메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-338

The economics of franchising

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84925194420     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511753879     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (277)

References (341)
  • 1
    • 0002496164 scopus 로고
    • Multiloc: Amultiple store location decision model
    • (Summer)
    • Achabal, Dale D., Wilpen L. Gorr, and Vijay Mahajan. 1982. MULTILOC: AMultiple Store Location Decision Model. Journal of Retailing 58 (Summer):5–25.
    • (1982) Journal of Retailing , vol.58 , pp. 5-25
    • Achabal, D.D.1    Gorr, W.L.2    Mahajan, V.3
  • 2
    • 0036313914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous matching and the empirical determinants of contractual form
    • Ackerberg, Daniel A. and Maristella Botticini. 2002. Endogenous Matching and the Empirical Determinants of Contractual Form. Journal of Political Economy 110:564–591.
    • (2002) Journal of Political Economy , vol.110 , pp. 564-591
    • Ackerberg, D.A.1    Botticini, M.2
  • 3
    • 21844496108 scopus 로고
    • Contractual arrangements in franchising: An empirical investigation
    • Agrawal, Deepak and Rajiv Lal. 1995. Contractual Arrangements in Franchising: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Marketing Research 32:213–221.
    • (1995) Journal of Marketing Research , vol.32 , pp. 213-221
    • Agrawal, D.1    Lal, R.2
  • 4
    • 85005305538 scopus 로고
    • The market for ‘lemons’: Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism
    • Akerlof, George A. 1970. The Market For ‘Lemons’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics 84:488–500.
    • (1970) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.84 , pp. 488-500
    • Akerlof, G.A.1
  • 6
    • 0000589044 scopus 로고
    • Production, information costs, and economic organization
    • Alchian, Armen A. and Harold Demsetz. 1972. Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization. American Economic Review 62:777–795.
    • (1972) American Economic Review , vol.62 , pp. 777-795
    • Alchian, A.A.1    Demsetz, H.2
  • 7
    • 84933491854 scopus 로고
    • Contract choice in modern agriculture: Cropshare versus cash rent
    • Allen, Douglas W. and Dean Lueck. 1992. Contract Choice in Modern Agriculture: Cropshare versus Cash Rent. Journal of Law and Economics 35:397–426.
    • (1992) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.35 , pp. 397-426
    • Allen, D.W.1    Lueck, D.2
  • 8
    • 0000597931 scopus 로고
    • Risk preferences and the economics of contracts
    • Allen, Douglas W. and Dean Lueck. 1995. Risk Preferences and the Economics of Contracts. American Economic Review 85:447–451.
    • (1995) American Economic Review , vol.85 , pp. 447-451
    • Allen, D.W.1    Lueck, D.2
  • 10
    • 0000327209 scopus 로고
    • Integration of the sales force: An empirical examination
    • Anderson, Erin and David C. Schmittlein. 1984. Integration of the Sales Force: An Empirical Examination. RAND Journal of Economics 15:385–395.
    • (1984) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.15 , pp. 385-395
    • Anderson, E.1    Schmittlein, D.C.2
  • 11
    • 0002498105 scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on behavior-based versus outcome-based salesforce-control systems
    • Anderson, Erin and Richard L. Oliver.1987. Perspectives on Behavior-Based versus Outcome-Based Salesforce-Control Systems. Journal of Marketing 51:76–88.
    • (1987) Journal of Marketing , vol.51 , pp. 76-88
    • Anderson, E.1    Oliver, R.L.2
  • 12
    • 0004010763 scopus 로고
    • Boston: Little, Brown
    • Areeda, Phillip. 1991. Antitrust Law, vol. 9. Boston: Little, Brown.
    • (1991) Antitrust Law , vol.9
    • Areeda, P.1
  • 14
    • 85066596201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ¶1640. Boston: Little, Brown
    • ¶1640. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • 15
  • 20
    • 0035295079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entrepreneurs, contracts, and the failure of young firms
    • Azoulay, Pierre and Scott Shane. 2001. Entrepreneurs, Contracts, and the Failure of Young Firms. Management Science 47:337–358.
    • (2001) Management Science , vol.47 , pp. 337-358
    • Azoulay, P.1    Shane, S.2
  • 22
    • 0039622298 scopus 로고
    • Encroachment: Franchising's enigma
    • (2nd quarter)
    • Barkoff, Rupert M. and W. Michael Garner. 1994a. Encroachment: Franchising's Enigma. Franchise Update (2nd quarter):7–10.
    • (1994) Franchise Update , pp. 7-10
    • Barkoff, R.M.1    Michael Garner, W.2
  • 24
    • 84927457678 scopus 로고
    • The effects of different contractual arrangements: The case of retail gasoline
    • Barron, John M. and John R. Umbeck. 1984. The Effects of Different Contractual Arrangements: The Case of Retail Gasoline. Journal of Law and Economics 27:313–328.
    • (1984) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.27 , pp. 313-328
    • Barron, J.M.1    Umbeck, J.R.2
  • 26
    • 21844512496 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of franchise and independent small business survival rates
    • Bates, Timothy. 1995a. A Comparison of Franchise and Independent Small Business Survival Rates. Small Business Economics 7(5):377–388.
    • (1995) Small Business Economics , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. 377-388
    • Bates, T.1
  • 27
    • 0010152391 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of survival rates among franchise and independent small business startups
    • Bates, Timothy. 1995b. Analysis of Survival Rates Among Franchise and Independent Small Business Startups. Journal of Small Business Management 33(2):25–36.
    • (1995) Journal of Small Business Management , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 25-36
    • Bates, T.1
  • 28
    • 0032020440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival patterns among newcomers to franchising
    • Bates, Timothy. 1998. Survival Patterns Among Newcomers to Franchising. Journal of Business Venturing 13:113–130.
    • (1998) Journal of Business Venturing , vol.13 , pp. 113-130
    • Bates, T.1
  • 29
    • 0001401555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divisionalization, franchising, and divestiture incentives in oligopoly
    • Baye, Michael R., Keith J.Crocker, and Jiandong Ju. 1996. Divisionalization, Franchising, and Divestiture Incentives in Oligopoly. American Economic Review 86:223–236.
    • (1996) American Economic Review , vol.86 , pp. 223-236
    • Baye, M.R.1    Keith, J.2    Jiandong, J.3
  • 30
    • 0007517396 scopus 로고
    • The foundation of franchise regulation: Issues and evidence. Journal of corporate finance: Contracting
    • Beales, Howard and Timothy J. Muris. 1995. The Foundation of Franchise Regulation: Issues and Evidence. Journal of Corporate Finance: Contracting, Governance and Organization 2:157–197.
    • (1995) Governance and Organization , vol.2 , pp. 157-197
    • Beales, H.1    Muris, T.J.2
  • 31
  • 32
    • 0003375133 scopus 로고
    • Law enforcement, malfeasance, and compensation of enforcers
    • Becker, Gary S. and George J. Stigler. 1974. Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of Enforcers. Journal of Legal Studies 3:1–20.
