Identification of new respiratory viruses in the new millennium

Viruses

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 996-1019

  Berry, Michael ^a   Gamieldien, Junaid ^a   Fielding, Burtram C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Bocavirus; HMPV; Human coronaviruses; MERS; Respiratory viruses; SARS CoV

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL FEATURE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN BOCAVIRUS; HUMAN CORONAVIRUS HKU1; HUMAN CORONAVIRUS NL63; HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS; HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS INFECTION; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; MIXED INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PNEUMONIA; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; RESPIRATORY VIRUS; REVIEW; SARS CORONAVIRUS; SEASONAL VARIATION; VIRAL RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VIRUS IDENTIFICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; CLASSIFICATION; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; HEALTH; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; VIROLOGY; VIRUS; VIRUS DISEASES;

BOCAVIRUS; CORONAVIRUS; HUMAN BOCAVIRUS; HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS; SARS CORONAVIRUS;

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; GLOBAL HEALTH; HUMANS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; VIRUS DISEASES; VIRUSES;

EID: 84925870754     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19994915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/v7030996     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Chonmaitree, T.; Revai, K.; Grady, J.J.; Clos, A.; Patel, J.A.; Nair, S.; Fan, J.; Henrickson, K.J. Viral upper respiratory tract infection and otitis media complication in young children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 46, 815–823.
2. Fendrick, A.M.; Monto, A.S.; Nightengale, B.; Sarnes, M. The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003, 163, 487–494.
3. Denny, F.W., Jr. The clinical impact of human respiratory virus infections. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995, 152, S4–S12.
4. Murray, C.J.; Lopez, A.D.; Mathers, C.D.; Stein, C. The Global Burden of Disease 2000 Project: Aims, Methods and Data Sources; Harvard Burden of Disease Unit, Center for Population and Development Studies: Massachusetts, Boston, USA, 2001.
5. Byington, C.L.; Enriquez, F.R.; Hoff, C.; Tuohy, R.; Taggart, E.W.; Hillyard, D.R.; Carroll, K.C.; Christenson, J.C. Serious bacterial infections in febrile infants 1 to 90 days old with and without viral infections. Pediatrics 2004, 113, 1662–1666.
6. Rotzén-Östlund, M.; Eriksson, M.; Tiveljung Lindell, A.; Allander, T.; Zweygberg Wirgart, B.; Grillner, L. Children with multiple viral respiratory infections are older than those with single viruses. Acta Paediatr. 2014, 103, 100–104.
7. Fahey, T.; Stocks, N.; Thomas, T. Systematic review of the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. Arch. Dis. Child. 1998, 79, 225–230.
8. Pavia, A.T. Viral infections of the lower respiratory tract: Old viruses, new viruses, and the role of diagnosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 52 (Suppl. 4), S284–S289.
9. Lau, S.K.P.; Woo, P.C.Y.; Yip, C.C.Y.; Tse, H.; Tsoi, H.W.; Cheng, V.C.C.; Lee, P.; Tang, B.S.F.; Cheung, C.H.Y.; Lee, R.A., et al. Coronavirus HKU1 and Other Coronavirus Infections in Hong Kong. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006, 44, 2063–2071.
10. Gorse, G.J.; O’Connor, T.Z.; Hall, S.L.; Vitale, J.N.; Nichol, K.L. Human coronavirus and acute respiratory illness in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Infect. Dis. 2009, 199, 847–857.
11. Nicholson, K.G.; Kent, J.; Hammersley, V.; Cancio, E. Acute viral infections of upper respiratory tract in elderly people living in the community: Comparative, prospective, population based study of disease burden. Br. Med. J. 1997, 315, 1060–1064.
12. Couch, M.; Robert, B.; Englund, M.; Janet, A. Respiratory viral infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. Am. J. Med. 1997, 102, 2–9.
13. Whimbey, M.; Englund, M.; Janet, A.; Couch, M.; Robert, B. Community respiratory virus infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer. Am. J. Med. 1997, 102, 10–18.
14. Drieghe, S.; Ryckaert, I.; Beuselinck, K.; Lagrou, K.; Padalko, E. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in bronchoalveolar lavage samples in a tertiary hospital. J. Clin. Virol. 2014, 59, 208–211.
15. Esposito, S.; Daleno, C.; Prunotto, G.; Scala, A.; Tagliabue, C.; Borzani, I.; Fossali, E.; Pelucchi, C.; Principi, N. Impact of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia: Results of a study of 17 respiratory viruses. Influenza Respir. Viruses 2013, 7, 18–26.
16. Van den Hoogen, B.G.; de Jong, J.C.; Groen, J.; Kuiken, T.; de Groot, R.; Fouchier, R.A.; Osterhaus, A.D. A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nat. Med. 2001, 7, 719–724.
17. McIntosh, K. Coronaviruses in the limelight. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 191, 489–491.
18. Tyrrell, D.A.; Bynoe, M.L. Cultivation of a Novel Type of Common-Cold Virus in Organ Cultures. Br. Med. J. 1965, 1, 1467–1470.
19. Tyrrell, D.A.; Bynoe, M.L. Cultivation of viruses from a high proportion of patients with colds. Lancet 1966, 1, 76–77.
20. Hamre, D.; Procknow, J.J. A new virus isolated from the human respiratory tract. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1966, 121, 190–193.
