS; SCHWANN CELLS; THYROID HORMONES; VERTEBRATES;

EID: 84928034050     PISSN: 09538194     EISSN: 13652826     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jne.12271     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Seibert FB, Nelson JW. Electrophoretic study of the blood protein response in tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 1942; 143: 29-38.
2. Kabat EA, Moore DH, Landow H. An electrophoretic study of the protein components in cerebrospinal fluid and their relationship to the serum proteins. J Clin Invest 1942; 21: 571-577.
3. Ingbar SH. Pre-albumin: a thyroxinebinding protein of human plasma. Endocrinology 1958; 63: 256-259.
4. Raz A, Goodman DS. The interaction of thyroxine with human plasma prealbumin and with the prealbumin-retinol-binding protein complex. J Biol Chem 1969; 244: 3230-3237.
5. Nomenclature Committee of IUB. (NC-IUB) and IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). Newsletter 1981. Eur J Biochem 1981; 256: 12-14.
6. Haupt H, Heide K. Crystallization of prealbumin from human serum. Experientia 1966; 22: 449-451.
7. Blake CC, Geisow MJ, Oatley SJ, Rerat B, Rerat C. Structure of prealbumin: secondary, tertiary and quaternary interactions determined by Fourier refinement at 1.8 A. J Mol Biol 1978; 121: 339-356.
8. Blake CCF, Geisow MJ, Swan IDA, Rerat C, Rerat B. Structure of human plasma prealbumin at 2.5 A resolution: a preliminary report on the polypeptide chain conformation, quaternary structure and thyroxine binding. J Mol Biol 1974; 88: 1-12.
9. Blake CC, Oatley SJ. Protein-DNA and protein-hormone interactions in prealbumin: a model of the thyroid hormone nuclear receptor? Nature 1977; 268: 115-120.
10. Kanda Y, Goodman DS, Canfield RE, Morgan FJ. The amino acid sequence of human plasma prealbumin. J Biol Chem 1974; 249: 6796-6805.
11. Wojtczak A, Cody V, Luft JR, Pangborn W. Structures of human transthyretin complexed with thyroxine at 2.0 A resolution and 3′, 5′-dinitro-N-acetyl-l-thyronine at 2.2 A resolution. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 1996; 52: 758-765.
12. Neumann P, Cody V, Wojtczak A. Structural basis of negative cooperativity in transthyretin. Acta Biochim Pol 2001; 48: 867-875.
13. Lai Z, Colon W, Kelly JW. The acid-mediated denaturation pathway of transthyretin yields a conformational intermediate that can self-assemble into amyloid. Biochemistry 1996; 35: 6470-6482.
14. Monaco HL. Three-dimensional structure of the transthyretin-retinol-binding protein complex. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40: 1229-1236.
15. Gaetani S, Bellovino D, Apreda M, Devirgiliis C. Hepatic synthesis, maturation and complex formation between retinol-binding protein and transthyretin. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40: 1211-1220.
16. Eneqvist T, Lundberg E, Karlsson A, Huang S, Santos CR, Power DM, Sauer-Eriksson AE. High resolution crystal structures of piscine transthyretin reveal different binding modes for triiodothyronine and thyroxine. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 26411-26416.
17. Sunde M, Richardson SJ, Chang L, Pettersson TM, Schreiber G, Blake CC. The crystal structure of transthyretin from chicken. Eur J Biochem 1996; 236: 491-499.
18. Muziol T, Cody V, Luft JR, Pangborn W, Wojtczak A. Complex of rat transthyretin with tetraiodothyroacetic acid refined at 2.1 and 1.8 A resolution. Acta Biochim Pol 2001; 48: 877-884.
19. Richardson SJ. Cell and molecular biology of transthyretin and thyroid hormones. Int Rev Cytol 2007; 258: 137-193.
20. Aldred AR, Prapunpoj P, Schreiber G. Evolution of shorter and more hydrophilic transthyretin N-termini by stepwise conversion of exon 2 into intron 1 sequences (shifting the 3′ splice site of intron 1). Eur J Biochem 1997; 246: 401-409.
21. Chang L, Munro SL, Richardson SJ, Schreiber G. Evolution of thyroid hormone binding by transthyretins in birds and mammals. Eur J Biochem 1999; 259: 534-542.
22. Prapunpoj P, Leelawatwatana L, Schreiber G, Richardson SJ. Change in structure of the N-terminal region of transthyretin produces change in affinity of transthyretin to T4 and T3. FEBS J 2006; 273: 4013-4023.
23. Samuels HH, Stanley F, Casanova J. Relationship of receptor affinity to the modulation of thyroid hormone nuclear receptor levels and growth hormone synthesis by l-triiodothyronine and iodothyronine analogues in cultured GH1 cells. J Clin Invest 1979; 63: 1229-1240.
24. Darras VM, Van Herck SL. Iodothyronine deiodinase structure and function: from ascidians to humans. J Endocrinol 2012; 215: 189-206.
25. van Doorn J, Roelfsema F, van der Heide D. Concentrations of thyroxine and 3, 5, 3′-triiodothyronine at 34 different sites in euthyroid rats as determined by an isotopic equilibrium technique. Endocrinology 1985; 117: 1201-1208.
26. Calvo R, Obregon MJ, Ruiz de Ona C, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G. Congenital hypothyroidism, as studied in rats. Crucial role of maternal thyroxine but not of 3, 5, 3′-triiodothyronine in the protection of the fetal brain. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 889-899.
27. Schreiber G. The evolutionary and integrative roles of transthyretin in thyroid hormone homeostasis. J Endocrinol 2002; 175: 61-73.
28. Hennemann G, Docter R, Friesema EC, de Jong M, Krenning EP, Visser TJ. Plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormones and its role in thyroid hormone metabolism and bioavailability. Endocr Rev 2001; 22: 451-476.
