메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 106, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 901-918

Intelligent tutoring systems and learning outcomes: A meta-analysis

Author keywords

Effect size; Intelligent tutoring system; Meta analysis; Student model

Indexed keywords


EID: 84925386655     PISSN: 00220663     EISSN: 19392176     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0037123     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (406)

References (142)
  • 1
    • 65449180701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the effectiveness of the CPP-Tutor, an Intelligent Tutoring System for students learning to program in C++
    • Abu-Naser, S. S. (2009). Evaluating the effectiveness of the CPP-Tutor, an Intelligent Tutoring System for students learning to program in C++. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5, 109-114.
    • (2009) Journal of Applied Sciences Research , vol.5 , pp. 109-114
    • Abu-Naser, S.S.1
  • 2
    • 78049370416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review and meta-analysis on the cognitive correlates of bilingualism
    • Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C. (2010). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Review of Educational Research, 80, 207-245. doi:10.3102/0034654310368803
    • (2010) Review of Educational Research , vol.80 , pp. 207-245
    • Adesope, O.O.1    Lavin, T.2    Thompson, T.3    Ungerleider, C.4
  • 3
    • 84874345143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal redundancy in multimedia learning environments: A meta-analysis
    • Adesope, O. O., & Nesbit, J. C. (2012). Verbal redundancy in multimedia learning environments: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 250-263. doi:10.1037/a0026147
    • (2012) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.104 , pp. 250-263
    • Adesope, O.O.1    Nesbit, J.C.2
  • 4
    • 0344064428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer-assisted oral reading helps third graders learn vocabulary better than a classroom control-About as well as one-on-one human-assisted oral reading
    • J. D. Moore, C. L. Redfield, & W. L. Johnson (Eds.), San Antonio, TX: IOS Press.
    • Aist, G., Mostow, J., Tobin, B., Burkhead, P., Cuneo, A., Junker, B., & Sklar, M. B. (2001). Computer-assisted oral reading helps third graders learn vocabulary better than a classroom control-About as well as one-on-one human-assisted oral reading. In J. D. Moore, C. L. Redfield, & W. L. Johnson (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education: AI-ED in the wired and wireless future (pp. 267-277). San Antonio, TX: IOS Press.
    • (2001) Artificial intelligence in education: AI-ED in the wired and wireless future , pp. 267-277
    • Aist, G.1    Mostow, J.2    Tobin, B.3    Burkhead, P.4    Cuneo, A.5    Junker, B.6    Sklar, M.B.7
  • 5
    • 3142519011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the effectiveness of a cognitive tutor for fundamental physics concepts
    • L. R. Gleitman & A. K. Joshi (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • Albacete, P. L., & VanLehn, K. A. (2000). Evaluating the effectiveness of a cognitive tutor for fundamental physics concepts. In L. R. Gleitman & A. K. Joshi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 25-30). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (2000) Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society , pp. 25-30
    • Albacete, P.L.1    VanLehn, K.A.2
  • 10
    • 79961044854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SI-APRENDE: An intelligent learning system based on SCORM learning objects for training power systems operators
    • K. G. Mehrotra, C. Mohan, J. C. Oh, P. K. Varshney, & M. Ali (Eds.)
    • Argotte, L., Arroyo-Figueroa, G., & Noguez, J. (2011). SI-APRENDE: An intelligent learning system based on SCORM learning objects for training power systems operators. In K. G. Mehrotra, C. Mohan, J. C. Oh, P. K. Varshney, & M. Ali (Eds.), Developing concepts in applied intelligence (Studies in Computational Intelligence, Vol. 363, pp. 33- 38). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21332-8_5
    • (2011) Developing concepts in applied intelligence Studies in Computational Intelligence , vol.363 , pp. 33-38
    • Argotte, L.1    Arroyo-Figueroa, G.2    Noguez, J.3
  • 11
    • 50849140152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research methods tutor: Evaluation of a dialogue-based tutoring system in the classroom
    • Arnott, E., Hastings, P., & Allbritton, D. (2008). Research methods tutor: Evaluation of a dialogue-based tutoring system in the classroom. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 694-698. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.694
    • (2008) Behavior Research Methods , vol.40 , pp. 694-698
    • Arnott, E.1    Hastings, P.2    Allbritton, D.3
  • 13
    • 3142522587 scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the effects of feedback in computer-based instruction
    • Azevedo, R., & Bernard, R. M. (1995). A meta-analysis of the effects of feedback in computer-based instruction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 13, 111-127. doi:10.2190/9LMD-3U28-3A0G-FTQT
    • (1995) Journal of Educational Computing Research , vol.13 , pp. 111-127
    • Azevedo, R.1    Bernard, R.M.2
  • 14
    • 33746333276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adapting to when students game an intelligent tutoring system
    • M. Ikeda, K. D. Ashley, & T. Chan (Eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer Berlin-Heidelberg.