21. McIntosh, K.; Dees, J.H.; Becker, W.B.; Kapikian, A.Z.; Chanock, R.M. Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with respiratory disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1967, 57, 933–940.
22. Bradburne, A. Antigenic relationships amongst coronaviruses. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 1970, 31, 352–364.
23. McIntosh, K.; Kapikian, A.Z.; Hardison, K.A.; Hartley, J.W.; Chanock, R.M. Antigenic relationships among the coronaviruses of man and between human and animal coronaviruses. J. Immunol. 1969, 102, 1109–1118.
24. Lee, N.; Hui, D.; Wu, A.; Chan, P.; Cameron, P.; Joynt, G.M.; Ahuja, A.; Yung, M.Y.; Leung, C.; To, K. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 1986–1994.
25. Poutanen, S.M.; Low, D.E.; Henry, B.; Finkelstein, S.; Rose, D.; Green, K.; Tellier, R.; Draker, R.; Adachi, D.; Ayers, M. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 1995–2005.
26. Tsang, K.W.; Ho, P.L.; Ooi, G.C.; Yee, W.K.; Wang, T.; Chan-Yeung, M.; Lam, W.K.; Seto, W.H.; Yam, L.Y.; Cheung, T.M. A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 1977–1985.
27. Drosten, C.; Gunther, S.; Preiser, W.; van der Werf, S.; Brodt, H.R.; Becker, S.; Rabenau, H.; Panning, M.; Kolesnikova, L.; Fouchier, R.A., et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 1967–1976.
28. Ksiazek, T.G.; Erdman, D.; Goldsmith, C.S.; Zaki, S.R.; Peret, T.; Emery, S.; Tong, S.; Urbani, C.; Comer, J.A.; Lim, W., et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 1953–1966.
29. Peiris, J.S.; Lai, S.T.; Poon, L.L.; Guan, Y.; Yam, L.Y.; Lim, W.; Nicholls, J.; Yee, W.K.; Yan, W.W.; Cheung, M.T., et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003, 361, 1319–1325.
30. Surjit, M.; Kumar, R.; Mishra, R.N.; Reddy, M.K.; Chow, V.T.; Lal, S.K. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein is phosphorylated and localizes in the cytoplasm by 14-3-3-mediated translocation. J. Virol. 2005, 79, 11476–11486.
31. Marra, M.A.; Jones, S.J.; Astell, C.R.; Holt, R.A.; Brooks-Wilson, A.; Butterfield, Y.S.; Khattra, J.; Asano, J.K.; Barber, S.A.; Chan, S.Y., et al. The Genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science 2003, 300, 1399–1404.
32. Song, H.-D.; Tu, C.-C.; Zhang, G.-W.; Wang, S.-Y.; Zheng, K.; Lei, L.-C.; Chen, Q.-X.; Gao, Y.-W.; Zhou, H.-Q.; Xiang, H. Cross-host evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in palm civet and human. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 2430–2435.
33. Zhao, G.P. SARS molecular epidemiology: A Chinese fairy tale of controlling an emerging zoonotic disease in the genomics era. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2007, 362, 1063–1081.
34. Cleri, D.J.; Ricketti, A.J.; Vernaleo, J.R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2010, 24, 175–202.
35. Cheng, V.C.; Chan, J.F.; To, K.K.; Yuen, K.Y. Clinical management and infection control of SARS: Lessons learned. Antivir. Res. 2013, 100, 407–419.
36. Pyrc, K.; Berkhout, B.; van der Hoek, L. The novel human coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 3051–3057.
37. Lau, S.K.; Li, K.S.; Huang, Y.; Shek, C.T.; Tse, H.; Wang, M.; Choi, G.K.; Xu, H.; Lam, C.S.; Guo, R., et al. Ecoepidemiology and complete genome comparison of different strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related Rhinolophus bat coronavirus in China reveal bats as a reservoir for acute, self-limiting infection that allows recombination events. J. Virol. 2010, 84, 2808–2819.
38. Guan, Y.; Zheng, B.; He, Y.; Liu, X.; Zhuang, Z.; Cheung, C.; Luo, S.; Li, P.; Zhang, L.; Guan, Y. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science 2003, 302, 276–278.
39. Lau, S.K.; Woo, P.C.; Li, K.S.; Huang, Y.; Tsoi, H.-W.; Wong, B.H.; Wong, S.S.; Leung, S.-Y.; Chan, K.-H.; Yuen, K.-Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 14040–14045.
40. Li, W.; Shi, Z.; Yu, M.; Ren, W.; Smith, C.; Epstein, J.H.; Wang, H.; Crameri, G.; Hu, Z.; Zhang, H. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 2005, 310, 676–679.
41. Cheng, V.C.; Lau, S.K.; Woo, P.C.; Yuen, K.Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2007, 20, 660–694.
42. He, R.; Dobie, F.; Ballantine, M.; Leeson, A.; Li, Y.; Bastien, N.; Cutts, T.; Andonov, A.; Cao, J.; Booth, T.F., et al. Analysis of multimerization of the SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 316, 476–483.
43. Lee, H.K.; Lee, B.H.; Dutta, N.K.; Seok, S.H.; Baek, M.W.; Lee, H.Y.; Kim, D.J.; Na, Y.R.; Noh, K.J.; Park, S.H., et al. Detection of antibodies against SARS-Coronavirus using recombinant truncated nucleocapsid proteins by ELISA. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 18, 1717–1721.