29. Mendel CM, Weisiger RA, Jones AL, Cavalieri RR. Thyroid hormone-binding proteins in plasma facilitate uniform distribution of thyroxine within tissues: a perfused rat liver study. Endocrinology 1987; 120: 1742-1749.
30. Schreiber G, Richardson SJ. The evolution of gene expression, structure and function of transthyretin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 116: 137-160.
31. Dickson P, Aldred A, Menting J, Marley P, Sawyer W, Schreiber G. Thyroxine transport in choroid plexus. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 13907-13915.
32. Rotzsch W, Kohler H, Martin H. On the solubility of thyroxine. Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 1967; 348: 939-940.
33. Benvenga S, Lapa D, Trimarchi F. Re-evaluation of the thyroxine binding to human plasma lipoproteins using three techniques. J Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24: RC16-RC18.
34. Mendel CM, Weisiger RA. Thyroxine uptake by perfused rat liver. No evidence for facilitation by five different thyroxine-binding proteins. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1840-1847.
35. Mendel CM. The free hormone hypothesis - a physiologically based mathematical-model. Endocr Rev 1989; 10: 232-274.
36. Robbins J. Transthyretin from discovery to now. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40: 1183-1190.
37. Vranckx R, Rouaze M, Savu L, Nunez EA, Beaumont C, Flink IL. The hepatic biosynthesis of rat thyroxine binding globulin (TBG): demonstration, ontogenesis, and up-regulation in experimental hypothyroidism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 167: 317-322.
38. Vranckx R, Savu L, Maya M, Nunez EA. Characterization of a major development-regulated serum thyroxine-binding globulin in the euthyroid mouse. Biochem J 1990; 271: 373-379.
39. Savu L, Vranckx R, Rouaze-Romet M, Maya M, Nunez EA, Treton J, Flink IL. A senescence up-regulated protein: the rat thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1097: 19-22.
40. Dickson PW, Howlett GJ, Schreiber G. Rat transthyretin (prealbumin) - molecular-cloning, nucleotide-sequence, and gene-expression in liver and brain. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 8214-8219.
41. Thomas T, Southwell BR, Schreiber G, Jaworowski A. Plasma protein synthesis and secretion in the visceral yolk sac of the fetal rat: gene expression, protein synthesis and secretion. Placenta 1990; 11: 413-430.
42. Sklan D, Ross AC. Synthesis of retinol-binding protein and transthyretin in yolk sac and fetus in the rat. J Nutr 1987; 117: 436-442.
43. Cavallaro T, Martone RL, Dwork AJ, Schon EA, Herbert J. The retinal-pigment epithelium is the unique site of transthyretin synthesis in the rat eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31: 497-501.
44. Ong DE, Davis JT, O'Day WT, Bok D. Synthesis and secretion of retinol-binding protein and transthyretin by cultured retinal pigment epithelium. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 1835-1842.
45. Kato M, Kato K, Blaner WS, Chertow BS, Goodman DS. Plasma and cellular retinoid-binding proteins and transthyretin (prealbumin) are all localized in the islets of langerhans in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 2488-2492.
46. Blay P, Nilsson C, Hansson S, Owman C, Aldred AR, Schreiber G. An in vivo study of the effect of 5-HT and sympathetic nerves on transferrin and transthyretin mRNA expression in rat choroid plexus and meninges. Brain Res 1994; 662: 148-154.
47. Loughna S, Bennett P, Moore G. Molecular analysis of the expression of transthyretin in intestine and liver from trisomy 18 fetuses. Hum Genet 1995; 95: 89-95.
48. Murakami T, Ohsawa Y, Zhenghua L, Yamamura K, Sunada Y. The transthyretin gene is expressed in Schwann cells of peripheral nerves. Brain Res 2010; 1348: 222-225.
49. Li X, Masliah E, Reixach N, Buxbaum JN. Neuronal production of transthyretin in human and murine alzheimer's disease: is it protective? J Neurosci 2011; 31: 12483-12490.
50. Soprano DR, Soprano KJ, Goodman DS. Retinol-binding protein and transthyretin mRNA levels in visceral yolk sac and liver during fetal development in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 7330-7334.
51. Soprano DR, Herbert J, Soprano KJ, Schon EA, Goodman DS. Demonstration of transthyretin mRNA in the brain and other extrahepatic tissues in the rat. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 11793-11798.
52. Dickson PW, Aldred AR, Marley PD, Guo-Fen T, Howlett GJ, Schreiber G. High prealbumin and transferrin mRNA levels in the choroid plexus of rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 127: 890-895.
53. Stauder AJ, Dickson PW, Aldred AR, Schreiber G, Mendelsohn FA, Hudson P. Synthesis of transthyretin (pre-albumin) mRNA in choroid plexus epithelial cells, localized by in situ hybridization in rat brain. J Histochem Cytochem 1986; 34: 949-952.
54. Schreiber G, Aldred AR, Jaworowski A, Nilsson C, Achen MG, Segal MB. Thyroxine transport from blood to brain via transthyretin synthesis in choroid plexus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1990; 258: R338-R345.
55. Chanoine JP, Alex S, Fang SL, Stone S, Leonard JL, Korhle J, Braverman LE. Role of transthyretin in the transport of thyroxine from the blood to the choroid plexus, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the brain. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 933-938.
56. Southwell B, Duan W, Alcorn D, Brack C, Richardson S, Köhrle J, Schreiber G. Thyroxine transport to the brain: role of protein synthesis by the choroid plexus. Endocrinology 1993; 133: 2116-2126.
57. Thomas T, Power B, Hudson P, Schreiber G, Dziadek M. The expression of transthyretin mRNA in the developing rat brain. Dev Biol 1988; 128: 415-427.