    • Baker, R. S., Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R., Evenson, S., Roll, I., Wagner, A. Z., . . . Beck, J. E. (2006). Adapting to when students game an intelligent tutoring system. In M. Ikeda, K. D. Ashley, & T. Chan (Eds.), Intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 392-401). Berlin, Germany: Springer Berlin-Heidelberg.
    • (2006) Intelligent tutoring systems , pp. 392-401
    • Baker, R.S.1    Corbett, A.T.2    Koedinger, K.R.3    Evenson, S.4    Roll, I.5    Wagner, A.Z.6    . . . Beck, J.E.7
  • 15
    • 0017002677 scopus 로고
    • The computer as a tutorial laboratory: The Stanford BIP Project
    • Barr, A., Beard, M., & Atkinson, R. C. (1976). The computer as a tutorial laboratory: The Stanford BIP Project. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 8, 567-596. doi:10.1016/S0020-7373(76)80021-1
    • (1976) International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , vol.8 , pp. 567-596
    • Barr, A.1    Beard, M.2    Atkinson, R.C.3
  • 16
    • 77953891419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of AnimalWatch: An Intelligent Tutoring System for arithmetic and fractions
    • Beal, C. R., Arroyo, I., Cohen, P. R., & Woolf, B. P. (2010). Evaluation of AnimalWatch: An Intelligent Tutoring System for arithmetic and fractions. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 9, 64-77.
    • (2010) Journal of Interactive Online Learning , vol.9 , pp. 64-77
    • Beal, C.R.1    Arroyo, I.2    Cohen, P.R.3    Woolf, B.P.4
  • 18
    • 84973712252 scopus 로고
    • The 2-sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring
    • Bloom, B. S. (1984). The 2-sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educational Researcher, 13, 4-16. doi:10.3102/0013189X013006004
    • (1984) Educational Researcher , vol.13 , pp. 4-16
    • Bloom, B.S.1
  • 20
    • 0018235476 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic models for procedural bugs in basic mathematical skills
    • Brown, J. S., & Burton, R. R. (1978). Diagnostic models for procedural bugs in basic mathematical skills. Cognitive Science, 2, 155-192. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0202_4
    • (1978) Cognitive Science , vol.2 , pp. 155-192
    • Brown, J.S.1    Burton, R.R.2
  • 22
    • 0014905710 scopus 로고
    • AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer aided instruction
    • Carbonell, J. (1970). AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer aided instruction. Science, 167, 190-202.
    • (1970) Science , vol.167 , pp. 190-202
    • Carbonell, J.1
  • 23
    • 84925440966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canton City Schools, Canton, OH, 2001. Retrieved from
    • Carnegie Learning. (2001). Cognitive Tutor results report: Freshman Academy, Canton City Schools, Canton, OH, 2001. Retrieved from http://www.carnegielearning.com/static/web_docs/OH-01-01.pdf
    • (2001) Cognitive Tutor results report: Freshman Academy
  • 25
    • 44049105116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligent web-based learning system with personalized learning path guidance
    • Chen, C. M. (2008). Intelligent web-based learning system with personalized learning path guidance. Computers & Education, 51, 787-814. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2007.08.004
    • (2008) Computers & Education , vol.51 , pp. 787-814
    • Chen, C.M.1
  • 26
    • 9644257179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personalized e-learning system using item response theory
    • Chen, C. M., Lee, H. M., & Chen, Y. H. (2005). Personalized e-learning system using item response theory. Computers & Education, 44, 237-255. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2004.01.006
    • (2005) Computers & Education , vol.44 , pp. 237-255
    • Chen, C.M.1    Lee, H.M.2    Chen, Y.H.3
  • 27
    • 77958001183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of student learning performance using personalized diagnosis and remedial learning system
    • Chen, L. H. (2011). Enhancement of student learning performance using personalized diagnosis and remedial learning system. Computers & Education, 56, 289-299. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.015
    • (2011) Computers & Education , vol.56 , pp. 289-299
    • Chen, L.H.1
  • 28
    • 84925444645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) on student achievement in algebraic expression
    • Chien, T. C., Yunus, A. S. M., Ali, W. Z. W., & Bakar, A. R. (2008). The effect of an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) on student achievement in algebraic expression. International Journal of Instruction, 1, 25-38.
    • (2008) International Journal of Instruction , vol.1 , pp. 25-38
    • Chien, T.C.1    Yunus, A.S.M.2    Ali, W.Z.W.3    Bakar, A.R.4
  • 30
    • 0027070528 scopus 로고
    • Computer-based instruction and health professions education: A meta-analysis of outcomes
    • Cohen, P. A., & Dacanay, L. S. (1992). Computer-based instruction and health professions education: A meta-analysis of outcomes. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 15, 259 -281. doi:10.1177/016327879201500301
    • (1992) Evaluation & the Health Professions , vol.15 , pp. 259 -281
    • Cohen, P.A.1    Dacanay, L.S.2
  • 31
    • 78751698601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paper presented at the Twenty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-09), Pasadena, CA.