44. Surjit, M.; Liu, B.; Jameel, S.; Chow, V.T.; Lal, S.K. The SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein induces actin reorganization and apoptosis in COS-1 cells in the absence of growth factors. Biochem. J. 2004, 383, 13–18.
45. Nicholls, J.M.; Poon, L.L.; Lee, K.C.; Ng, W.F.; Lai, S.T.; Leung, C.Y.; Chu, C.M.; Hui, P.K.; Mak, K.L.; Lim, W. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003, 361, 1773–1778.
46. Kahn, J.S.; McIntosh, K. History and Recent Advances in Coronavirus Discovery. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2005, 24 (Suppl.), S223–S227.
47. Hon, K.; Leung, C.; Cheng, W.; Chan, P.; Chu, W.; Kwan, Y.; Li, A.; Fong, N.; Ng, P.; Chiu, M. Clinical presentations and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome in children. Lancet 2003, 361, 1701–1703.
48. Leung, C.-W.; Kwan, Y.-W.; Ko, P.-W.; Chiu, S.S.; Loung, P.-Y.; Fong, N.-C.; Lee, L.-P.; Hui, Y.-W.; Law, H.K.; Wong, W.H. Severe acute respiratory syndrome among children. Pediatrics 2004, 113, e535–e543.
49. Peiris, J.; Guan, Y.; Yuen, K. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat. Med. 2004, 10, S88–S97.
50. Knobler, S.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S.; Mack, A.; Sivitz, L.; Oberholtzer, K. Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak—Workshop Summary; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2004.
51. Van der Hoek, L.; Pyrc, K.; Jebbink, M.F.; Vermeulen-Oost, W.; Berkhout, R.J.; Wolthers, K.C.; Wertheim-van Dillen, P.M.; Kaandorp, J.; Spaargaren, J.; Berkhout, B. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat. Med. 2004, 10, 368–373.
52. Fouchier, R.A.; Hartwig, N.G.; Bestebroer, T.M.; Niemeyer, B.; de Jong, J.C.; Simon, J.H.; Osterhaus, A.D. A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 6212–6216.
53. Esper, F.; Weibel, C.; Ferguson, D.; Landry, M.L.; Kahn, J.S. Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 191, 492–498.
54. Enserink, M. Virology. One virus, three names, three claims. Science 2005, 307, 493.
55. Huynh, J.; Li, S.; Yount, B.; Smith, A.; Sturges, L.; Olsen, J.C.; Nagel, J.; Johnson, J.B.; Agnihothram, S.; Gates, J.E., et al. Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63. J. Virol. 2012, 86, 12816–12825.
56. Pyrc, K.; Dijkman, R.; Deng, L.; Jebbink, M.F.; Ross, H.A.; Berkhout, B.; van der Hoek, L. Mosaic structure of human coronavirus NL63, one thousand years of evolution. J. Mol. Biol. 2006, 364, 964–973.
57. Woo, P.C.; Lau, S.K.; Chu, C.M.; Chan, K.H.; Tsoi, H.W.; Huang, Y.; Wong, B.H.; Poon, R.W.; Cai, J.J.; Luk, W.K., et al. Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. J. Virol. 2005, 79, 884–895.
58. Pyrc, K.; Sims, A.C.; Dijkman, R.; Jebbink, M.; Long, C.; Deming, D.; Donaldson, E.; Vabret, A.; Baric, R.; van der Hoek, L. Culturing the unculturable: Human coronavirus HKU1 infects, replicates, and produces progeny virions in human ciliated airway epithelial cell cultures. J. Virol. 2010, 84, 11255–11263.
59. Góes, L.G.; Durigon, E.L.; Campos, A.A.; Hein, N.; Passos, S.D.; Jerez, J.A. Coronavirus HKU1 in children, Brazil, 1995. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17, 1147–1148.
60. Zaki, A.M.; van Boheemen, S.; Bestebroer, T.M.; Osterhaus, A.D.; Fouchier, R.A. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367, 1814–1820.
61. de Groot, R.J.; Baker, S.C.; Baric, R.S.; Brown, C.S.; Drosten, C.; Enjuanes, L.; Fouchier, R.A.; Galiano, M.; Gorbalenya, A.E.; Memish, Z.A. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 7790–7792.
62. Hui, D.S.; Zumla, A. Advancing priority research on the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Infect. Dis. 2014, 209, 173–176.
63. World Health Organisation. Global Alert and Response (GAR), Coronavirus infections. Available online: http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/coronavirus_infections/en/(accessed on 11 June 2014).
64. Breban, R.; Riou, J.; Fontanet, A. Interhuman transmissibility of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Estimation of pandemic risk. Lancet 2013, 382, 694–699.
65. Coleman, C.M.; Frieman, M.B. Coronaviruses: Important Emerging Human Pathogens. J. Virol. 2014, 88, 5209–5212.
66. Memish, Z.A.; Zumla, A.I.; Al-Hakeem, R.F.; Al-Rabeeah, A.A.; Stephens, G.M. Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 2487–2494.
67. Memish, Z.A.; Zumla, A.I.; Assiri, A. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in health care workers. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 369, 884–886.
68. Assiri, A.; McGeer, A.; Perl, T.M.; Price, C.S.; Al Rabeeah, A.A.; Cummings, D.A.; Alabdullatif, Z.N.; Assad, M.; Almulhim, A.; Makhdoom, H., et al. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 369, 407–416.