    • (1974) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.3 , pp. 1-20
    • Becker, G.S.1    Stigler, G.J.2
  • 33
    • 85066553442 scopus 로고
    • Control in various organizational forms: An empirical study of company-owned and franchisee-owned units’ health inspections
    • J. R. Nevin, ed
    • Beheler, R. L. 1991. Control in Various Organizational Forms: An Empirical Study of Company-Owned and Franchisee-Owned Units’ Health Inspections. In J. R. Nevin, ed., Fifth Annual Proceedings of the Society of Franchising.
    • (1991) Fifth Annual Proceedings of the Society of Franchising
    • Beheler, R.L.1
  • 35
    • 0011170307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mimeo, Durham, NC: Fuqua School of Business, Duke University
    • Bercovitz, Janet E. L. 1998b. Franchising vs. Company Ownership. Mimeo, Durham, NC: Fuqua School of Business, Duke University.
    • (1998) Franchising Vs. Company Ownership
    • Bercovitz, J.E.L.1
  • 36
    • 85077563618 scopus 로고
    • Double-sided moral hazard and the nature of share contracts
    • Bhattacharyya, Sugato and Francine Lafontaine. 1995. Double-Sided Moral Hazard and the Nature of Share Contracts. RAND Journal of Economics 26:761–781.
    • (1995) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.26 , pp. 761-781
    • Bhattacharyya, S.1    Lafontaine, F.2
  • 37
    • 26444448636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Birkeland, Peter M. 2002. Franchising Dreams. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (2002) Franchising Dreams
    • Birkeland, P.M.1
  • 38
    • 33645919690 scopus 로고
    • Measuring damages for lost profits in franchise termination cases
    • Fall
    • Blair, Roger D. 1988. Measuring Damages for Lost Profits in Franchise Termination Cases. Franchise Law Journal 8 (Fall):3-6, 23–27.
    • (1988) Franchise Law Journal , vol.8 , Issue.3-6 , pp. 23-27
    • Blair, R.D.1
  • 39
    • 21444461188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximum resale price restraints in franchising
    • Blair, Roger D. and Amanda K. Esquibel. 1996. Maximum Resale Price Restraints in Franchising. Antitrust Law Journal 65:157–180.
    • (1996) Antitrust Law Journal , vol.65 , pp. 157-180
    • Blair, R.D.1    Esquibel, A.K.2
  • 40
    • 0039302531 scopus 로고
    • Maximum price fixing and the goals of antitrust
    • Blair, Roger D. and J. M. Fesmire. 1986. Maximum Price Fixing and the Goals of Antitrust. Syracuse Law Review 37:43.
    • (1986) Syracuse Law Review , vol.37
    • Blair, R.D.1    Fesmire, J.M.2
  • 41
  • 43
    • 0033160222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The misapplication of kodak in franchise tying suits
    • Blair, Roger D. and Jill Boylston Herndon. 1999. The Misapplication of Kodak in Franchise Tying Suits. Journal of Business Venturing 14:397–415.
    • (1999) Journal of Business Venturing , vol.14 , pp. 397-415
    • Blair, R.D.1    Herndon, J.B.2
  • 44
    • 85009190636 scopus 로고
    • Vertical integration, tying, and antitrust policy
    • Blair, Roger D. and David L. Kaserman. 1978. Vertical Integration, Tying, and Antitrust Policy. American Economic Review 68:397–402.
    • (1978) American Economic Review , vol.68 , pp. 397-402
    • Blair, R.D.1    Kaserman, D.L.2
  • 45
    • 0039221250 scopus 로고
    • Vertical control with variable proportions: Ownership integration and contractual equivalents
    • Blair, Roger D. and David L. Kaserman. 1980. Vertical Control with Variable Proportions: Ownership Integration and Contractual Equivalents. Southern Economic Journal 47:1118–1128.
    • (1980) Southern Economic Journal , vol.47 , pp. 1118-1128
    • Blair, R.D.1    Kaserman, D.L.2
  • 46
    • 0041081624 scopus 로고
    • The albrecht rule and consumer welfare: An economic analysis
    • Blair, Roger D. and David L. Kaserman. 1981. The Albrecht Rule and Consumer Welfare: An Economic Analysis. University of Florida Law Review 33:461.
    • (1981) University of Florida Law Review , vol.33
    • Blair, R.D.1    Kaserman, D.L.2
  • 50
    • 0009004712 scopus 로고
    • A note on incentive incompatibility under franchising
    • Blair, Roger D. and David L. Kaserman. 1994. A Note on Incentive Incompatibility under Franchising. Review of Industrial Organization 9:323–330.
    • (1994) Review of Industrial Organization , vol.9 , pp. 323-330
    • Blair, R.D.1    Kaserman, D.L.2
  • 52
    • 0033462499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will khan foster or hinder franchising? An economic analysis ofmaximum resale pricemaintenance
    • Blair, Roger D. and Francine Lafontaine. 1999. Will Khan Foster or Hinder Franchising? An Economic Analysis ofMaximum Resale PriceMaintenance. Journal of Public Policy in Marketing 18:25–36.
    • (1999) Journal of Public Policy in Marketing , vol.18 , pp. 25-36
    • Blair, R.D.1    Lafontaine, F.2
  • 53
    • 11544352070 scopus 로고
    • Albrecht after arco; maximum resale price fixing moves toward the rule of reason
    • Blair, Roger D. and Gordon L. Lang. 1991. Albrecht After ARCO; Maximum Resale Price Fixing Moves Toward the Rule of Reason. Vanderbilt Law Review 44:1007–1039.
    • (1991) Vanderbilt Law Review , vol.44 , pp. 1007-1039
    • Blair, R.D.1    Lang, G.L.2
  • 54
    • 0032341203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albrecht overruled – at last
    • Blair, Roger D. and John E. Lopatka. 1998. Albrecht Overruled – At Last. Antitrust Law Journal 66:537–566.
    • (1998) Antitrust Law Journal , vol.66 , pp. 537-566
    • Blair, R.D.1    Lopatka, J.E.2
  • 55
    • 0010203219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oakland, CA: Source Book Publications
    • Bond, Robert E. Various years. Bond's Franchise Guide. Oakland, CA: Source Book Publications.
    • Bond's Franchise Guide
    • Bond, R.E.1
  • 57
    • 0013254980 scopus 로고
    • Chainswithin chains: The role ofmulti-unit franchisees
    • Bradach, Jeffrey L. 1995. ChainsWithin Chains: The Role ofMulti-Unit Franchisees. Journal of Marketing Channels 4:65–81.
    • (1995) Journal of Marketing Channels , vol.4 , pp. 65-81
    • Bradach, J.L.1
  • 58
    • 0031287585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the plural form in the management of restaurant chains
    • Bradach, Jeffrey L. 1997. Using the Plural Form in the Management of Restaurant Chains. Administrative Science Quarterly 42:276–303.