    • Conati, C. (2009, July). Intelligent tutoring systems: New challenges and directions. Paper presented at the Twenty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-09), Pasadena, CA.
    • (2009) Intelligent tutoring systems: New challenges and directions
    • Conati, C.1
  • 32
    • 0036961606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using Bayesian networks to manage uncertainty in student modeling
    • Conati, C., Gertner, A., & VanLehn, K. (2002). Using Bayesian networks to manage uncertainty in student modeling. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 12, 371-417. doi:10.1023/A:1021258506583
    • (2002) User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction , vol.12 , pp. 371-417
    • Conati, C.1    Gertner, A.2    VanLehn, K.3
  • 33
    • 0007939549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaching meta-cognitive skills: Implementation and evaluation of a tutoring system to guide selfexplanation while learning from examples
    • S. P. Lajoie & M. Vivet (Eds.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IOS Press.
    • Conati, C., & VanLehn, K. (1999). Teaching meta-cognitive skills: Implementation and evaluation of a tutoring system to guide selfexplanation while learning from examples. In S. P. Lajoie & M. Vivet (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education (pp. 297-304). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IOS Press.
    • (1999) Artificial intelligence in education , pp. 297-304
    • Conati, C.1    VanLehn, K.2
  • 34
    • 15744382654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building and evaluating an intelligent pedagogical agent to improve the effectiveness of an educational game
    • N. J. Nunes & C. Rich (Eds.), New York, NY: ACM Press.
    • Conati, C., & Zhao, X. (2004). Building and evaluating an intelligent pedagogical agent to improve the effectiveness of an educational game. In N. J. Nunes & C. Rich (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI-04) (pp. 6-13). New York, NY: ACM Press.
    • (2004) Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI-04) , pp. 6-13
    • Conati, C.1    Zhao, X.2
  • 36
    • 33746118331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a personalized task selection model with shared instructional control
    • Corbalan, G., Kester, L., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2006). Towards a personalized task selection model with shared instructional control. Instructional Science, 34, 399-422. doi:10.1007/s11251-005-5774-2
    • (2006) Instructional Science , vol.34 , pp. 399-422
    • Corbalan, G.1    Kester, L.2    Van Merriënboer, J.J.G.3
  • 37
    • 84943171571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive computer tutors: Solving the two-sigma problem
    • M. Bauer, P. J. Gmytrasiewicz, & J. Vassileva (Eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg.
    • Corbett, A. (2001). Cognitive computer tutors: Solving the two-sigma problem. In M. Bauer, P. J. Gmytrasiewicz, & J. Vassileva (Eds.), User modeling: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference, UM 2001 (pp. 137-147). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg.
    • (2001) User modeling: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference, UM 2001 , pp. 137-147
    • Corbett, A.1
  • 38
    • 0004460121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligent Tutoring Systems
    • M. G. Helander, T. K. Landauer, & P. V. Prabhu (Eds.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
    • Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R., & Anderson, J. R. (1997). Intelligent Tutoring Systems. In M. G. Helander, T. K. Landauer, & P. V. Prabhu (Eds.), Handbook of human-computer interaction (pp. 849-874). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
    • (1997) Handbook of human-computer interaction , pp. 849-874
    • Corbett, A.T.1    Koedinger, K.R.2    Anderson, J.R.3
  • 40
    • 0022705498 scopus 로고
    • A review and synthesis of recent research in intelligent computer-assisted instruction
    • Dede, C. (1986). A review and synthesis of recent research in intelligent computer-assisted instruction. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 24, 329-353. doi:10.1016/S0020-7373(86)80050-5
    • (1986) International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , vol.24 , pp. 329-353
    • Dede, C.1
  • 41
    • 77950527180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do curricular and co-curricular diversity activities influence racial bias? A meta-analysis
    • Denson, N. (2009). Do curricular and co-curricular diversity activities influence racial bias? A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 79, 805-838. doi:10.3102/0034654309331551
    • (2009) Review of Educational Research , vol.79 , pp. 805-838
    • Denson, N.1
  • 42
    • 70349880837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning linked lists: Experiments with the iList system
    • B. P. Woolf, E. Aimeur, R. Nkambou, & S. P. Lajoie (Eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer.