69. De Sousa, R.; Reusken, C.; Koopmans, M. MERS coronavirus: Data gaps for laboratory preparedness. J. Clin. Virol. 2014, 59, 4–11.
70. World Health Organisation. Global Alert and Response (GAR), MERS-CoV summary updates. Available online: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/archive_updates/en/(accessed on 11 June 2014).
71. Assiri, A.; Al-Tawfiq, J.A.; Al-Rabeeah, A.A.; Al-Rabiah, F.A.; Al-Hajjar, S.; Al-Barrak, A.; Flemban, H.; Al-Nassir, W.N.; Balkhy, H.H.; Al-Hakeem, R.F. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: A descriptive study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2013, 13, 752–761.
72. Mailles, A.; Blanckaert, K.; Chaud, P.; van der Werf, S.; Lina, B.; Caro, V.; Campese, C.; Guéry, B.; Prouvost, H.; Lemaire, X., et al. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission, France, May 2013. Eurosurveillance 2013, 18, e20503.
73. Cotten, M.; Lam, T.T.; Watson, S.J.; Palser, A.L.; Petrova, V.; Grant, P.; Pybus, O.G.; Rambaut, A.; Guan, Y.; Pillay, D., et al. Full-genome deep sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of novel human betacoronavirus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013, 19, 736–742B.
74. Van Boheemen, S.; de Graaf, M.; Lauber, C.; Bestebroer, T.M.; Raj, V.S.; Zaki, A.M.; Osterhaus, A.D.; Haagmans, B.L.; Gorbalenya, A.E.; Snijder, E.J. Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. MBio 2012, 3, e00473-12.
75. Ithete, N.L.; Stoffberg, S.; Corman, V.M.; Cottontail, V.M.; Richards, L.R.; Schoeman, M.C.; Drosten, C.; Drexler, J.F.; Preiser, W. Close relative of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bat, South Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013, 19, 1697–1699.
76. Hemida, M.G.; Chu, D.; Poon, L.; Perera, R.; Alhammadi, M.; Ng, H. MERS coronavirus in dromedary camel herd, Saudi Arabia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1231–1234.
77. Reusken, C.B. Geographic distribution of MERS coronavirus among dromedary camels, Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1370–1374.
78. Nowotny, N.; Kolodziejek, J. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels, Oman, 2013. Euro Surveill. 2014, 19, e20829.
79. Raj, V.S.; Farag, E.; Reusken, C. Isolation of MERS coronavirus from dromedary camel, Qatar, 2014. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1339–1342.
80. Memish, Z.A.; Cotton, M.; Meyer, B.; Watson, S.; Alsahafi, A.; al Rabeeah, A.; Corman, V.; Sieberg, A.; Makhdoom, H.; Assiri, A. Human infection with MERS coronavirus after exposure to infected camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1012–1015.
81. Azhar, E.I.; El-Kafrawy, S.A.; Farraj, S.A.; Hassan, A.M.; Al-Saeed, M.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Madani, T.A. Evidence for Camel-to-Human Transmission of MERS Coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014, 370, 2499–2505.
82. Van Doremalen, N.; Bushmaker, T.; Karesh, W.; Munster, V. Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in milk. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1263–1264.
83. Reusken, C.; Farag, E.; Jonges, M.; Godeke, G.; El-Sayed, A.; Pas, S.; Raj, V.; Mohran, K.; Moussa, H.; Ghobashy, H. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, Qatar, April 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014, 19, 1–5.
84. Alagaili, A.N.; Briese, T.; Karesh, W.B.; Daszak, P.; Lipkin, W.I. Reply to “Concerns About Misinterpretation of Recent Scientific Data Implicating Dromedary Camels in Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)”. MBio 2014, 5, e01482-14.
85. Lu, R.; Yu, X.; Wang, W.; Duan, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, W.; Xu, J.; Xu, L.; Hu, Q.; Lu, J., et al. Characterization of human coronavirus etiology in Chinese adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection by real-time RT-PCR assays. PLOS ONE 2012, 7, e38638.
86. Walsh, E.E.; Shin, J.H.; Falsey, A.R. Clinical Impact of Human Coronaviruses 229E and OC43 Infection in Diverse Adult Populations. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 208, 1634–1642.
87. Pene, F.; Merlat, A.; Vabret, A.; Rozenberg, F.; Buzyn, A.; Dreyfus, F.; Cariou, A.; Freymuth, F.; Lebon, P. Coronavirus 229E-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003, 37, 929–932.
88. Woo, P.C.; Lau, S.K.; Tsoi, H.-W.; Huang, Y.; Poon, R.W.; Chu, C.-M.; Lee, R.A.; Luk, W.-K.; Wong, G.K.; Wong, B.H. Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1–associated community-acquired pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 192, 1898–1907.
89. Vabret, A.; Mourez, T.; Gouarin, S.; Petitjean, J.; Freymuth, F. An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003, 36, 985–989.
90. Van der Hoek, L.; Sure, K.; Ihorst, G.; Stang, A.; Pyrc, K.; Jebbink, M.F.; Petersen, G.; Forster, J.; Berkhout, B.; Überla, K. Croup is associated with the novel coronavirus NL63. PLOS Med. 2005, 2, e240.