58. Fung WP, Thomas T, Dickson PW, Aldred AR, Milland J, Dziadek M, Power B, Hudson P, Schreiber G. Structure and expression of the rat transthyretin (prealbumin) gene. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 480-488.
59. Tu GF, Cole T, Southwell BR, Schreiber G. Expression of the genes for transthyretin, cystatin C and beta A4 amyloid precursor protein in sheep choroid plexus during development. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1990; 55: 203-208.
60. Richardson SJ. Expression of transthyretin in the choroid plexus: relationship to brain homeostasis of thyroid hormones. In: Zheng W, Chodobski A., ed. The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis, 2005: 279-307.
61. Harms PJ, Tu GF, Richardson SJ, Aldred AR, Jaworowski A, Schreiber G. Transthyretin (prealbumin) gene-expression in choroid-plexus is strongly conserved during evolution of vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1991; 99: 239-249.
62. Achen MG, Harms PJ, Thomas T, Richardson SJ, Wettenhall RE, Schreiber G. Protein synthesis at the blood-brain barrier. The major protein secreted by amphibian choroid plexus is a lipocalin. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 23170-23174.
63. Yan C, Costa RH, Darnell JE Jr, Chen JD, Van Dyke TA. Distinct positive and negative elements control the limited hepatocyte and choroid plexus expression of transthyretin in transgenic mice. EMBO J 1990; 9: 869-878.
64. Costa RH, Van Dyke TA, Yan C, Kuo F, Darnell JE Jr. Similarities in transthyretin gene expression and differences in transcription factors: liver and yolk sac compared to choroid plexus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 6589-6593.
65. Qian X, Samadani U, Porcella A, Costa RH. Decreased expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 alpha during the acute-phase response influences transthyretin gene transcription. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15: 1364-1376.
66. Samadani U, Qian X, Costa RH. Identification of a transthyretin enhancer site that selectively binds the hepatocyte nuclear factor-3 beta isoform. Gene Expr 1996; 6: 23-33.
67. Dickson PW, Aldred AR, Marley PD, Bannister D, Schreiber G. Rat choroid plexus specializes in the synthesis and the secretion of transthyretin (prealbumin). Regulation of transthyretin synthesis in choroid plexus is independent from that in liver. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 3475-3478.
68. Jacobson DR, Alves IL, Saraiva MJ, Thibodeau SN, Buxbaum JN. Transthyretin Ser 6 gene frequency in individuals without amyloidosis. Hum Genet 1995; 95: 308-312.
69. Episkopou V, Maeda S, Nishiguchi S, Shimada K, Gaitanaris GA, Gottesman ME, Robertson EJ. Disruption of the transthyretin gene results in mice with depressed levels of plasma retinol and thyroid hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 2375-2379.
70. Palha JA, Episkopou V, Maeda S, Shimada K, Gottesman ME, Saraiva M. Thyroid hormone metabolism in a transthyretin-null mouse strain. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 33135-33139.
71. Palha J, Hays M, Morreale de EG, Episkopou V, Gottesman M, Saraiva M. Transthyretin is not essential for thyroxine to reach the brain and other tissues in transthyretin-null mice. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: E485-E489.
72. Palha JA, Fernandes R, de Escobar GM, Episkopou V, Gottesman M, Saraiva MJ. Transthyretin regulates thyroid hormone levels in the choroid plexus, but not in the brain parenchyma: study in a transthyretin-null mouse model. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 3267-3272.
73. Sousa J, de Escobar GM, Oliveira P, Saraiva M, Palha J. Transthyretin is not necessary for thyroid hormone metabolism in conditions of increased hormone demand. J Endocrinol 2005; 187: 257-266.
74. Palha J, Nissanov J, Fernandes R, Sousa J, Bertrand L, Dratman M, Morreale de Escobar G, Gottesman M, Saraiva M. Thyroid hormone distribution in the mouse brain: the role of transthyretin. Neuroscience 2002; 113: 837-847.
75. Lemkine GF, Raj A, Alfama G, Turque N, Hassani Z, Alegria-Prevot O, Samarut J, Levi G, Demeneix BA. Adult neural stem cell cycling in vivo requires thyroid hormone and its alpha receptor. FASEB J 2005; 19: 863-865.
76. Escobar del Rey F, Mallol J, Pastor R, Morreale de Escobar G. Effects of maternal iodine deficiency on thyroid hormone economy of lactating dams and pups: maintenance of normal cerebral 3, 5, 3′-triiodo-l-thyronine concentrations in pups during major phases of brain development. Endocrinology 1987; 121: 803-811.
77. Monk JA, Sims NA, Dziegielewska KM, Weiss RE, Ramsay RG, Richardson SJ. Delayed development of specific thyroid hormone-regulated events in transthyretin null mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304: E23-E31.
78. Christensen HN, Hess B, Riggs TR. Concentration of taurine, beta-alanine, and triiodothyronine by ascites carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1954; 14: 124-127.
79. Visser WE, Friesema EC, Visser TJ. Minireview: thyroid hormone transporters: the knowns and the unknowns. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25: 1-14.
80. Alkemade A, Friesema EC, Kalsbeek A, Swaab DF, Visser TJ, Fliers E. Expression of thyroid hormone transporters in the human hypothalamus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: E967-E971.
81. Mayerl S, Visser TJ, Darras VM, Horn S, Heuer H. Impact of Oatp1c1 deficiency on thyroid hormone metabolism and action in the mouse brain. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 1528-1537.
82. Kersseboom S, Visser TJ. Tissue-specific effects of mutations in the thyroid hormone transporter MCT8. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2011; 55: 1-5.
83. Goodman DS. Vitamin A and retinoids in health and disease. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1023-1031.
84. Noy N, Slosberg E, Scarlata S. Interactions of retinol with binding proteins: studies with retinol-binding protein and with transthyretin. Biochemistry 1992; 31: 11118-11124.