    • Fossati, D., Di Eugenio, B., Brown, C., & Ohlsson, S. (2008). Learning linked lists: Experiments with the iList system. In B. P. Woolf, E. Aimeur, R. Nkambou, & S. P. Lajoie (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems: 9th International Conference, ITS 2008 (pp. 80-89). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
    • (2008) Intelligent Tutoring Systems: 9th International Conference, ITS 2008 , pp. 80-89
    • Fossati, D.1    Di Eugenio, B.2    Brown, C.3    Ohlsson, S.4
  • 44
    • 28444460773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AutoTutor: An Intelligent Tutoring System with mixed-initiative dialogue
    • Graesser, A. C., Chipman, P., Haynes, B., & Olney, A. (2005). AutoTutor: An Intelligent Tutoring System with mixed-initiative dialogue. IEEE Transactions on Education, 48, 612-618. doi:10.1109/TE.2005.856149
    • (2005) IEEE Transactions on Education , vol.48 , pp. 612-618
    • Graesser, A.C.1    Chipman, P.2    Haynes, B.3    Olney, A.4
  • 47
    • 50849089283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating a web based Intelligent Tutoring System for mathematics at German lower secondary schools
    • Graff, M., Mayer, P., & Lebens, M. (2008). Evaluating a web based Intelligent Tutoring System for mathematics at German lower secondary schools. Education and Information Technologies, 13, 221-230. doi:10.1007/s10639-008-9062-z
    • (2008) Education and Information Technologies , vol.13 , pp. 221-230
    • Graff, M.1    Mayer, P.2    Lebens, M.3
  • 49
    • 60349105591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the web-based interactive software ALEKS to enhance college algebra
    • Hagerty, G., & Smith, S. (2005). Using the web-based interactive software ALEKS to enhance college algebra. Mathematics and Computer Education, 39, 183-194.
    • (2005) Mathematics and Computer Education , vol.39 , pp. 183-194
    • Hagerty, G.1    Smith, S.2
  • 50
    • 84861345534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operation ARA: A computerized learning game that teaches critical thinking and scientific reasoning
    • Halpern, D. F., Millis, K., Graesser, A. C., & Butler, H. (2012). Operation ARA: A computerized learning game that teaches critical thinking and scientific reasoning. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 7, 93-100. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2012.03.006
    • (2012) Thinking Skills and Creativity , vol.7 , pp. 93-100
    • Halpern, D.F.1    Millis, K.2    Graesser, A.C.3    Butler, H.4
  • 51
    • 77951974538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of a peer-learning agent based on pair programming in a programming course
    • Han, K., Lee, E., & Lee, Y. (2010). The impact of a peer-learning agent based on pair programming in a programming course. IEEE Transactions on Education, 53, 318-327. doi:10.1109/TE.2009.2019121
    • (2010) IEEE Transactions on Education , vol.53 , pp. 318-327
    • Han, K.1    Lee, E.2    Lee, Y.3
  • 52
    • 84925399485 scopus 로고
    • Techniques for creating computer-based instructional text: Programming languages, authoring languages, and authoring systems
    • Hannum, W. (1986). Techniques for creating computer-based instructional text: Programming languages, authoring languages, and authoring systems. Educational Psychologist, 21, 293-314. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2104_4
    • (1986) Educational Psychologist , vol.21 , pp. 293-314
    • Hannum, W.1
  • 55
    • 77955521039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automating individualized coaching and authentic role-play practice for brief intervention training
    • Hayes-Roth, B., Saker, R., & Amano, K. (2010). Automating individualized coaching and authentic role-play practice for brief intervention training. Methods of Information in Medicine, 49, 406 - 411. doi:10.3414/ME9311
    • (2010) Methods of Information in Medicine , vol.49 , pp. 406 - 411
    • Hayes-Roth, B.1    Saker, R.2    Amano, K.3
  • 57
    • 0032271151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixed and random-effects models in meta-analysis
    • Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998). Fixed and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 3, 486-504. doi:10.1037/1082- 989X.3.4.486
    • (1998) Psychological Methods , vol.3 , pp. 486-504
    • Hedges, L.V.1    Vevea, J.L.2
  • 58
    • 84925419084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lindquist Tutor. Paper presented at the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, Sydney, Australia.
    • Heffernan, N. T. (2003). Web-based evaluations showing both cognitive and motivational benefits of the Ms. Lindquist Tutor. Paper presented at the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, Sydney, Australia.
    • (2003) Web-based evaluations showing both cognitive and motivational benefits of the Ms
    • Heffernan, N.T.1
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
    • 84925419083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. (n.d.). Journal scope and standards. Retrieved from http://ijaied.org/journal/scope/
    • Journal scope and standards
  • 63
    • 77649322072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating an Intelligent Tutoring System for design patterns: The DEPTHS experience
    • Jeremic, Z., Jovanovic, J., & Gasevic, D. (2009). Evaluating an Intelligent Tutoring System for design patterns: The DEPTHS experience. Educational Technology & Society, 12, 111-130.
    • (2009) Educational Technology & Society , vol.12 , pp. 111-130
    • Jeremic, Z.1    Jovanovic, J.2    Gasevic, D.3
  • 64
    • 68749096913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Intelligent Tutoring System for the accounting cycle: Enhancing textbook homeworkwith artificial intelligence
    • Johnson, B. G., Phillips, F., & Chase, L. G. (2009). An Intelligent Tutoring System for the accounting cycle: Enhancing textbook homeworkwith artificial intelligence. Journal of Accounting Education, 27, 30-39. doi:10.1016/j.jaccedu.2009.05.001
    • (2009) Journal of Accounting Education , vol.27 , pp. 30-39
    • Johnson, B.G.1    Phillips, F.2    Chase, L.G.3
  • 66
    • 27644534485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward evidence for instructional design principles: Examples from Cognitive Tutor Math 6
    • D. S. Mewborn, P. Sztajn, D. Y. White, H. G. Wiegel, R. L. Bryant, & K. Nooney (Eds.), Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education.