    • (1997) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.42 , pp. 276-303
    • Bradach, J.L.1
  • 59
  • 60
    • 0009084601 scopus 로고
    • Franchisee or independent businessperson: Some observations on the decision process
    • G. E. Hills and W. Laforge, eds., Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago
    • Bradach, Jeffrey L. and Patrick J. Kaufmann. 1988. “Franchisee or Independent Businessperson: Some Observations on the Decision Process.” In Research at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface, G. E. Hills and W. Laforge, eds. 38–48. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago.
    • (1988) Research at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface , pp. 38-48
    • Bradach, J.L.1    Kaufmann, P.J.2
  • 61
    • 0038851416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incentive conflicts and contracting: Evidence from franchising
    • Brickley, James A. 1999. Incentive Conflicts and Contracting: Evidence from Franchising. Journal of Law and Economics 42:745–774.
    • (1999) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.42 , pp. 745-774
    • Brickley, J.A.1
  • 63
    • 0036392543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royaltyrates and franchise fees in sharecontracts:Evidence from franchising
    • Brickley, James A. 2002.RoyaltyRates and Franchise Fees in ShareContracts:Evidence from Franchising. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. 18:511–535.
    • (2002) Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization , vol.18 , pp. 511-535
    • Brickley, J.A.1
  • 65
    • 0001149477 scopus 로고
    • The choice of organizational form: The case of franchising
    • Brickley, James A. and Frederick H.Dark. 1987. The Choice of Organizational Form: The Case of Franchising. Journal of Financial Economics 18:401–420.
    • (1987) Journal of Financial Economics , vol.18 , pp. 401-420
    • Brickley, J.A.1    Frederick, H.2
  • 68
    • 85066527093 scopus 로고
    • Franchising – a fiduciary relationship
    • Brown, H. 1971. Franchising – A Fiduciary Relationship. Texas Law Review 49:650–675.
    • (1971) Texas Law Review , vol.49 , pp. 650-675
    • Brown, H.1
  • 69
    • 85066534055 scopus 로고
    • Mom-and-pop don’t readmemos
    • Brown, Paul R. 1981.Mom-and-Pop Don’t ReadMemos. Forbes September 28:94–96.
    • (1981) Forbes September , vol.28 , pp. 94-96
    • Brown, P.R.1
  • 70
    • 62449281412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Economic Accounts (http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn1.htm).
    • National Economic Accounts
  • 71
    • 84883513024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumer Price Index, All Urban Consumers – CPI-U, U.S. City Average, All Items
    • Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Consumer Price Index, All Urban Consumers – CPI-U, U.S. City Average, All Items (ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt).
    • U.S. Department of Labor
  • 74
    • 0040756372 scopus 로고
    • Theagent-agent'sproblem:Paymentbyrelative output
    • Carmichael, H. Lorne. 1983.TheAgent-Agent'sProblem:PaymentbyRelative Output. Journal of Labor Economics 1:50–65.
    • (1983) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.1 , pp. 50-65
    • Carmichael, H.L.1
  • 75
    • 84989094225 scopus 로고
    • Vertical integration in franchise systems: Agency theory and resource explanations
    • Carney, Mick and Eric Gedajlovic. 1991. Vertical Integration in Franchise Systems: Agency Theory and Resource Explanations. StrategicManagement Journal 12:607–629.
    • (1991) Strategicmanagement Journal , vol.12 , pp. 607-629
    • Carney, M.1    Gedajlovic, E.2
  • 76
    • 0001028777 scopus 로고
    • Franchising: Firms, markets, and intangible assets
    • Caves, Richard E. and William F. Murphy. 1976. Franchising: Firms, Markets, and Intangible Assets. Southern Economic Journal 42:572–586.
    • (1976) Southern Economic Journal , vol.42 , pp. 572-586
    • Caves, R.E.1    Murphy, W.F.2
  • 77
    • 84979188687 scopus 로고
    • The nature of the firm
    • Coase, Ronald H. 1937. The Nature of the Firm. Economica 4:386–405.
    • (1937) Economica , vol.4 , pp. 386-405
    • Coase, R.H.1
  • 79
    • 85066566253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encroachment: Thehannibal lecter of franchising
    • Cohen, Jane and Ryan Fehlig. 2001. Encroachment: TheHannibal Lecter of Franchising. St. Louis Bar Journal (March).
    • (2001) St. Louis bar Journal
    • Cohen, J.1    Fehlig, R.2
  • 80
    • 85066538672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deception condoned: Pre-contract misrepresentations and the parole evidence rule
    • Francine Lafontaine, ed
    • Cohn, Stuart R. 1998. Deception Condoned: Pre-Contract Misrepresentations and the Parole Evidence Rule, in Francine Lafontaine, ed., Twelfth Annual Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising.
    • (1998) Twelfth Annual Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising
    • Cohn, S.R.1
  • 81
    • 0001434630 scopus 로고
    • Competition and cooperation in marketing channel choice: Theory and application
    • Coughlan, Anne T. 1985. Competition and Cooperation in Marketing Channel Choice: Theory and Application. Marketing Science 4:110–129.
    • (1985) Marketing Science , vol.4 , pp. 110-129
    • Coughlan, A.T.1
  • 87
    • 85066546783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fourth circuit reverses $390 million meineke judgment
    • Dienelt, John F. 1998. Fourth Circuit Reverses $390 Million Meineke Judgment. The Franchise Lawyer, 1–3.
    • (1998) The Franchise Lawyer , pp. 1-3
    • Dienelt, J.F.1
  • 90
    • 0001034181 scopus 로고
    • Unfair contractual practices and hostages in franchise contracts
    • Dnes, Antony W. 1992b. ‘Unfair’ Contractual Practices and Hostages in Franchise Contracts. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 148:484–504.
    • (1992) Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics , vol.148 , pp. 484-504
    • Dnes, A.W.1
  • 91
    • 0001331318 scopus 로고
    • A case study analysis of franchise contracts
    • Dnes, Antony W. 1993. A Case Study Analysis of Franchise Contracts. Journal of Legal Studies 22:367–393.
    • (1993) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.22 , pp. 367-393
    • Dnes, A.W.1
  • 94
    • 0001583287 scopus 로고
    • Optimal advertising and optimal quality
    • Dorfman, Robert and Peter O. Steiner. 1954. Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality. American Economics Review 44:826–836.
    • (1954) American Economics Review , vol.44 , pp. 826-836
    • Dorfman, R.1    Steiner, P.O.2
  • 96
    • 0000375443 scopus 로고
    • The theory of market pre-emption: The persistence of excess capacity and monopoly in growing spatial markets
    • Eaton, B. Curtis and Richard G. Lipsey. 1979. The Theory of Market Pre-emption: The Persistence of Excess Capacity and Monopoly in Growing Spatial Markets. Economica 46:149–158.