85. Monaco HL, Rizzi M, Coda A. Structure of a complex of two plasma proteins: transthyretin and retinol-binding protein. Science 1995; 268: 1039-1041.
86. van Jaarsveld PP, Edelhoch H, Goodman DS, Robbins J. The interaction of human plasma retinol-binding protein and prealbumin. J Biol Chem 1973; 248: 4698-4705.
87. Kanai M, Raz A, Goodman DS. Retinol-binding protein: the transport protein for vitamin A in human plasma. J Clin Invest 1968; 47: 2025-2044.
88. Peterson P. Studies on the interaction between prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, and vitamin A. J Biol Chem 1971; 246: 44-49.
89. Blaner WS. Retinol-binding protein: the serum transport protein for vitamin A. Endocr Rev 1989; 10: 308-316.
90. Bui BV, Armitage JA, Fletcher EL, Richardson SJ, Schreiber G, Vingrys AJ. Retinal anatomy and function of the transthyretin null mouse. Exp Eye Res 2001; 73: 651-659.
91. Wei S, Episkopou V, Piantedosi R, Maeda S, Shimada K, Gottesman ME, Blaner WS. Studies on the metabolism of retinol and retinol-binding protein in transthyretin-deficient mice produced by homologous recombination. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 866-870.
92. Melhus H, Nilsson T, Peterson PA, Rask L. Retinol-binding protein and transthyretin expressed in HeLa cells form a complex in the endoplasmic reticulum in both the absence and the presence of retinol. Exp Cell Res 1991; 197: 119-124.
93. Richardson SJ, Bradley AJ, Duan W, Wettenhall RE, Harms PJ, Babon JJ, Southwell BR, Nicol S, Donnellan SC, Schreiber G. Evolution of marsupial and other vertebrate thyroxine-binding plasma proteins. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: R1359-R1370.
94. Berni R, Stoppini M, Zapponi MC. The piscine plasma retinol-binding protein. Purification, partial amino acid sequence and interaction with mammalian transthyretin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) retinol-binding protein. Eur J Biochem 1992; 204: 99-106.
95. Blake CCF, Swan IDA, Rerat C, Berthou J, Laurent A, Rerat B. X-ray study of subunit structure of prealbumin. J Mol Biol 1971; 61: 217.
96. Evans RM. The steroid and thyroid-hormone receptor superfamily. Science 1988; 240: 889-895.
97. Richardson SJ, Hennebry SC, Smith BJ, Wright HM. Evolution of the thyroid hormone distributor protein transthyretin in microbes, C. elegans, and vertebrates. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1040: 448-451.
98. Prapunpoj P, Yamauchi K, Nishiyama N, Richardson SJ, Schreiber G. Evolution of structure, ontogeny of gene expression and function of Xenopus transthyretin. Am. J. Physiol. 2000; 279: R2026-R2041.
99. Hennebry SC, Wright HM, Likic VA, Richardson SJ. Structural and functional evolution of transthyretin and transthyretin-like proteins. Proteins 2006; 64: 1024-1045.
100. Hennebry SC, Law RH, Richardson SJ, Buckle AM, Whisstock JC. The crystal structure of the transthyretin-like protein from Salmonella dublin, a prokaryote 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase. J Mol Biol 2006; 359: 1389-1399.
101. Liz MA, Faro CJ, Saraiva MJ, Sousa MM. Transthyretin, a new cryptic protease. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 21431-21438.
102. Liz M, Fleming C, Nunes A, Almeida M, Mar F, Choe Y, Craik C, Powers J, Bogyo M, Sousa M. Substrate specificity of transthyretin: identification of natural substrates in the nervous system. Biochem J. 2009; 419: 467-474.
103. Nunes AF, Saraiva MJ, Sousa MM. Transthyretin knockouts are a new mouse model for increased neuropeptide Y. FASEB J 2006; 20: 166-168.
104. Sousa JC, Grandela C, Fernández-Ruiz J, De Miguel R, De Sousa L, Magalhães AI, Saraiva MJ, Sousa N, Palha JA. Transthyretin is involved in depression-like behaviour and exploratory activity. J Neurochem 2004; 88: 1052-1058.
105. Santos SD, Lambertsen KL, Clausen BH, Akinc A, Alvarez R, Finsen B, Saraiva MJ. CSF transthyretin neuroprotection in a mouse model of brain ischemia. J Neurochem 2010; 115: 1434-1444.
106. Hornstrup LS, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Genetic stabilization of transthyretin, cerebrovascular disease, and life expectancy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33: 1441-1447.
107. Fleming CE, Saraiva MJ, Sousa MM. Transthyretin enhances nerve regeneration. J Neurochem 2007; 103: 831-839.
108. Fleming CE, Mar FM, Franquinho F, Saraiva MJ, Sousa MM. Transthyretin internalization by sensory neurons is megalin mediated and necessary for its neuritogenic activity. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 3220-3232.
109. Wicher G, Larsson M, Svenningsen ÅF, Gyllencreutz E, Rask L, Aldskogius H. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2/megalin is expressed in oligodendrocytes in the mouse spinal cord white matter. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83: 864-873.
110. Demeneix BA. Losing Our Minds: How Environmental Pollution Impairs Human Intelligence and Mental Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
111. McCammon MG, Scott DJ, Keetch CA, Greene LH, Purkey HE, Petrassi HM, Kelly JW, Robinson CV. Screening transthyretin amyloid fibril inhibitors: characterization of novel multiprotein, multiligand complexes by mass spectrometry. Structure 2002; 10: 851-863.
112. Brucker-Davis F. Effects of environmental synthetic chemicals on thyroid function. Thyroid 1998; 8: 827-856.
113. Munro SL, Lim CF, Hall JG, Barlow JW, Craik DJ, Topliss DJ, Stockigt JR. Drug competition for thyroxine binding to transthyretin (prealbumin): comparison with effects on thyroxine-binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 1141-1147.