    • Koedinger, K. R. (2002). Toward evidence for instructional design principles: Examples from Cognitive Tutor Math 6. In D. S. Mewborn, P. Sztajn, D. Y. White, H. G. Wiegel, R. L. Bryant, & K. Nooney (Eds.), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter ofthe International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 1, pp. 21-49). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education.
    • (2002) Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter ofthe International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education , vol.1 , pp. 21-49
    • Koedinger, K.R.1
  • 69
    • 33746035592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model-based reasoning for domain modeling in a web-based Intelligent Tutoring System to help students learn to debug C ++ programs
    • S. A. Cerri, G. Gouarderes, & F. Paraguacu (Eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg.
    • Kumar, A. N. (2002). Model-based reasoning for domain modeling in a web-based Intelligent Tutoring System to help students learn to debug C ++ programs. In S. A. Cerri, G. Gouarderes, & F. Paraguacu (Eds.), Proceedings of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS-2002) (LNCS 2363, pp. 792-801). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg.
    • (2002) Proceedings of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS-2002) LNCS 2363 , pp. 792-801
    • Kumar, A.N.1
  • 70
    • 80053431219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An introduction to latent semantic analysis
    • Landauer, T. K., Foltz, P. W., & Laham, D. (1998). An introduction to latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes, 25, 259 -284. doi:10.1080/01638539809545028
    • (1998) Discourse Processes , vol.25 , pp. 259 -284
    • Landauer, T.K.1    Foltz, P.W.2    Laham, D.3
  • 71
    • 85010019012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaching the tacit knowledge of programming to novices with natural language tutoring
    • Lane, H. C., & VanLehn, K. (2005). Teaching the tacit knowledge of programming to novices with natural language tutoring. Computer Science Education, 15, 183-201. doi:10.1080/08993400500224286
    • (2005) Computer Science Education , vol.15 , pp. 183-201
    • Lane, H.C.1    VanLehn, K.2
  • 73
    • 84943269567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intelligent teaching-assistant system for logic
    • S. Cerri & F. Paraguo (Eds.), Biarritz, France: Springer-Verlag.
    • Lesta, L., & Yacef, K. (2002). An intelligent teaching-assistant system for logic. In S. Cerri & F. Paraguo (Eds.), Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, ITS'02 (pp. 421-431). Biarritz, France: Springer-Verlag.
    • (2002) Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, ITS'02 , pp. 421-431
    • Lesta, L.1    Yacef, K.2
  • 75
    • 34250005492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of instructional elements in computer-based instruction
    • Martin, F., Klein, J. D., & Sullivan, H. (2007). The impact of instructional elements in computer-based instruction. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38, 623-636. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00670.x
    • (2007) British Journal of Educational Technology , vol.38 , pp. 623-636
    • Martin, F.1    Klein, J.D.2    Sullivan, H.3
  • 76
    • 79959302980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When is it best to learn with all worked examples?
    • G. Biswas, S. Bull, J. Kay & A. Mitrovic (Eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer- Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg.
    • McLaren, B. M., & Isotani, S. (2011). When is it best to learn with all worked examples? In G. Biswas, S. Bull, J. Kay & A. Mitrovic (Eds.), AIED 2011 (LNAI 6738, pp. 222-229). Berlin, Germany: Springer- Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg.
    • (2011) AIED 2011 (LNAI 6738) , pp. 222-229
    • McLaren, B.M.1    Isotani, S.2
  • 78
    • 77956264560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian networks for student model engineering
    • Millán, E., Loboda, T., & Pérez-de-la-Cruz, J. L. (2010). Bayesian networks for student model engineering. Computers & Education, 55, 1663-1683. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.010
    • (2010) Computers & Education , vol.55 , pp. 1663-1683
    • Millán, E.1    Loboda, T.2    Pérez-de-la-Cruz, J.L.3
  • 82
    • 34547969917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligent tutors for all: Constraint-based modeling methodology, systems and authoring
    • Mitrovic, A., Martin, B., & Suraweera, P. (2007). Intelligent tutors for all: Constraint-based modeling methodology, systems and authoring. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 22, 38-45. doi:10.1109/MIS.2007.74
    • (2007) IEEE Intelligent Systems , vol.22 , pp. 38-45
    • Mitrovic, A.1    Martin, B.2    Suraweera, P.3
  • 90
    • 33749583891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning with concept and knowledge maps: A meta-analysis
    • Nesbit, J. C., & Adesope, O. O. (2006). Learning with concept and knowledge maps: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 76, 413-448. doi:10.3102/00346543076003413
    • (2006) Review of Educational Research , vol.76 , pp. 413-448
    • Nesbit, J.C.1    Adesope, O.O.2
  • 92
    • 0000519782 scopus 로고
    • A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis
    • Orwin, R. G. (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8, 157-159. doi:10.2307/1164923
    • (1983) Journal of Educational Statistics , vol.8 , pp. 157-159
    • Orwin, R.G.1
  • 94
    • 3042670516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-institutional evaluation of Intelligent Tutoring Tools in Numeric Disciplines
    • Patel, K. A., & Russell, D. (2000). A multi-institutional evaluation of Intelligent Tutoring Tools in Numeric Disciplines. Educational Technology and Society, 3, 66-74.