91. Esper, F.; Shapiro, E.D.; Weibel, C.; Ferguson, D.; Landry, M.L.; Kahn, J.S. Association between a novel human coronavirus and Kawasaki disease. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 191, 499–502.
92. Chang, L.-Y.; Chiang, B.-L.; Kao, C.-L.; Wu, M.-H.; Chen, P.-J.; Berkhout, B.; Yang, H.-C.; Huang, L.-M. Lack of association between infection with a novel human coronavirus (HCoV), HCoV-NH, and Kawasaki disease in Taiwan. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 193, 283–286.
93. Lehmann, C.; Klar, R.; Lindner, J.; Lindner, P.; Wolf, H.; Gerling, S. Kawasaki disease lacks association with human coronavirus NL63 and human bocavirus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2009, 28, 553.
94. Baker, S.; Shimizu, C.; Shike, H.; Garcia, F.; van der Hoek, L.; Kuijper, T.; Reed, S.; Rowley, A.; Shulman, S.; Talbot, H. Human coronavirus-NL63 infection is not associated with acute Kawasaki disease. In The Nidoviruses; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 523–526.
95. Gaunt, E.R.; Hardie, A.; Claas, E.C.J.; Simmonds, P.; Templeton, K.E. Epidemiology and Clinical Presentations of the Four Human Coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 Detected over 3 Years Using a Novel Multiplex Real-Time PCR Method. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010, 48, 2940–2947.
96. Gerna, G.; Campanini, G.; Rovida, F.; Percivalle, E.; Sarasini, A.; Marchi, A.; Baldanti, F. Genetic variability of human coronavirus OC43‐, 229E‐, and NL63‐like strains and their association with lower respiratory tract infections of hospitalized infants and immunocompromised patients. J. Med. Virol. 2006, 78, 938–949.
97. Cabeça, T.K.; Granato, C.; Bellei, N. Epidemiological and clinical features of human coronavirus infections among different subsets of patients. Influenza Respir. Viruses 2013, 7, 1040–1047.
98. Zhou, W.; Wang, W.; Wang, H.; Lu, R.; Tan, W. First infection by all four non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place during childhood. BMC Infect. Dis. 2013, 13, e433.
99. Lepiller, Q.; Barth, H.; Lefebvre, F.; Herbrecht, R.; Lutz, P.; Kessler, R.; Fafi-Kremer, S.; Stoll-Keller, F. High Incidence but Low Burden of Coronaviruses and Preferential Associations between Respiratory Viruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2013, 51, 3039–3046.
100. Ren, L.; Gonzalez, R.; Xu, J.; Xiao, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhou, H.; Li, J.; Yang, Q.; Zhang, J.; Chen, L., et al. Prevalence of human coronaviruses in adults with acute respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China. J. Med. Virol. 2011, 83, 291–297.
101. Dijkman, R.; Jebbink, M.F.; Gaunt, E.; Rossen, J.W.; Templeton, K.E.; Kuijpers, T.W.; van der Hoek, L. The dominance of human coronavirus OC43 and NL63 infections in infants. J. Clin. Virol. 2012, 53, 135–139.
102. Cui, L.J.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, T.; Lu, R.J.; Xie, Z.D.; Zhang, L.L.; Liu, C.Y.; Zhou, W.M.; Ruan, L.; Ma, X.J., et al. Human Coronaviruses HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Infections in Beijing, China. Adv. Virol. 2011, 2011, e129134.
103. Schildgen, V.; van den Hoogen, B.; Fouchier, R.; Tripp, R.A.; Alvarez, R.; Manoha, C.; Williams, J.; Schildgen, O. Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons learned over the first decade. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2011, 24, 734–754.
104. Feuillet, F.; Lina, B.; Rosa-Calatrava, M.; Boivin, G. Ten years of human metapneumovirus research. J. Clin. Virol. 2012, 53, 97–105.
105. Beneri, C.; Ginocchio, C.C.; Manji, R.; Sood, S. Comparison of clinical features of pediatric respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2009, 30, 1240–1241.
106. Schildgen, O.; Geikowski, T.; Glatzel, T.; Schuster, J.; Simon, A. Frequency of human metapneumovirus in the upper respiratory tract of children with symptoms of an acute otitis media. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2005, 164, 400–401.
107. Suzuki, A.; Watanabe, O.; Okamoto, M.; Endo, H.; Yano, H.; Suetake, M.; Nishimura, H. Detection of human metapneumovirus from children with acute otitis media. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2005, 24, 655–657.
108. Williams, J.V.; Harris, P.A.; Tollefson, S.J.; Halburnt-Rush, L.L.; Pingsterhaus, J.M.; Edwards, K.M.; Wright, P.F.; Crowe, J.E., Jr. Human metapneumovirus and lower respiratory tract disease in otherwise healthy infants and children. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350, 443–450.
109. Roussy, J.F.; Carbonneau, J.; Ouakki, M.; Papenburg, J.; Hamelin, M.E.; De Serres, G.; Boivin, G. Human metapneumovirus viral load is an important risk factor for disease severity in young children. J. Clin. Virol. 2014, 60, 133–140.
110. Boivin, G.; de Serres, G.; Hamelin, M.-E.; Côté, S.; Argouin, M.; Tremblay, G.; Maranda-Aubut, R.; Sauvageau, C.; Ouakki, M.; Boulianne, N. An outbreak of severe respiratory tract infection due to human metapneumovirus in a long-term care facility. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007, 44, 1152–1158.