114. Van den Berg KJ, van Raaij JA, Bragt PC, Notten WR. Interactions of halogenated industrial chemicals with transthyretin and effects on thyroid hormone levels in vivo. Arch Toxicol 1991; 65: 15-19.
115. den Besten C, Vet JJ, Besselink HT, Kiel GS, van Berkel BJ, Beems R, van Bladeren PJ. The liver, kidney, and thyroid toxicity of chlorinated benzenes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 111: 69-81.
116. Schroder-van der Elst JP, Smit JW, Romijn HA, van der Heide D. Dietary flavonoids and iodine metabolism. BioFactors 2003; 4: 171-176.
117. Auf'mkolk M, Koehrle J, Hesch RD, Cody V. Inhibition of rat liver iodothyronine deiodinase. Interaction of aurones with the iodothyronine ligand-binding site. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 11623-11630.
118. Ciszak E, Cody V, Luft JR. Crystal structure determination at 2.3-A resolution of human transthyretin-3′, 5′-dibromo-2′, 4, 4′, 6-tetrahydroxyaurone complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 6644-6648.
119. Kohrle J, Fang SL, Yang Y, Irmscher K, Hesch RD, Pino S, Alex S, Braverman LE. Rapid effects of the flavonoid EMD 21388 on serum thyroid hormone binding and thyrotropin regulation in the rat. Endocrinology 1989; 125: 532-537.
120. Koehrle J, Auf'mkolk M, Spanka M, Irmscher K, Cody V, Hesch RD. Iodothyronine deiodinase is inhibited by plant flavonoids. Prog Clin Biol Res 1986; 213: 359-371.
121. Larsen PR. Salicylate-induced increases in free triiodothyronine in human serum. Evidence of inhibition of triiodothyronine binding to thyroxine-binding globulin and thyroxine-binding prealbumin. J Clin Invest 1972; 51: 1125-1134.
122. Howdeshell KL. A model of the development of the brain as a construct of the thyroid system. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110: 337-348.
123. Porterfield SP. Vulnerability of the developing brain to thyroid abnormalities: environmental insults to the thyroid system. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102(Suppl.): 2125-2130.
124. Rickenbacher U, McKinney JD, Oatley SJ, Blake CC. Structurally specific binding of halogenated biphenyls to thyroxine transport protein. J Med Chem 1986; 29: 641-648.
125. Brouwer A, Morse DC, Lans MC, Schuur AG, Murk AJ, Klasson-Wehler E, Bergman A, Visser TJ. Interactions of persistent environmental organohalogens with the thyroid hormone system: mechanisms and possible consequences for animal and human health. Toxicol Ind Health 1998; 14: 59-84.
126. Brouwer A, Reijnders PJH, Koeman JH. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated fish induces vitamin-a and thyroid-hormone deficiency in the common seal (phoca-vitulina). Aquat Toxicol 1989; 15: 99-105.
127. Porterfield SP, Hendry LB. Impact of PCBs on thyroid hormone directed brain development. Toxicol Ind Health 1998; 14: 103-120.
128. Colborn T. Neurodevelopment and endocrine disruption. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112: 944-949.
129. Soechitram SD, Athanasiadou M, Hovander L, Bergman A, Sauer PJ. Fetal exposure to PCBs and their hydroxylated metabolites in a Dutch cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112: 1208-1212.
130. Brouwer A, Ahlborg UG, Van den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Boersma ER, Bosveld B, Denison MS, Gray LE, Hagmar L, Holene E, Brouwer A, Ahlborg UG, Van den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Ruud Boersma E, Bosveld B, Denison MS, Earl Gray L, Hagmar L, Holene E, Huisman M, Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, Koopman-Esseboom C, Koppe JG, Kulig BM, Morse DC, Muckle G, Peterson RE, Sauer PJJ, Seegal RF, Smits-VanProoije AE, Touwen BCL, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Winneke G. Functional aspects of developmental toxicity of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in experimental animals and human infants. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 293: 1-40.
131. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Humphrey HE. Effects of in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and related contaminants on cognitive functioning in young children. J Pediatr 1990; 116: 38-45.
132. Goldey ES, Kehn LS, Lau C, Rehnberg GL, Crofton KM. Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) reduces circulating thyroid hormone concentrations and causes hearing deficits in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 135: 77-88.
133. Goldey ES, Kehn LS, Rehnberg GL, Crofton KM. Effects of developmental hypothyroidism on auditory and motor function in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 135: 67-76.
134. Goldey ES, Crofton KM. Thyroxine replacement attenuates hypothyroxinemia, hearing loss, and motor deficits following developmental exposure to Aroclor 1254 in rats. Toxicol Sci 1998; 45: 94-105.
135. Fini JB, Le Mevel S, Palmier K, Darras VM, Punzon I, Richardson SJ, Clerget-Froidevaux MS, Demeneix BA. Thyroid hormone signaling in the Xenopus laevis embryo is functional and susceptible to endocrine disruption. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 5068-5081.
136. Bergman A, Heindel JJ, Kasten T, Kidd KA, Jobling S, Neira M, Zoeller RT, Becher G, Bjerregaard P, Bornman R, Brandt I, Kortenkamp A, Muir D, Drisse MN, Ochieng R, Skakkebaek NE, Bylehn AS, Iguchi T, Toppari J, Woodruff TJ. The impact of endocrine disruption: a consensus statement on the state of the science. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121: A104-A106.
137. Braun JM, Kalkbrenner AE, Just AC, Yolton K, Calafat AM, Sjodin A, Hauser R, Webster GM, Chen A, Lanphear BP. Gestational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and reciprocal social, repetitive, and stereotypic behaviors in 4- and 5-year-old children: the HOME study. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122: 513-520.