    • (2000) Educational Technology and Society , vol.3 , pp. 66-74
    • Patel, K.A.1    Russell, D.2
  • 96
    • 0242397898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating student learning gains in two versions of AutoTutor
    • J. D. Moore, C. L. Redfield, & W. L. Johnson (Eds.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IOS Press.
    • Person, N. K., Graesser, A. C., Bautista, L., Mathews, E. C., & The Tutoring Research Group. (2001). Evaluating student learning gains in two versions of AutoTutor. In J. D. Moore, C. L. Redfield, & W. L. Johnson (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education: AI-ED in the wired and wireless future (pp. 286-293). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IOS Press.
    • (2001) Artificial intelligence in education: AI-ED in the wired and wireless future , pp. 286-293
    • Person, N.K.1    Graesser, A.C.2    Bautista, L.3    Mathews, E.C.4
  • 97
    • 79961143399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online homework versus Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Pedagogical support for transaction analysis and recording
    • Phillips, F., & Johnson, B. G. (2011). Online homework versus Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Pedagogical support for transaction analysis and recording. Issues in Accounting Education, 26, 87-97. doi:10.2308/iace.2011.26.1.87
    • (2011) Issues in Accounting Education , vol.26 , pp. 87-97
    • Phillips, F.1    Johnson, B.G.2
  • 99
    • 33646895088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tutoring bilingual students with an automated reading tutor that listens: Results of a two-month pilot study
    • DePaul University, Chicago, IL.
    • Poulsen, R. (2004). Tutoring bilingual students with an automated reading tutor that listens: Results of a two-month pilot study (Unpublished master's thesis). DePaul University, Chicago, IL.
    • (2004) Unpublished master's thesis
    • Poulsen, R.1
  • 100
    • 84887537008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the effectiveness of a computer assisted intelligent tutor system model developed to improve specific learning skills of special needs student
    • Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9729551)
    • Radwan, Z. R. (1997). Evaluation of the effectiveness of a computer assisted intelligent tutor system model developed to improve specific learning skills of special needs student (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9729551)
    • (1997) Unpublished doctoral dissertation
    • Radwan, Z.R.1
  • 101
    • 0033993114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DISCOVER: An intelligent discovery programming system
    • Ramadhan, H. A. (2000). DISCOVER: An intelligent discovery programming system. Cybernetics & Systems: An International Journal, 31, 87-114. doi:10.1080/019697200124937
    • (2000) Cybernetics & Systems: An International Journal , vol.31 , pp. 87-114
    • Ramadhan, H.A.1
  • 102
    • 0033415286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaching scientific thinking skills: Students and computers coaching each other
    • Reif, F., & Scott, L. A. (1999). Teaching scientific thinking skills: Students and computers coaching each other. American Journal of Physics, 67, 819-831. doi:10.1119/1.19130
    • (1999) American Journal of Physics , vol.67 , pp. 819-831
    • Reif, F.1    Scott, L.A.2
  • 104
    • 35048828851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A metacognitive ACT-R model of students' learning strategies in Intelligent Tutoring Systems
    • J. C. Lester, R. M. Vicari, & F. Paraguacu (Eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
    • Roll, I., Baker, R. S., Aleven, V., & Koedinger, K. (2004). A metacognitive ACT-R model of students' learning strategies in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. In J. C. Lester, R. M. Vicari, & F. Paraguacu (Eds.), Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 854-856). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
    • (2004) Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems , pp. 854-856
    • Roll, I.1    Baker, R.S.2    Aleven, V.3    Koedinger, K.4
  • 106
    • 33746341926 scopus 로고
    • The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results
    • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638-641. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638
    • (1979) Psychological Bulletin , vol.86 , pp. 638-641
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 107
    • 84972679010 scopus 로고
    • Critiquing Pygmalion: A 25-year perspective
    • Rosenthal, R. (1995). Critiquing Pygmalion: A 25-year perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 171-172. doi:10.1111/ 1467-8721.ep10772607
    • (1995) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.4 , pp. 171-172
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 108
    • 0346940209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intelligent tutor for intrusion detection on computer systems
    • Rowe, N. C., & Schiavo, S. (1998). An intelligent tutor for intrusion detection on computer systems. Computers and Education, 31, 395-404. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(98)00049-9
    • (1998) Computers and Education , vol.31 , pp. 395-404
    • Rowe, N.C.1    Schiavo, S.2
  • 109
    • 84925444127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of computerized formative assessment on student learning in economics
    • Santopietro, G. (2011). Effects of computerized formative assessment on student learning in economics. Journal of Learning in Higher Education, 7, 7-15.