111. Boivin, G.; Abed, Y.; Pelletier, G.; Ruel, L.; Moisan, D.; Côté, S.; Peret, T.C.; Erdman, D.D.; Anderson, L.J. Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: A new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups. J. Infect. Dis. 2002, 186, 1330–1334.
112. Stout-Delgado, H.W.; Du, W.; Shirali, A.C.; Booth, C.J.; Goldstein, D.R. Aging promotes neutrophil-induced mortality by augmenting IL-17 production during viral infection. Cell Host Microbe 2009, 6, 446–456.
113. Walsh, E.E.; Peterson, D.R.; Falsey, A.R. Human metapneumovirus infections in adults: Another piece of the puzzle. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008, 168, 2489–2496.
114. Hamelin, M.-È.; Abed, Y.; Boivin, G. Human metapneumovirus: A new player among respiratory viruses. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004, 38, 983–990.
115. Madhi, S.A.; Ludewick, H.; Kuwanda, L.; van Niekerk, N.; Cutland, C.; Little, T.; Klugman, K.P. Pneumococcal coinfection with human metapneumovirus. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 193, 1236–1243.
116. Seki, M.; Yoshida, H.; Gotoh, K.; Hamada, N.; Motooka, D.; Nakamura, S.; Yamamoto, N.; Hamaguchi, S.; Akeda, Y.; Watanabe, H. Severe respiratory failure due to co-infection with human metapneumovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Respir. Med. Case Rep. 2014, 12, 13–15.
117. Lai, S.-H.; Liao, S.-L.; Wong, K.-S.; Lin, T.-Y. Preceding human metapneumovirus infection increases adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and severity of murine pneumococcal pneumonia. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2014, in press.
118. Greensill, J.; McNamara, P.S.; Dove, W.; Flanagan, B.; Smyth, R.L.; Hart, C.A. Human metapneumovirus in severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 9, 372–375.
119. Papenburg, J.; Hamelin, M.-È.; Ouhoummane, N.; Carbonneau, J.; Ouakki, M.; Raymond, F.; Robitaille, L.; Corbeil, J.; Caouette, G.; Frenette, L. Comparison of risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children. J. Infect. Dis. 2012, doi:10.1093/infdis/jis333.
120. De Graaf, M.; Osterhaus, A.D.; Fouchier, R.A.; Holmes, E.C. Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 2008, 89, 2933–2942.
121. Yang, C.-F.; Wang, C.K.; Tollefson, S.J.; Piyaratna, R.; Lintao, L.D.; Chu, M.; Liem, A.; Mark, M.; Spaete, R.R.; Crowe, J.E., Jr. Genetic diversity and evolution of human metapneumovirus fusion protein over twenty years. Virol. J. 2009, 6, e138.
122. Papenburg, J.; Carbonneau, J.; Isabel, S.; Bergeron, M.G.; Williams, J.V.; de Serres, G.; Hamelin, M.-È.; Boivin, G. Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of the major human metapneumovirus surface glycoproteins over a decade. J. Clin. Virol. 2013, 58, 541–547.
123. Williams, J.V.; Wang, C.K.; Yang, C.-F.; Tollefson, S.J.; House, F.S.; Heck, J.M.; Chu, M.; Brown, J.B.; Lintao, L.D.; Quinto, J.D. The role of human metapneumovirus in upper respiratory tract infections in children: A 20-year experience. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 193, 387–395.
124. Arnott, A.; Vong, S.; Sek, M.; Naughtin, M.; Beauté, J.; Rith, S.; Guillard, B.; Deubel, V.; Buchy, P. Genetic variability of human metapneumovirus amongst an all ages population in Cambodia between 2007 and 2009. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2013, 15, 43–52.
125. Kaida, A.; Iritani, N.; Kubo, H.; Shiomi, M.; Kohdera, U.; Murakami, T. Seasonal distribution and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus among children in Osaka City, Japan. J. Clin. Virol. 2006, 35, 394–399.
126. Vicente, D.; Montes, M.; Cilla, G.; Perez-Yarza, E.G.; Perez-Trallero, E. Differences in clinical severity between genotype A and genotype B human metapneumovirus infection in children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 42, e111–e113.
127. Pitoiset, C.; Darniot, M.; Huet, F.; Aho, S.L.; Pothier, P.; Manoha, C. Human metapneumovirus genotypes and severity of disease in young children (n = 100) during a 7‐year study in Dijon hospital, France. J. Med. Virol. 2010, 82, 1782–1789.
128. Esper, F.; Martinello, R.A.; Boucher, D.; Weibel, C.; Ferguson, D.; Landry, M.L.; Kahn, J.S. A 1-year experience with human metapneumovirus in children aged <5 years. J. Infect. Dis. 2004, 189, 1388–1396.
129. Agapov, E.; Sumino, K.C.; Gaudreault-Keener, M.; Storch, G.A.; Holtzman, M.J. Genetic variability of human metapneumovirus infection: Evidence of a shift in viral genotype without a change in illness. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 193, 396–403.
130. Larcher, C.; Pagani, E.; Rossi, P.; Amato, B.; Pescollderungg, L.; Campanini, G.; Percivalle, E.; Huemer, H.P. Comparison of human metapneumovirus genotypes from the province of Bolzano in northern Italy with strains from surrounding regions in Italy and Austria. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 61, 154–156.