138. Benson MD. Clinical implications of TTR amyloidosis. In: Richardson SJ, Cody V, eds. Recent Advances in Transthyretin Evolution. Structure and Biological Functions: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2009:173-189.
139. Jacobson DR, Pastore RD, Yaghoubian R, Kane I, Gallo G, Buck FS, Buxbaum JN. Variant-sequence transthyretin (isoleucine 122) in late-onset cardiac amyloidosis in black Americans. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 466-473.
140. Westermark P, Sletten K, Johansson B, Cornwell GG. Fibril in senile systemic amyloidosis is derived from normal transthyretin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 2843-2845.
141. Pitkanen P, Westermark P, Cornwell GG 3rd. Senile systemic amyloidosis. Am J Pathol 1984; 117: 391-399.
142. Ng B, Connors LH, Davidoff R, Skinner M, Falk RH. Senile systemic amyloidosis presenting with heart failure - a comparison with light chain-associated amyloidosis. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1425-1429.
143. Andrade C. A peculiar form of peripheral neuropathy familiar atypical generalized amyloidosis with special involvement of the peripheral nerves. Brain 1952; 75: 408-427.
144. Costa PP, Figueira AS, Bravo FR. Amyloid fibril protein related to prealbumin in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 4499-4503.
145. Benson MD, Kincaid JC. The molecular biology and clinical features of amyloid neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2007; 36: 411-423.
146. Saraiva MJ, Birken S, Costa PP, Goodman DS. Amyloid fibril protein in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, Portuguese type. Definition of molecular abnormality in transthyretin (prealbumin). J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 104-119.
147. Ando Y, Coelho T, Berk JL, Cruz MW, Ericzon B-G, Ikeda S-I, Lewis WD, Obici L, Planté-Bordeneuve V, Rapezzi C. Guideline of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis for clinicians. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8: 31.
148. Coutinho P, Martins da Silva A, Lopes Lima J. Forty years of experience with type I amyloid neuropathy: review of 483 cases. In: Amyloid and Amyloidosis. eds Glenner, GG, Pinho e Costa, P & de Freitas F. ed. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1980: 88-98.
149. Dyck PJ, Lambert EH. Dissociated sensation in amyloidosis: compound action potentials; quantitative histologic and teased fibers; and electron microscopic studies of sural nerve biopsies. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1968; 93: 112-115.
150. Guimarães A, Monteiro L, Coutinho P. Pathology of the autonomic nervous system in Andrade type of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. In: Amyloid and Amyloidosis eds Glenner, GG, Pinho e Costa, P & de Freitas F. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1980: 139-146.
151. Da Silva Horta J, Trinc AOR. Anatomie pathologique de la paramyloidose du type portugais. Acta Neuropathol 1963; Suppl. II: 54-65.
152. Sobue G, Nakao N, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Sahashi K, Mitsuma T, Sasaki H, Sakaki Y, Takahashi A. Type I familial amyloid polyneuropathy. A pathological study of the peripheral nervous system. Brain 1990; 113: 903-919.
153. Sousa MM, Saraiva MJ. Neurodegeneration in familial amyloid polyneuropathy: from pathology to molecular signaling. Prog Neurobiol 2003; 71: 385-400.
154. Takahashi K, Yi S, Kimura Y, Araki S. Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy type 1 in Kumamoto, Japan: a clinicopathologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study. Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 519-527.
155. Suhr OB, Herlenius G, Friman S, Ericzon BG. Liver transplantation for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 263-276.
156. Ando Y. Liver transplantation and new therapeutic approaches for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). Med Mol Morphol 2005; 38: 142-154.
157. Furihata K. Genetic analysis and a new therapy for a hereditary disease: familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Rinsho Byori 1994; 42: 1137-1143.
158. Herlenius G, Wilczek HE, Larsson M, Ericzon BG. Ten years of international experience with liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy: results from the Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy World Transplant Registry. Transplantation 2004; 77: 64-71.
159. Yamamoto S, Wilczek HE, Nowak G, Larsson M, Oksanen A, Iwata T, Gjertsen H, Soderdahl G, Wikstrom L, Ando Y, Suhr OB, Ericzon BG. Liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP): a single-center experience over 16 years. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 2597-2604.
160. Yazaki M, Mitsuhashi S, Tokuda T, Kametani F, Takei YI, Koyama J, Kawamorita A, Kanno H, Ikeda SI. Progressive wild-type transthyretin deposition after liver transplantation preferentially occurs onto myocardium in FAP patients. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 235-242.
161. Ihse E, Suhr OB, Hellman U, Westermark P. Variation in amount of wild-type transthyretin in different fibril and tissue types in ATTR amyloidosis. J Mol Med 2011; 89: 171-180.
162. Benson MD, Smith RA, Hung G, Kluve-Beckerman B, Showalter AD, Sloop KW, Monia BP. Suppression of choroid plexus transthyretin levels by antisense oligonucleotide treatment. Amyloid 2010; 17: 43-49.
163. Liepnieks JJ, Benson MD. Progression of cardiac amyloid deposition in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis patients after liver transplantation. Amyloid 2007; 14: 277-282.
164. Llado L, Baliellas C, Casasnovas C, Ferrer I, Fabregat J, Ramos E, Castellote J, Torras J, Xiol X, Rafecas A. Risk of transmission of systemic transthyretin amyloidosis after domino liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2010; 16: 1386-1392.
165. Miller SR, Sekijima Y, Kelly JW. Native state stabilization by NSAIDs inhibits transthyretin amyloidogenesis from the most common familial disease variants. Lab Invest 2004; 84: 545-552.