    • (1979) Economica , vol.46 , pp. 149-158
    • Eaton, B.C.1    Lipsey, R.G.2
  • 97
    • 84925204275 scopus 로고
    • State regulation of franchise and dealership terminations: An overview
    • Eaton, Richard. 1980. State Regulation of Franchise and Dealership Terminations: An Overview. Antitrust Law Journal 49:1331–1350.
    • (1980) Antitrust Law Journal , vol.49 , pp. 1331-1350
    • Eaton, R.1
  • 98
    • 85005287589 scopus 로고
    • The effects of state automobile dealer entry regulation on new car prices
    • Eckard, E. W. Jr. 1985. The Effects of State Automobile Dealer Entry Regulation on New Car Prices. Economic Inquiry 24:226.
    • (1985) Economic Inquiry , vol.24
    • Eckard, E.W.1
  • 99
    • 0031286109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franchising research: A literature review and synthesis
    • Elango, B. and V. H. Fried. 1997. Franchising Research: A Literature Review and Synthesis. Journal of Small Business Management 35:68–82.
    • (1997) Journal of Small Business Management , vol.35 , pp. 68-82
    • Elango, B.1    Fried, V.H.2
  • 100
    • 0035166876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Least-present- value-of-revenue auctions and highway franchising
    • Engel, Eduardo MRA, Ronald D. Fisher, and Alexander Galetovic. 2001.Least-Present- Value-of-Revenue Auctions and Highway Franchising. Journal of Political Economy 109:993–1020.
    • (2001) Journal of Political Economy , vol.109 , pp. 993-1020
    • Engel, E.M.1    Fisher, R.D.2    Galetovic, A.3
  • 102
    • 84977427073 scopus 로고
    • A theory of contractual structure in agriculture
    • Eswaran, Mukesh and Ashok Kotwal. 1985. A Theory of Contractual Structure in Agriculture. American Economic Review 75:352–367.
    • (1985) American Economic Review , vol.75 , pp. 352-367
    • Eswaran, M.1    Kotwal, A.2
  • 106
    • 84942846063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • By the book: Individuality vs. franchising
    • (Feb. 17)
    • Flaherty, Julie. 2001. By the Book: Individuality vs. Franchising. New York Times (Feb. 17).
    • (2001) New York Times
    • Flaherty, J.1
  • 108
    • 85066514241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lewiston NY: Info Franchise News Inc
    • Franchise Annual. Various Years. Lewiston NY: Info Franchise News Inc.
    • Franchise Annual
  • 109
    • 85066585686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago, IL: Crain Communications Inc
    • Franchise Times. 1996. Growth Forecast for 1996. Vol. 2 no. 2 p. 3 Chicago, IL: Crain Communications Inc.
    • (1996) Growth Forecast for 1996 , vol.2 , Issue.2
  • 110
    • 85066514329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roseville, MN: Franchise Times Corporation
    • Franchise Times. Various Years. Monitor 200. Roseville, MN: Franchise Times Corporation.
    • Monitor 200
  • 111
    • 0348136622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivations for franchisors to use flat continuing franchise fees
    • Frazer, Lorelle. 1998. Motivations for Franchisors to Use Flat Continuing Franchise Fees. The Journal of Consumer Marketing 15:587–596.
    • (1998) The Journal of Consumer Marketing , vol.15 , pp. 587-596
    • Frazer, L.1
  • 112
    • 84997995379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why franchisors discontinue franchising but continue operating
    • Frazer, Lorelle. 2001.Why Franchisors Discontinue Franchising but Continue Operating. International Small Business Journal 19:29–38.
    • (2001) International Small Business Journal , vol.19 , pp. 29-38
    • Frazer, L.1
  • 113
    • 0342489680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Droit d’entrée ettaux deredevance dans les franchises d’exploitation auquébec
    • Gagné, Robert, Simon Pierre Sigué, and Georges Zaccour. 1998.Droit d’Entrée etTaux deRedevance dans les Franchises d’Exploitation auQuébec. L’ActualitéEconomique 74:651–668.
    • (1998) L’ActualitéEconomique , vol.74 , pp. 651-668
    • Gagné, R.1    Sigué, S.P.2    Zaccour, G.3
  • 114
    • 21144477821 scopus 로고
    • Dual distribution and royalty fees in franchising. Journal of law
    • Gallini, Nancy T. and Nancy A.Lutz. 1992. Dual Distribution and Royalty Fees in Franchising. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 8:471–501.
    • (1992) Economics, & Organization , vol.8 , pp. 471-501
    • Gallini, N.T.1    Nancy, A.2
  • 115
    • 0011561745 scopus 로고
    • Optimal franchising in oligopolistic markets with uncertain demand
    • Gal-Or, Esther. 1991. Optimal Franchising in Oligopolistic Markets with Uncertain Demand. International Journal of Industrial Organization 9:343–364.
    • (1991) International Journal of Industrial Organization , vol.9 , pp. 343-364
    • Gal-Or, E.1
  • 116
    • 0010121890 scopus 로고
    • Maintaining quality standards in franchise chains
    • Gal-Or, Esther. 1995. Maintaining Quality Standards in Franchise Chains. Management Science 41:1774–1792.
    • (1995) Management Science , vol.41 , pp. 1774-1792
    • Gal-Or, E.1
  • 119
    • 0035643779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical integration and internet strategies in the apparel industry
    • Gertner, Robert H. and Robert S. Stillman. 2001. Vertical Integration and Internet Strategies in the Apparel Industry. Journal of Industrial Economics 49:417–440.
    • (2001) Journal of Industrial Economics , vol.49 , pp. 417-440
    • Gertner, R.H.1    Stillman, R.S.2
  • 120
    • 4243767898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mcdonald's problems in kitchen don’t dim the lure of franchises
    • June 3
    • Gibson, Richard. 1998. McDonald's Problems in Kitchen Don’t Dim the Lure of Franchises. Wall Street Journal, June 3:A1.
    • (1998) Wall Street Journal
    • Gibson, R.1
  • 121
    • 0001511035 scopus 로고
    • Fransys: A franchise distribution location model
    • Ghosh, Avijit and C. Samuel Craig. 1991. FRANSYS: A Franchise Distribution Location Model. Journal of Retailing 67:466–495.
    • (1991) Journal of Retailing , vol.67 , pp. 466-495
    • Ghosh, A.1    Samuel Craig, C.2
  • 124
    • 0009041071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do fast-food chains price discriminate on the race and income characteristics of an area
    • Graddy, Kathryn. 1997. Do Fast-Food Chains Price Discriminate on the Race and Income Characteristics of an Area. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 15:391–401.
    • (1997) Journal of Business and Economic Statistics , vol.15 , pp. 391-401
    • Graddy, K.1
  • 125
    • 84985228710 scopus 로고
    • Vertical integration of successive oligopolies
    • Greenhut, M. L. and H. Ohta. 1979. Vertical Integration of Successive Oligopolies. American Economic Review 69:137–141.