    • (2011) Journal of Learning in Higher Education , vol.7 , pp. 7-15
    • Santopietro, G.1
  • 111
    • 34548567992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the Cognitive Tutor Algebra I program
    • Miami-Dade County Public Schools, Office of Evaluation and Research, Miami-Dade County Public Schools, Miami, FL.
    • Shneyderman, A. (2001). Evaluation of the Cognitive Tutor Algebra I program. Unpublished manuscript, Miami-Dade County Public Schools, Office of Evaluation and Research, Miami-Dade County Public Schools, Miami, FL.
    • (2001) Unpublished manuscript
    • Shneyderman, A.1
  • 112
    • 84951393033 scopus 로고
    • A large-scale evaluation of an intelligent discovery world: Smithtown
    • Shute, V. J., & Glasser, R. (1990). A large-scale evaluation of an intelligent discovery world: Smithtown. Interactive Learning Environments, 1, 51-77. doi:10.1080/1049482900010104
    • (1990) Interactive Learning Environments , vol.1 , pp. 51-77
    • Shute, V.J.1    Glasser, R.2
  • 114
    • 0000795315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Past, present, and future
    • D. Jonassen (Eds.), New York, NY: Macmillan.
    • Shute, V. J., & Psotka, J. (1996). Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Past, present, and future. In D. Jonassen (Eds.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 570-600). New York, NY: Macmillan.
    • (1996) Handbook of research for educational communications and technology , pp. 570-600
    • Shute, V.J.1    Psotka, J.2
  • 117
    • 77950536983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of the Carnegie Algebra Tutor on student achievement and attitude in introductory high school algebra
    • Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.
    • Smith, J. E. (2001). The effect of the Carnegie Algebra Tutor on student achievement and attitude in introductory high school algebra. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.
    • (2001) Unpublished doctoral dissertation
    • Smith, J.E.1
  • 118
    • 79953844972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction in statistics: A meta-analysis
    • Sosa, G. W., Berger, D. E., Saw, A. T., & Mary, J. C. (2011). Effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction in statistics: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 81, 97-128. doi:10.3102/0034654310378174
    • (2011) Review of Educational Research , vol.81 , pp. 97-128
    • Sosa, G.W.1    Berger, D.E.2    Saw, A.T.3    Mary, J.C.4
  • 121
    • 48549093985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TEx-Sys model for building Intelligent Tutoring Systems
    • Stankov, S., Rosíc, M., Žitko, B., & Grubišíc, A. (2008). TEx-Sys model for building Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Computers & Education, 51, 1017-1036. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2007.10.002
    • (2008) Computers & Education , vol.51 , pp. 1017-1036
    • Stankov, S.1    Rosíc, M.2    Žitko, B.3    Grubišíc, A.4
  • 122
    • 84887543521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems on K-12 students' mathematical learning
    • Advance online publication
    • Steenbergen-Hu, S., & Cooper, H. (2013, September 9). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems on K-12 students' mathematical learning. Journal of Educational Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0032447
    • (2013) Journal of Educational Psychology
    • Steenbergen-Hu, S.1    Cooper, H.2
  • 123
    • 84908446791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) on college students' academic learning
    • Steenbergen-Hu, S., & Cooper, H. (2014). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) on college students' academic learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106, 331-347. doi:10.1037/a0034752
    • (2014) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.106 , pp. 331-347
    • Steenbergen-Hu, S.1    Cooper, H.2
  • 124
    • 84943232687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kermit: A constraint-based tutor for database modeling
    • S. A. Cerri, G. Gouarderes & F. Paraguacu (Eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
    • Suraweera, P., & Mitrovic, A. (2002). Kermit: A constraint-based tutor for database modeling. In S. A. Cerri, G. Gouarderes & F. Paraguacu (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems: 6th International Conference (pp. 377- 387). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
    • (2002) Intelligent Tutoring Systems: 6th International Conference , pp. 377-387
    • Suraweera, P.1    Mitrovic, A.2
  • 127
    • 79953903972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What forty years of research says about the impact of technology on learning: A second-order meta-analysis and validation study
    • Tamim, R. M., Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Abrami, P. C., & Schmid, R. F. (2011). What forty years of research says about the impact of technology on learning: A second-order meta-analysis and validation study. Review of Educational Research, 81, 4 -28. doi:10.3102/0034654310393361
    • (2011) Review of Educational Research , vol.81 , pp. 4 -28
    • Tamim, R.M.1    Bernard, R.M.2    Borokhovski, E.3    Abrami, P.C.4    Schmid, R.F.5
  • 128
    • 23844460804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the intelligent features of a web-based intelligent computer assisted language learning system
    • Tsiriga, V., & Virvou, M. (2004). Evaluating the intelligent features of a web-based intelligent computer assisted language learning system. International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 13, 411-425. doi: 10.1142/S0218213004001600
    • (2004) International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools , vol.13 , pp. 411-425
    • Tsiriga, V.1    Virvou, M.2
  • 129
    • 82755170505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and other tutoring systems
    • VanLehn, K. (2011). The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and other tutoring systems. Educational Psychologist, 46, 197-221. doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.611369
    • (2011) Educational Psychologist , vol.46 , pp. 197-221
    • VanLehn, K.1
  • 133
    • 0041534805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promoting self-directed learning in simulation based discovery learning environments through intelligent support
    • Veermans, K. H., de Jong, T., & van Joolingen, W. R. (2000). Promoting self-directed learning in simulation based discovery learning environments through intelligent support. Interactive Learning Environments, 8, 229-255. doi:10.1076/1049-4820(200012)8:3;1-D;FT229
    • (2000) Interactive Learning Environments , vol.8 , pp. 229-255
    • Veermans, K.H.1    de Jong, T.2    van Joolingen, W.R.3
  • 134
    • 80053112559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computerized adaptive testing in computer assisted learning?