166. Palaninathan SK, Mohamedmohaideen NN, Orlandini E, Ortore G, Nencetti S, Lapucci A, Rossello A, Freundlich JS, Sacchettini JC. Novel transthyretin amyloid fibril formation inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and X-ray structural analysis. PLoS ONE 2009; 4: e6290.
167. Takei Y, Gono T, Yazaki M, Ikeda S, Ikegami T, Hashikura Y, Miyagawa S, Hoshii Y. Transthyretin-derived amyloid deposition on the gastric mucosa in domino recipients of familial amyloid polyneuropathy liver. Liver Transpl 2007; 13: 215-218.
168. Bispo M, Marcelino P, Marques HP, Martins A, Perdigoto R, Aguiar MJ, Mourao L, Barroso E. Domino versus deceased donor liver transplantation: association with early graft function and perioperative bleeding. Liver Transpl 2011; 17: 270-278.
169. Ericzon BG, Larsson M, Wilczek HE. Domino liver transplantation: risks and benefits. Transplant Proc 2008; 40: 1130-1131.
170. Stangou AJ, Heaton ND, Hawkins PN. Transmission of systemic transthyretin amyloidosis by means of domino liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2356.
171. Goto T, Yamashita T, Ueda M, Ohshima S, Yoneyama K, Nakamura M, Nanjo H, Asonuma K, Inomata Y, Watanabe S. Iatrogenic amyloid neuropathy in a Japanese patient after sequential liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006; 6: 2512-2515.
172. Liepnieks JJ, Zhang LQ, Benson MD. Progression of transthyretin amyloid neuropathy after liver transplantation. Neurology 2010; 75: 324-327.
173. Hanna M. Novel drugs targeting transthyretin amyloidosis. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2014; 11: 50-57.
174. Lachmann HJ. A new era in the treatment of amyloidosis? N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 866-868.
175. Malik R, Roy I. Making sense of therapeutics using antisense technology. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6: 507-526.
176. Bulawa CE, Connelly S, Devit M, Wang L, Weigel C, Fleming JA, Packman J, Powers ET, Wiseman RL, Foss TR, Wilson IA, Kelly JW, Labaudiniere R. Tafamidis, a potent and selective transthyretin kinetic stabilizer that inhibits the amyloid cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 9629-9634.
177. Adamski-Werner SL, Palaninathan SK, Sacchettini JC, Kelly JW. Diflunisal analogues stabilize the native state of transthyretin. Potent inhibition of amyloidogenesis. J Med Chem 2004; 47: 355-374.
178. Johnson SM, Connelly S, Fearns C, Powers ET, Kelly JW. The transthyretin amyloidoses: from delineating the molecular mechanism of aggregation linked to pathology to a regulatory-agency-approved drug. J Mol Biol 2012; 421: 185-203.
179. Cardoso I, Saraiva MJ. Doxycycline disrupts transthyretin amyloid: evidence from studies in a FAP transgenic mice model. FASEB J 2006; 20: 234-239.
180. Ferreira N, Cardoso I, Domingues MR, Vitorino R, Bastos M, Bai GY, Saraiva MJ, Almeida MR. Binding of epigallocatechin-3-gallate to transthyretin modulates its amyloidogenicity. FEBS Lett 2009; 583: 3569-3576.
181. Jorgensen OS. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and prealbumin in cerebrospinal fluid from depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1988; 345: 29-37.
182. Sullivan GM, Mann JJ, Oquendo MA, Lo ES, Cooper TB, Gorman JM. Low cerebrospinal fluid transthyretin levels in depression: correlations with suicidal ideation and low serotonin function. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60: 500-506.
183. Haggerty JJ Jr, Prange AJ Jr. Borderline hypothyroidism and depression. Annu Rev Med 1995; 46: 37-46.
184. Hage MP, Azar ST. The link between thyroid function and depression. J Thyroid Res 2012; 2012: 1.
185. Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Jalfre M. Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1977; 229: 327-336.
186. Heilig M, Soderpalm B, Engel JA, Widerlov E. Centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) produces anxiolytic-like effects in animal anxiety models. Psychopharmacology 1989; 98: 524-529.
187. Sorensen G, Lindberg C, Wortwein G, Bolwig TG, Woldbye DP. Differential roles for neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y5 receptors in anxiety and sedation. J Neurosci Res 2004; 77: 723-729.
188. Redrobe JP, Dumont Y, Fournier A, Quirion R. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor subtype mediates NPY-induced antidepressant-like activity in the mouse forced swimming test. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 26: 615-624.
189. Ishida H, Shirayama Y, Iwata M, Katayama S, Yamamoto A, Kawahara R, Nakagome K. Infusion of neuropeptide Y into CA3 region of hippocampus produces antidepressant-like effect via Y1 receptor. Hippocampus 2007; 17: 271-280.
190. Thorsell A, Michalkiewicz M, Dumont Y, Quirion R, Caberlotto L, Rimondini R, Mathe AA, Heilig M. Behavioral insensitivity to restraint stress, absent fear suppression of behavior and impaired spatial learning in transgenic rats with hippocampal neuropeptide Y overexpression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 12852-12857.
191. Palmiter RD, Erickson JC, Hollopeter G, Baraban SC, Schwartz MW. Life without neuropeptide Y. Recent Prog Horm Res 1998; 53: 163-199.
192. Karl T, Duffy L, Herzog H. Behavioural profile of a new mouse model for NPY deficiency. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28: 173-180.
193. Brouillette J, Quirion R. Transthyretin: a key gene involved in the maintenance of memory capacities during aging. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29: 1721-1732.
194. Sousa JC, Marques F, Dias-Ferreira E, Cerqueira JJ, Sousa N, Palha JA. Transthyretin influences spatial reference memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88: 381-385.
195. Vieira M, Saraiva MJ. Transthyretin regulates hippocampal 14-3-3zeta protein levels. FEBS Lett 2013; 587: 1482-1488.