    • (1979) American Economic Review , vol.69 , pp. 137-141
    • Greenhut, M.L.1    Ohta, H.2
  • 126
    • 21444446636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When do franchisorshavemarket power? Antitrust remedies for franchisor opportunism
    • Grimes, Warren S. 1996.When Do FranchisorsHaveMarket Power? Antitrust Remedies For Franchisor Opportunism. Antitrust Law Journal 65:105–155.
    • (1996) Antitrust Law Journal , vol.65 , pp. 105-155
    • Grimes, W.S.1
  • 127
    • 84936194550 scopus 로고
    • The costs and benefits ofownership: A theory of vertical and lateral integration
    • Grossman, Sanford J. and Oliver D. Hart. 1986. The Costs and Benefits ofOwnership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration. Journal of Political Economy 94:691–719.
    • (1986) Journal of Political Economy , vol.94 , pp. 691-719
    • Grossman, S.J.1    Hart, O.D.2
  • 128
    • 0032382571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring the principal with multiple agents
    • Gupta, Srabana and Richard Romano. 1998. Monitoring the Principal with Multiple Agents. RAND Journal of Economics 29:427–442.
    • (1998) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.29 , pp. 427-442
    • Gupta, S.1    Romano, R.2
  • 129
    • 84881962199 scopus 로고
    • Problematic relations: Franchising and the law of incomplete contracts
    • Hadfield, Gillian K. 1990. Problematic Relations: Franchising and the Law of Incomplete Contracts. Stanford Law Review 42:927–992.
    • (1990) Stanford Law Review , vol.42 , pp. 927-992
    • Hadfield, G.K.1
  • 130
    • 0000652235 scopus 로고
    • Credible spatial preemption through franchising
    • Hadfield, Gillian K. 1991. Credible Spatial Preemption Through Franchising. RAND Journal of Economics 22:531–543.
    • (1991) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.22 , pp. 531-543
    • Hadfield, G.K.1
  • 131
    • 85050221764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment, the good faith gamble in franchise agreements: Does your implied covenant trump my express term?
    • Harman, Kathryn Lea. 1998. Comment, The Good Faith Gamble in Franchise Agreements: Does Your Implied Covenant Trump My Express Term? Cumberland Law Review 28:473.
    • (1998) Cumberland Law Review , vol.28
    • Harman, K.L.1
  • 134
    • 0000139691 scopus 로고
    • Moral hazard and observability
    • Holmstrom, Bengt. 1979.Moral Hazard and Observability. Bell Journal of Economics 10:74–91.
    • (1979) Bell Journal of Economics , vol.10 , pp. 74-91
    • Holmstrom, B.1
  • 136
    • 0000871877 scopus 로고
    • Aggregation and linearity in the provision of intertemporal incentives
    • Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom. 1987. Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives. Econometrica 55:303–328.
    • (1987) Econometrica , vol.55 , pp. 303-328
    • Holmstrom, B.1    Milgrom, P.2
  • 137
    • 0002430504 scopus 로고
    • Multitask principal-agent analyses: Incentive contracts, asset ownership, and job design. Journal of law
    • Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom 1991. Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 7:24–51.
    • (1991) Economics, and Organization , vol.7 , pp. 24-51
    • Holmstrom, B.1    Milgrom, P.2
  • 139
    • 0002860654 scopus 로고
    • Stability in competition
    • Hotelling, Harold. 1929. Stability in Competition. Economic Journal 39:41–57.
    • (1929) Economic Journal , vol.39 , pp. 41-57
    • Hotelling, H.1
  • 142
    • 0002783688 scopus 로고
    • The socioeconomic consequences of the franchise system of distribution
    • Hunt, Shelby D. 1972. The Socioeconomic Consequences of the Franchise System of Distribution. Journal of Marketing 36:32–38.
    • (1972) Journal of Marketing , vol.36 , pp. 32-38
    • Hunt, S.D.1
  • 143
    • 0001822837 scopus 로고
    • The trend toward company-operated units in franchise chains
    • Hunt, Shelby D. 1973. The Trend Toward Company-Operated Units in Franchise Chains. Journal of Retailing 49:3–12.
    • (1973) Journal of Retailing , vol.49 , pp. 3-12
    • Hunt, S.D.1
  • 144
    • 0000667866 scopus 로고
    • Power in achannel ofdistribution: Sources and consequences
    • Hunt, Shelby D. and John R.Nevin. 1974. Power in aChannel ofDistribution: Sources and Consequences. Journal of Marketing Research 11:186–193.
    • (1974) Journal of Marketing Research , vol.11 , pp. 186-193
    • Hunt, S.D.1    John, R.2
  • 146
    • 85066527654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: IFA
    • IFA Educational Foundation. 2002. Multi Unit Owner Study. Washington, DC: IFA.
    • (2002) Multi Unit Owner Study
  • 150
    • 0345947721 scopus 로고
    • Forward integration into distribution: An empirical test of transaction cost analysis
    • John, George and Barton A. Weitz. 1988. Forward Integration into Distribution: An Empirical Test of Transaction Cost Analysis. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4:337–355.
    • (1988) Economics, and Organization , vol.4 , pp. 337-355
    • John, G.1    Weitz, B.A.2
  • 151
    • 85066596024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revitalization of the mom & pop's
    • February
    • Johnson, Tim. 1998. Revitalization of the Mom & Pop's. Franchise Times 5(2) (February):16–17.
    • (1998) Franchise Times , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 16-17
    • Johnson, T.1
  • 152
    • 67649103562 scopus 로고
    • Asset specificity and the structure of vertical relationships: Empirical evidence. Journal of law
    • Joskow, Paul. 1988. Asset Specificity and the Structure of Vertical Relationships: Empirical Evidence. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4:95–117.
    • (1988) Economics, and Organization , vol.4 , pp. 95-117
    • Joskow, P.1
  • 153
    • 0004256827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Houston, TX: Dame Publications
    • Justis, Robert T. and Richard J. Judd. 1998. Franchising. Houston, TX: Dame Publications.
    • (1998) Franchising
    • Justis, R.T.1    Judd, R.J.2
  • 156
    • 11144298904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An empirical analysis of territorial encroachment within franchised and company-owned branded chains
    • Kalnins, Arturs. 2004b. An Empirical Analysis of Territorial Encroachment within Franchised and Company-owned Branded Chains. Marketing Science 23:476–489.