131. Edwards, K.M.; Zhu, Y.; Griffin, M.R.; Weinberg, G.A.; Hall, C.B.; Szilagyi, P.G.; Staat, M.A.; Iwane, M.; Prill, M.M.; Williams, J.V. New Vaccine Surveillance, N. Burden of human metapneumovirus infection in young children. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 633–643.
132. Semple, M.G.; Cowell, A.; Dove, W.; Greensill, J.; McNamara, P.S.; Halfhide, C.; Shears, P.; Smyth, R.L.; Hart, C.A. Dual infection of infants by human metapneumovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus is strongly associated with severe bronchiolitis. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 191, 382–386.
133. Van den Hoogen, B.G.; van Doornum, G.J.; Fockens, J.C.; Cornelissen, J.J.; Beyer, W.E.; de Groot, R.; Osterhaus, A.D.; Fouchier, R.A. Prevalence and clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized patients. J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 188, 1571–1577.
134. Van den Hoogen, B.G.; Osterhaus, D.M.; Fouchier, R.A. Clinical impact and diagnosis of human metapneumovirus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2004, 23, S25–S32.
135. Sloots, T.; Whiley, D.; Lambert, S.; Nissen, M. Emerging respiratory agents: New viruses for old diseases? J. Clin. Virol. 2008, 42, 233–243.
136. Boivin, G.; De Serres, G.; Côté, S.; Gilca, R.; Abed, Y.; Rochette, L.; Bergeron, M.G.; Déry, P. Human metapneumovirus infections in hospitalized children. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 9, 634–640.
137. Osterhaus, A.; Fouchier, R. Human metapneumovirus in the community. Lancet 2003, 361, 890–891.
138. Allander, T.; Tammi, M.T.; Eriksson, M.; Bjerkner, A.; Tiveljung-Lindell, A.; Andersson, B. Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 12891–12896.
139. Arthur, J.L.; Higgins, G.D.; Davidson, G.P.; Givney, R.C.; Ratcliff, R.M. A novel bocavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Australian children. PLOS Pathog. 2009, 5, e1000391.
140. Kapoor, A.; Slikas, E.; Simmonds, P.; Chieochansin, T.; Naeem, A.; Shaukat, S.; Alam, M.M.; Sharif, S.; Angez, M.; Zaidi, S., et al. A newly identified bocavirus species in human stool. J. Infect. Dis. 2009, 199, 196–200.
141. Kapoor, A.; Simmonds, P.; Slikas, E.; Li, L.; Bodhidatta, L.; Sethabutr, O.; Triki, H.; Bahri, O.; Oderinde, B.S.; Baba, M.M. Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent in enteric infections. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 201, 1633–1643.
142. Von Linstow, M.-L.; Høgh, M.; Høgh, B. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of human bocavirus in Danish infants: Results from a prospective birth cohort study. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2008, 27, 897–902.
143. Jartti, T.; Hedman, K.; Jartti, L.; Ruuskanen, O.; Allander, T.; Söderlund-Venermo, M. Human bocavirus—The first 5 years. Rev. Med. Virol. 2012, 22, 46–64.
144. Vicente, D.; Cilla, G.; Montes, M.; Pérez-Yarza, E.G.; Pérez-Trallero, E. Human bocavirus, a respiratory and enteric virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13, 636–637.
145. Huang, Q.; Deng, X.; Yan, Z.; Cheng, F.; Luo, Y.; Shen, W.; Lei-Butters, D.C.; Chen, A.Y.; Li, Y.; Tang, L. Establishment of a reverse genetics system for studying human bocavirus in human airway epithelia. PLOS Pathog. 2012, 8, e1002899.
146. Deng, X.; Li, Y.; Qiu, J. Human bocavirus 1 infects commercially available primary human airway epithelium cultures productively. J. Virol. Methods 2014, 195, 112–119.
147. Dijkman, R.; Koekkoek, S.M.; Molenkamp, R.; Schildgen, O.; van der Hoek, L. Human bocavirus can be cultured in differentiated human airway epithelial cells. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 7739–7748.
148. Chow, B.D.; Ou, Z.; Esper, F.P. Newly recognized bocaviruses (HBoV, HBoV2) in children and adults with gastrointestinal illness in the United States. J. Clin. Virol. 2010, 47, 143–147.
149. Han, T.-H.; Kim, C.-H.; Park, S.-H.; Kim, E.-J.; Chung, J.-Y.; Hwang, E.-S. Detection of human bocavirus-2 in children with acute gastroenteritis in South Korea. Arch. Virol. 2009, 154, 1923–1927.
150. Santos, N.; Peret, T.C.; Humphrey, C.D.; Albuquerque, M.C.M.; Silva, R.C.; Benati, F.J.; Lu, X.; Erdman, D.D. Human bocavirus species 2 and 3 in Brazil. J. Clin. Virol. 2010, 48, 127–130.
151. Song, J.-R.; Jin, Y.; Xie, Z.-P.; Gao, H.-C.; Xiao, N.-G.; Chen, W.-X.; Xu, Z.-Q.; Yan, K.-L.; Zhao, Y.; Hou, Y.-D. Novel human bocavirus in children with acute respiratory tract infection. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2010, 16, 324–327.