196. Philip N, Acevedo SF, Skoulakis EM. Conditional rescue of olfactory learning and memory defects in mutants of the 14-3-3zeta gene Leonardo. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 8417-8425.
197. Cheah PS, Ramshaw HS, Thomas PQ, Toyo-Oka K, Xu X, Martin S, Coyle P, Guthridge MA, Stomski F, van den Buuse M, Wynshaw-Boris A, Lopez AF, Schwarz QP. Neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric behaviour defects arise from 14-3-3zeta deficiency. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17: 451-466.
198. Buxbaum JN, Roberts AJ, Adame A, Masliah E. Silencing of murine transthyretin and retinol binding protein genes has distinct and shared behavioral and neuropathologic effects. Neuroscience 2014; 275: 352-364.
199. Hardy J, Selkoe DJ. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 2002; 297: 353-356.
200. Tanzi RE, Bertram L. Twenty years of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid hypothesis: a genetic perspective. Cell 2005; 120(4): 545-555.
201. Jin LW, Ninomiya H, Roch JM, Schubert D, Masliah E, Otero DA, Saitoh T. Peptides containing the RERMS sequence of amyloid beta/A4 protein precursor bind cell surface and promote neurite extension. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 5461-5470.
202. Mucke L, Masliah E, Johnson WB, Ruppe MD, Alford M, Rockenstein EM, Forss-Petter S, Pietropaolo M, Mallory M, Abraham CR. Synaptotrophic effects of human amyloid beta protein precursors in the cortex of transgenic mice. Brain Res 1994; 666: 151-167.
203. Meziane H, Dodart JC, Mathis C, Little S, Clemens J, Paul SM, Ungerer A. Memory-enhancing effects of secreted forms of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in normal and amnestic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 12683-12688.
204. Mattson MP, Cheng B, Culwell AR, Esch FS, Lieberburg I, Rydel RE. Evidence for excitoprotective and intraneuronal calcium-regulating roles for secreted forms of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Neuron 1993; 10: 243-254.
205. Stein TD, Anders NJ, DeCarli C, Chan SL, Mattson MP, Johnson JA. Neutralization of transthyretin reverses the neuroprotective effects of secreted amyloid precursor protein (APP) in APPSW mice resulting in tau phosphorylation and loss of hippocampal neurons: support for the amyloid hypothesis. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 7707-7717.
206. Stein TD, Johnson JA. Genetic programming by the proteolytic fragments of the amyloid precursor protein: somewhere between confusion and clarity. Rev Neurosci 2003; 14: 317-341.
207. Liu K, Solano I, Mann D, Lemere C, Mercken M, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. Characterization of Abeta11-40/42 peptide deposition in Alzheimer's disease and young Down's syndrome brains: implication of N-terminally truncated Abeta species in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 112: 163-174.
208. Wolfe MS, Xia W, Moore CL, Leatherwood DD, Ostaszewski B, Rahmati T, Donkor IO, Selkoe DJ. Peptidomimetic probes and molecular modeling suggest that Alzheimer's gamma-secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl protease. Biochemistry 1999; 38: 4720-4727.
209. Wolfe MS, Haass C. The role of presenilins in gamma-secretase activity. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 5413-5416.
210. Elovaara I, Maury C, Palo J. Serum amysoid A protein, albumin and prealbumin in Alzheimer's disease and in demented patients with Down's syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1986; 74: 245-250.
211. Riisøen H. Reduced prealbumin (transthyretin) in CSF of severely demented patients with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1988; 78: 455-459.
212. Schwarzman AL, Gregori L, Vitek MP, Lyubski S, Strittmatter WJ, Enghilde JJ, Bhasin R, Silverman J, Weisgraber KH, Coyle PK. Transthyretin sequesters amyloid beta protein and prevents amyloid formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8368-8372.
213. Buxbaum JN, Ye Z, Reixach N, Friske L, Levy C, Das P, Golde T, Masliah E, Roberts AR, Bartfai T. Transthyretin protects Alzheimer's mice from the behavioral and biochemical effects of Abeta toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 2681-2686.
214. Choi SH, Leight SN, Lee VM, Li T, Wong PC, Johnson JA, Saraiva MJ, Sisodia SS. Accelerated Abeta deposition in APPswe/PS1deltaE9 mice with hemizygous deletions of TTR (transthyretin). J Neurosci 2007; 27: 7006-7010.
215. Li XY, Buxbaum JN. Transthyretin and the brain re-visited: is neuronal synthesis of transthyretin protective in Alzheimer's disease? Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6: 79.
216. Susser E, Wanderling J. Epidemiology of nonaffective acute remitting psychosis vs schizophrenia - sex and sociocultural setting. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 294-301.
217. Sullivan PF. The genetics of schizophrenia. PLoS Med 2005; 2: e212.
218. Huang JTJ, Leweke FM, Oxley D, Wang L, Harris N, Koethe D, Gerth CW, Nolden BM, Gross S, Schreiber D, Reed B, Bahn S. Disease biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with first-onset psychosis. PLoS Med 2006; 3: 2145-2158.
219. Reiber H. Dynamics of brain-derived proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 310: 173-186.
220. Santos NC, Costa P, Ruano D, Macedo A, Soares MJ, Valente J, Pereira AT, Azevedo MH, Palha JA. Revisiting thyroid hormones in schizophrenia. J Thyroid Res 2012; 202: 569147.
221. Wan C, Yang Y, Li H, La Y, Zhu H, Jiang L, Chen Y, Feng G, He L. Dysregulation of retinoid transporters expression in body fluids of schizophrenia patients. J Proteome Res 2006; 5: 3213-3216.
222. Chen ML, Chen CH. Comparative proteome analysis revealed up-regulation of transthyretin in rat brain under chronic clozapine treatment. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41: 63-68.