    • (2004) Marketing Science , vol.23 , pp. 476-489
    • Kalnins, A.1
  • 157
    • 3042511323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-unitownership in franchising: Evidence from the fast-food industry in texas
    • Kalnins, Arturs and Francine Lafontaine. 2004.Multi-UnitOwnership in Franchising: Evidence from the Fast-Food Industry in Texas. RAND Journal of Economics, 35
    • (2004) RAND Journal of Economics
    • Kalnins, A.1    Lafontaine, F.2
  • 159
    • 70350116352 scopus 로고
    • Verticalcontractualrelations
    • R. Schmalensee and R.Willig, eds., New York: Elsevier Science Publishers
    • Katz, Michael L. 1989.VerticalContractualRelations. In R. Schmalensee and R.Willig, eds., Handbook of Industrial Organization. New York: Elsevier Science Publishers.
    • (1989) Handbook of Industrial Organization
    • Katz, M.L.1
  • 161
    • 0030240901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-unit franchising: Growth and management issues
    • Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Rajiv P.Dant. 1996. Multi-Unit Franchising: Growth and Management Issues. Journal of Business Venturing 11:343–358.
    • (1996) Journal of Business Venturing , vol.11 , pp. 343-358
    • Kaufmann, P.J.1    Rajiv, P.2
  • 162
    • 0035690989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pricing of franchise rights
    • Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Rajiv P.Dant. 2001. The Pricing of Franchise Rights. Journal of Retailing 77:537–545.
    • (2001) Journal of Retailing , vol.77 , pp. 537-545
    • Kaufmann, P.J.1    Rajiv, P.2
  • 163
    • 0011414491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-unit retail site selection processes: Incorporating opening delays and unidentified competition
    • Kaufmann, Patrick J., Naveen Donthu, and Charles M. Brooks. 2000. Multi-Unit Retail Site Selection Processes: Incorporating Opening Delays and Unidentified Competition. Journal of Retailing 76(1):113–127.
    • (2000) Journal of Retailing , vol.76 , Issue.1 , pp. 113-127
    • Kaufmann, P.J.1    Donthu, N.2    Brooks, C.M.3
  • 164
    • 0032616272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standardization and adaptation in business format franchising
    • Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Sevgin Eroglu. 1998. Standardization and Adaptation in Business Format Franchising. Journal of Business Venturing 14:69–95.
    • (1998) Journal of Business Venturing , vol.14 , pp. 69-95
    • Kaufmann, P.J.1    Eroglu, S.2
  • 165
    • 0001856711 scopus 로고
    • Master franchising and system growth rates
    • Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Sang Hyeon Kim. 1995. Master Franchising and System Growth Rates. Journal of Marketing Channels 4:49–64.
    • (1995) Journal of Marketing Channels , vol.4 , pp. 49-64
    • Kaufmann, P.J.1    Kim, S.H.2
  • 166
    • 58049136181 scopus 로고
    • Costs of control: The source of economic rents for mcdonald's franchisees
    • Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Francine Lafontaine. 1994. Costs of Control: The Source of Economic Rents for McDonald's Franchisees. Journal of Law and Economics 37:417–454.
    • (1994) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.37 , pp. 417-454
    • Kaufmann, P.J.1    Lafontaine, F.2
  • 167
    • 0001262265 scopus 로고
    • A model for managing system conflict during franchising expansion
    • Kaufmann, Patrick J. and V. Kasturi Rangan. 1990. A Model for Managing System Conflict During Franchising Expansion. Journal of Retailing 66:155–173.
    • (1990) Journal of Retailing , vol.66 , pp. 155-173
    • Kaufmann, P.J.1    Kasturi Rangan, V.2
  • 168
    • 21844518813 scopus 로고
    • Thedecision topurchase a franchise: A study of prospective franchisees
    • Kaufmann, Patrick J. and John Stanworth. 1995. TheDecision toPurchase a Franchise: A Study of Prospective Franchisees. Journal of Small Business Management 33:22–33.
    • (1995) Journal of Small Business Management , vol.33 , pp. 22-33
    • Kaufmann, P.J.1    Stanworth, J.2
  • 169
    • 0011247413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franchising, agency problems, and the cost of capital
    • Kehoe, Michael R. 1996. Franchising, Agency Problems, and the Cost of Capital. Applied Economics 28:1485–1493.
    • (1996) Applied Economics , vol.28 , pp. 1485-1493
    • Kehoe, M.R.1
  • 171
    • 84866182237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franchisors as fiduciaries in handling marketing dollars: Whose money is it anyway?
    • Killion, William and Brian B. Schnell. 1997. Franchisors as Fiduciaries in Handling Marketing Dollars: Whose Money Is It Anyway? Franchise Law Journal 17:37, 52–60.
    • (1997) Franchise Law Journal , vol.17
    • Killion, W.1    Schnell, B.B.2
  • 173
    • 0001582980 scopus 로고
    • Transaction cost determinants of ‘unfair’ contractual arrangements
    • Klein, Benjamin.1980. Transaction Cost Determinants of ‘Unfair’ Contractual Arrangements. American Economic Review 70:356–362.
    • (1980) American Economic Review , vol.70 , pp. 356-362
    • Klein, B.1
  • 174
    • 0001510570 scopus 로고
    • The economics of franchise contracts
    • Klein, Benjamin. 1995. The Economics of Franchise Contracts. Journal of Corporate Finance 2:9–37.
    • (1995) Journal of Corporate Finance , vol.2 , pp. 9-37
    • Klein, B.1
  • 175
    • 0033264281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Market power in franchise cases in the wake of kodak: Applying post contract hold-up analysis to vertical relationships
    • Klein, Benjamin. 1999. Market Power in Franchise Cases in the Wake of Kodak: Applying Post Contract Hold-Up Analysis to Vertical Relationships. Antitrust Law Journal 67:283–326.
    • (1999) Antitrust Law Journal , vol.67 , pp. 283-326
    • Klein, B.1
  • 176
    • 0000827401 scopus 로고
    • Vertical integration, appropriable rents, and the competitive contracting process
    • Klein, Benjamin, Robert G. Crawford, and Armen A. Alchian. 1978. Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process. Journal of Law and Economics 21:297–326.
    • (1978) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.21 , pp. 297-326
    • Klein, B.1    Crawford, R.G.2    Alchian, A.A.3
  • 177
    • 0001457802 scopus 로고
    • The role of market forces in assuring contractual performance
    • Klein, Benjamin and Keith Leffler. 1981. The Role of Market Forces in Assuring Contractual Performance. Journal of Political Economy 89:615–641.
    • (1981) Journal of Political Economy , vol.89 , pp. 615-641
    • Klein, B.1    Leffler, K.2
  • 178
    • 84934562707 scopus 로고
    • Vertical restraints as contract enforcement mechanisms
    • Klein, Benjamin and Kevin M.Murphy. 1988.Vertical Restraints as Contract Enforcement Mechanisms. Journal of Law and Economics 31:265–297.
    • (1988) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.31 , pp. 265-297
    • Klein, B.1    Kevin, M.2
  • 179
    • 84934562569 scopus 로고
    • The law and economics of franchise tying contracts
    • Klein, Benjamin and Lester F. Saft. 1985. The Law and Economics of Franchise Tying Contracts. Journal of Law and Economics 28:345–361.