152. Han, T.-H.; Chung, J.-Y.; Hwang, E.-S. Human bocavirus 2 in children, South Korea. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009, 15, 1698–1700.
153. Regamey, N.; Frey, U.; Deffernez, C.; Latzin, P.; Kaiser, L.; Swiss Paediatric Respiratory Research Group. Isolation of human bocavirus from Swiss infants with respiratory infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2007, 26, 177–179.
154. Schildgen, O.; Müller, A.; Allander, T.; Mackay, I.M.; Völz, S.; Kupfer, B.; Simon, A. Human bocavirus: Passenger or pathogen in acute respiratory tract infections? Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2008, 21, 291–304.
155. Bastien, N.; Brandt, K.; Dust, K.; Ward, D.; Li, Y. Human bocavirus infection, Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006, 12, 848–850.
156. Kupfer, B.; Vehreschild, J.; Cornely, O.; Kaiser, R.; Plum, G.; Viazov, S.; Franzen, C.; Tillmann, R.-L.; Simon, A.; Müller, A. Severe pneumonia and human bocavirus in adult. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006, 12, 1614–1616.
157. Allander, T. Human bocavirus. J. Clin. Virol. 2008, 41, 29–33.
158. Manning, A.; Russell, V.; Eastick, K.; Leadbetter, G.; Hallam, N.; Templeton, K.; Simmonds, P. Epidemiological profile and clinical associations of human bocavirus and other human parvoviruses. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 194, 1283–1290.
159. Longtin, J.; Bastien, M.; Gilca, R.; Leblanc, E.; De Serres, G.; Bergeron, M.G.; Boivin, G. Human bocavirus infections in hospitalized children and adults. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14, 217–221.
160. Fry, A.M.; Lu, X.; Chittaganpitch, M.; Peret, T.; Fischer, J.; Dowell, S.F.; Anderson, L.J.; Erdman, D.; Olsen, S.J. Human bocavirus: A novel parvovirus epidemiologically associated with pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Thailand. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 195, 1038–1045.
161. Arnold, J.C.; Singh, K.K.; Spector, S.A.; Sawyer, M.H. Human bocavirus: Prevalence and clinical spectrum at a children’s hospital. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 43, 283–288.
162. Kesebir, D.; Vazquez, M.; Weibel, C.; Shapiro, E.D.; Ferguson, D.; Landry, M.L.; Kahn, J.S. Human bocavirus infection in young children in the United States: Molecular epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of a newly emerging respiratory virus. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 194, 1276–1282.
163. Endo, R.; Ishiguro, N.; Kikuta, H.; Teramoto, S.; Shirkoohi, R.; Ma, X.; Ebihara, T.; Ishiko, H.; Ariga, T. Seroepidemiology of human bocavirus in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2007, 45, 3218–3223.
164. Kahn, J.S.; Kesebir, D.; Cotmore, S.F.; D’Abramo, A.; Cosby, C.; Weibel, C.; Tattersall, P. Seroepidemiology of human bocavirus defined using recombinant virus-like particles. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 198, 41–50.
165. Wang, K.; Wang, W.; Yan, H.; Ren, P.; Zhang, J.; Shen, J.; Deubel, V. Correlation between bocavirus infection and humoral response, and co-infection with other respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory infection. J. Clin. Virol. 2010, 47, 148–155.
166. Kantola, K.; Hedman, L.; Arthur, J.; Alibeto, A.; Delwart, E.; Jartti, T.; Ruuskanen, O.; Hedman, K.; Soderlund-Venermo, M. Seroepidemiology of human bocaviruses 1–4. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 204, 1403–1412.
167. Chow, B.D.; Esper, F.P. The human bocaviruses: A review and discussion of their role in infection. Clin. Lab. Med. 2009, 29, 695–713.
168. Kantola, K.; Hedman, L.; Allander, T.; Jartti, T.; Lehtinen, P.; Ruuskanen, O.; Hedman, K.; Söderlund-Venermo, M. Serodiagnosis of human bocavirus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 46, 540–546.
169. Dina, J.; Vabret, A.; Gouarin, S.; Petitjean, J.; Lecoq, J.; Brouard, J.; Arion, A.; Lafay-Delaire, F.; Freymuth, F. Detection of human bocavirus in hospitalised children. J. Paediatr. Child Health 2009, 45, 149–153.
170. Zhang, L.-L.; Tang, L.-Y.; Xie, Z.-D.; Tan, X.-J.; Li, C.-S.; Cui, A.-L.; Ji, Y.-X.; Xu, S.-T.; Mao, N.-Y.; Xu, W.-B., et al. Human bocavirus in children suffering from acute lower respiratory tract infection in Beijing Children’s Hospital. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 2008, 121, 1607–1610.
171. Schildgen, V.; Malecki, M.; Tillmann, R.-L.; Brockmann, M.; Schildgen, O. The human bocavirus is associated with some lung and colorectal cancers and persists in solid tumors. PLOS ONE 2013, 8, e68020.
172. Allander, T.; Jartti, T.; Gupta, S.; Niesters, H.G.; Lehtinen, P.; Vuorinen, T.; Waris, M.; Bjerkner, A.; Tiveljung-Lindell, A.; van den Hoogen, B.G. Human bocavirus and acute wheezing in children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007, 44, 904–910.
173. Peltola, V.; Söderlund-Venermo, M.; Jartti, T. Human bocavirus infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2013, 32, 178–179.