    • S. De Wannemacker, G. Clarebout, & P. De Causmaecker (Eds.)
    • Veldkamp, B. P., Matteucci, M., & Eggen, T. J. H. M. (2011). Computerized adaptive testing in computer assisted learning? In S. De Wannemacker, G. Clarebout, & P. De Causmaecker (Eds.), Interdisciplinary approaches to adaptive learning. A look at the neighbours (Vol. 126, pp. 28-39). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20074-8_3
    • (2011) Interdisciplinary approaches to adaptive learning. A look at the neighbours , vol.126 , pp. 28-39
    • Veldkamp, B.P.1    Matteucci, M.2    Eggen, T.J.H.M.3
  • 135
    • 80052637810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agent-based dynamic support for learning from collaborative brainstorming in scientific inquiry
    • Wang, H. C., Rosé, C. P., & Chang, C. Y. (2011). Agent-based dynamic support for learning from collaborative brainstorming in scientific inquiry. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 6, 371-395. doi:10.1007/s11412-011-9124-x
    • (2011) International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning , vol.6 , pp. 371-395
    • Wang, H.C.1    Rosé, C.P.2    Chang, C.Y.3
  • 137
    • 0032675281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of a cognitive tutoring system in the improvement of the abstract reasoning component of word problem solving
    • Wheeler, J. L., & Regian, J. W. (1999). The use of a cognitive tutoring system in the improvement of the abstract reasoning component of word problem solving. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 243-254. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(99)00021-7
    • (1999) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.15 , pp. 243-254
    • Wheeler, J.L.1    Regian, J.W.2
  • 138
    • 84870392450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale randomized controlled trial with 4th graders using intelligent tutoring of the structure strategy to improve nonfiction reading comprehension
    • Wijekumar, K. K., Meyer, B. J. F., & Lei, P. (2012). Large-scale randomized controlled trial with 4th graders using intelligent tutoring of the structure strategy to improve nonfiction reading comprehension. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60, 987-1013. doi:10.1007/s11423-012-9263-4
    • (2012) Educational Technology Research and Development , vol.60 , pp. 987-1013
    • Wijekumar, K.K.1    Meyer, B.J.F.2    Lei, P.3
  • 139
    • 84891861003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potentials of educational data mining for researching metacognition, motivation and selfregulated learning
    • Winne, P. H., & Baker, R. S. J. D. (2013). The potentials of educational data mining for researching metacognition, motivation and selfregulated learning. Journal of Educational Data Mining, 5, 1-8.
    • (2013) Journal of Educational Data Mining , vol.5 , pp. 1-8
    • Winne, P.H.1    Baker, R.S.J.D.2
  • 141
    • 33747216646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Intelligent Tutoring System that generates a natural language dialogue using dynamic multi-level planning
    • Woo, C. W., Evens, W. M. W., Freedman, R., Glass, M., Seop Shim, L., Zhang, Y., Michael, J. (2006). An Intelligent Tutoring System that generates a natural language dialogue using dynamic multi-level planning. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 38, 25-46. doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2005.10.004
    • (2006) Artificial Intelligence in Medicine , vol.38 , pp. 25-46
    • Woo, C.W.1    Evens, W.M.W.2    Freedman, R.3    Glass, M.4    Seop Shim, L.5    Zhang, Y.6    Michael, J.7
  • 142
    • 84864416670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agent prompts: Scaffolding for productive reflection in an intelligent learning environment
    • Wu, L., & Looi, C. K. (2012). Agent prompts: Scaffolding for productive reflection in an intelligent learning environment. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 15, 339-353.
    • (2012) Journal of Educational Technology & Society , vol.15 , pp. 339-353
    • Wu, L.1    Looi, C.K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.