    • (1985) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.28 , pp. 345-361
    • Klein, B.1    Saft, L.F.2
  • 182
    • 36849048646 scopus 로고
    • The development of the tied house system in london
    • Knox, D. M. 1958. The Development of the Tied House System in London. Oxford Economic Papers 10:66–83.
    • (1958) Oxford Economic Papers , vol.10 , pp. 66-83
    • Knox, D.M.1
  • 183
    • 0002086926 scopus 로고
    • Franchising from the franchisor and franchisee points of view
    • Knight, Russell M. 1986. Franchising from the Franchisor and Franchisee Points of View. Journal of Small Business Management 24:8–15.
    • (1986) Journal of Small Business Management , vol.24 , pp. 8-15
    • Knight, R.M.1
  • 184
    • 85066566429 scopus 로고
    • The frandata franchise termination report
    • (August)
    • Kolton, Jeffrey E. 1992. The FranData Franchise Termination Report. Info Franchise Newsletter (August).
    • (1992) Info Franchise Newsletter
    • Kolton, J.E.1
  • 185
  • 187
    • 0002545926 scopus 로고
    • Ownership, agency and wages: An examination of the fast food industry
    • Krueger, Alan B. 1991. Ownership, Agency and Wages: An Examination of the Fast Food Industry. Quarterly Journal of Economics 106:75–101.
    • (1991) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.106 , pp. 75-101
    • Krueger, A.B.1
  • 188
    • 85076770617 scopus 로고
    • Agency theoryandfranchising:Someempiricalresults
    • Lafontaine, Francine. 1992a.Agency TheoryandFranchising:SomeEmpiricalResults. RAND Journal of Economics 23:263–283.
    • (1992) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.23 , pp. 263-283
    • Lafontaine, F.1
  • 190
    • 85032068281 scopus 로고
    • Contractual arrangements as signaling devices: Evidence from franchising. Journal of law
    • Lafontaine, Francine. 1993. Contractual Arrangements as Signaling Devices: Evidence from Franchising. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 9:256–289.
    • (1993) Economics, and Organization , vol.9 , pp. 256-289
    • Lafontaine, F.1
  • 191
    • 0001786871 scopus 로고
    • A critical look at data sources in franchising
    • Lafontaine, Francine. 1995a. A Critical Look at Data Sources in Franchising. Journal of Marketing Channels 4:5–25.
    • (1995) Journal of Marketing Channels , vol.4 , pp. 5-25
    • Lafontaine, F.1
  • 193
    • 0032608549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franchising vs.Corporateownership: The effect on price dispersion
    • Lafontaine, Francine. 1999. Franchising vs.CorporateOwnership: The Effect on Price Dispersion. Journal of Business Venturing 14:17–34.
    • (1999) Journal of Business Venturing , vol.14 , pp. 17-34
    • Lafontaine, F.1
  • 195
    • 0003200654 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of ownership patterns in franchise systems
    • Lafontaine, Francine and Patrick J. Kaufmann. 1994. The Evolution of Ownership Patterns in Franchise Systems. Journal of Retailing 70:97–113.
    • (1994) Journal of Retailing , vol.70 , pp. 97-113
    • Lafontaine, F.1    Kaufmann, P.J.2
  • 196
    • 1642362432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International franchising practices in mexico: Do franchisors customize their contracts?
    • Lafontaine, Francine and Joanne Oxley. 2004. International Franchising Practices in Mexico: Do Franchisors Customize their Contracts? Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 13:95–124.
    • (2004) Journal of Economics and Management Strategy , vol.13 , pp. 95-124
    • Lafontaine, F.1    Oxley, J.2
  • 197
    • 0242639572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Residual claims and self enforcement as incentive mechanisms in franchise contracts: Substitute or complements
    • Eric Brousseau and Jean Michel Glachant, Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Lafontaine, Francine and Emmanuel Raynaud. 2002. Residual Claims and Self Enforcement as Incentive Mechanisms in Franchise Contracts: Substitute or Complements. In The Economics of Contracts: Theory and Applications, Eric Brousseau and Jean Michel Glachant, Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2002) The Economics of Contracts: Theory and Applications
    • Lafontaine, F.1    Raynaud, E.2
  • 198
    • 0032016913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franchising growth and franchisor entry and exit in the U.S. Market: Myth and reality
    • Lafontaine, Francine and Kathryn L.Shaw. 1998. Franchising Growth and Franchisor Entry and Exit in the U.S. Market: Myth and Reality. Journal of Business Venturing 13:95–112.
    • (1998) Journal of Business Venturing , vol.13 , pp. 95-112
    • Lafontaine, F.1    Kathryn, L.2
  • 199
    • 0033373514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of franchise contracting: Evidence from panel data
    • Lafontaine, Francine and Kathryn L. Shaw. 1999. The Dynamics of Franchise Contracting: Evidence from Panel Data. Journal of Political Economy 107:1041–1080.
    • (1999) Journal of Political Economy , vol.107 , pp. 1041-1080
    • Lafontaine, F.1    Shaw, K.L.2
  • 200
    • 85066567949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Argetting managerial control: Evidence from franchising
    • Lafontaine, Francine and Kathryn L. Shaw. Forthcoming. Targetting Managerial Control: Evidence from Franchising. RAND Journal of Economics.
    • RAND Journal of Economics
    • Lafontaine, F.1    Shaw, K.L.2
  • 201
    • 0000283113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retail contracting and costly monitoring: Theory and evidence
    • Lafontaine, Francine and Margaret E. Slade. 1996. Retail Contracting and Costly Monitoring: Theory and Evidence. European Economic Review 40:923–932.
    • (1996) European Economic Review , vol.40 , pp. 923-932
    • Lafontaine, F.1    Slade, M.E.2
  • 203
    • 0041898624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incentive contracting and the franchise decision
    • K. Chatterjee and W. Samuelson, Eds., Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Press
    • Lafontaine, Francine and Margaret E. Slade. 2001. Incentive Contracting and the Franchise Decision. In K. Chatterjee and W. Samuelson, Eds. Game Theory and Business Applications of Game Theory, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Press.
    • (2001) Game Theory and Business Applications of Game Theory
    • Lafontaine, F.1    Slade, M.E.2
  • 204
    • 0000155258 scopus 로고
    • Improving channel coordination through franchising
    • Lal, Rajiv 1990. Improving Channel Coordination through Franchising. Marketing Science 9:299–318.
    • (1990) Marketing Science , vol.9 , pp. 299-318
    • Lal, R.1
  • 205
    • 84875128652 scopus 로고
    • Market power in antitrust cases
    • Landes, William and Richard Posner. 1981.Market Power in Antitrust Cases. Harvard Law Review 94:937–996.
    • (1981) Harvard Law Review , vol.94 , pp. 937-996
    • Landes, W.1    Posner, R.2
  • 206
    • 0001093750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance payand productivity
    • Lazear, Edward P. 2000. Performance Payand Productivity. American Economic Review 90:1346–1361.
    • (2000) American Economic Review , vol.90 , pp. 1346-1361
    • Lazear, E.P.1
  • 207
    • 84960612322 scopus 로고
    • The concept of monopoly and the measurement of monopoly power
    • Lerner, Abba. 1934. The Concept of Monopoly and the Measurement of Monopoly Power. Review of Economic Studies 1:157–175.
    • (1934) Review of Economic Studies , vol.1 , pp. 157-175
    • Lerner, A.1
  • 210
    • 0002046574 scopus 로고
    • Competitive advantage variation over the life cycle of a franchise
    • Lillis, Charles M., Chem L. Narayan, and John L. Gilman. 1976. Competitive Advantage Variation Over the Life Cycle of a Franchise. Journal of Marketing 40:77–80.
    • (1976) Journal of Marketing , vol.40 , pp. 77-80
    • Lillis, C.M.1    Narayan, C.L.2    Gilman, J.L.3
  • 211
    • 0013352319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Competitive Media Reporting (CMR)
    • LNA/Media Watch, Various Years, Ad $ Summary, New York: Competitive Media Reporting (CMR).
    • Ad $ Summary
  • 214
    • 0012419710 scopus 로고
    • Ownership rights and incentives in franchising
    • Lutz, Nancy A. 1995. Ownership Rights and Incentives in Franchising. Journal of Corporate Finance 2:103–130.
    • (1995) Journal of Corporate Finance , vol.2 , pp. 103-130
    • Lutz, N.A.1
  • 216
    • 0002402078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical relevance of efficient contract theory: Inter-firm contracts
    • Lyons, Bruce R. 1996. Empirical Relevance of Efficient Contract Theory: Inter-Firm Contracts. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 12:27–52.
    • (1996) Oxford Review of Economic Policy , vol.12 , pp. 27-52
    • Lyons, B.R.1
  • 217
    • 0000918817 scopus 로고
    • Bilateral monopoly, successive monopoly, and vertical integration
    • Machlup, Fritz and Martha Taber. 1960. Bilateral Monopoly, Successive Monopoly, and Vertical Integration. Economica 27:101–119.
    • (1960) Economica , vol.27 , pp. 101-119
    • Machlup, F.1    Taber, M.2
  • 218
    • 85066594501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buying in bulk
    • (September)
    • Maddocks, Tom. 2001. Buying in Bulk. Entrepreneur (September).
    • (2001) Entrepreneur
    • Maddocks, T.1
  • 219
    • 3843121054 scopus 로고
    • In defense of franchisors: The law and economics of franchise quality assurance mechanisms
    • Makar, Scott. 1988. In Defense of Franchisors: The Law and Economics of Franchise Quality Assurance Mechanisms. Villanova Law Review 33:721–766.
    • (1988) Villanova Law Review , vol.33 , pp. 721-766
    • Makar, S.1
  • 220
    • 0030269017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incomplete contracts and the choice between vertical integration and franchising
    • Maness, Robert. 1996. Incomplete Contracts and the Choice Between Vertical Integration and Franchising. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 31:101–115.
    • (1996) Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , vol.31 , pp. 101-115
    • Maness, R.1
  • 221
    • 0001623826 scopus 로고
    • Franchising and risk management
    • Martin, Robert E. 1988. Franchising and Risk Management. American Economic Review 78:954–968.
    • (1988) American Economic Review , vol.78 , pp. 954-968
    • Martin, R.E.1
  • 222
    • 0007272299 scopus 로고
    • Tying, franchising, and gasoline service stations
    • Marvel, Howard. 1995. Tying, Franchising, and Gasoline Service Stations. Journal of Corporate Finance 2:199–225.
    • (1995) Journal of Corporate Finance , vol.2 , pp. 199-225
    • Marvel, H.1
  • 223
    • 84971178539 scopus 로고
    • The development of the franchise distribution system in the U.S. Automobile industry
    • Marx, Thomas G. 1985. The Development of the Franchise Distribution System in the U.S. Automobile Industry. Business History Review 59:465–474.
    • (1985) Business History Review , vol.59 , pp. 465-474
    • Marx, T.G.1
  • 224
    • 0347844230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contractual choice
    • B. Boukaert and G. De Geest, Eds., Edward Elgar Publishing
    • Masten, Scott E. 1998. Contractual Choice. Encyclopaedia of Law & Economics. B. Boukaert and G. De Geest, Eds., Edward Elgar Publishing.
    • (1998) Encyclopaedia of Law & Economics
    • Masten, S.E.1
  • 226
    • 84977365691 scopus 로고
    • Territorial restrictions in franchisecontracts
    • Mathewson, Frank and Ralph Winter. 1994. Territorial Restrictions in FranchiseContracts. Economic Inquiry 32:181–192.
    • (1994) Economic Inquiry , vol.32 , pp. 181-192
    • Mathewson, F.1    Winter, R.2
  • 227
    • 0036334344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Product choice and oligopoly market structure
    • Mazzeo, Michael J. 2002. Product Choice and Oligopoly Market Structure. RAND Journal of Economics 33:1–22.
    • (2002) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.33 , pp. 1-22
    • Mazzeo, M.J.1
  • 228
    • 9344257867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retail contracting and organizational form: Alternatives to chain affiliation in the motel industry
    • Mazzeo, Michael, J. 2004. Retail Contracting and Organizational Form: Alternatives to Chain Affiliation in the Motel Industry. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 13:599–616.
    • (2004) Journal of Economics and Management Strategy , vol.13 , pp. 599-616
    • Mazzeo, M.1
  • 229
    • 0001739788 scopus 로고
    • Opportunism inmultilateral vertical contracting: Nondiscrimination, exclusivity, and uniformity
    • McAfee, R. Preston and Marius Schwartz. 1994. Opportunism inMultilateral Vertical Contracting: Nondiscrimination, Exclusivity, and Uniformity. American Economic Review 84:210–230.
    • (1994) American Economic Review , vol.84 , pp. 210-230
    • McAfee, R.P.1    Schwartz, M.2
  • 230
    • 85066581540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uniform Franchise Offering Circular
    • McDonald's Corporation. 2003. Franchise Agreement. Uniform Franchise Offering Circular.
    • (2003) Franchise Agreement
    • Corporation, M.1
  • 231
    • 85066567646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: St. Martin's Press
    • McMakin, Tom. 2001. Bread and Butter. New York: St. Martin's Press.
    • (2001) Bread and Butter
    • McMakin, T.1
  • 233
    • 0038802313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dofranchisedchainsadvertise enough?
    • Michael, Steven C. 1999.DoFranchisedChainsAdvertise Enough? Journal ofRetailing 75:461–478.
    • (1999) Journal Ofretailing , vol.75 , pp. 461-478
    • Michael, S.C.1
  • 234
    • 0038464470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of organizational form on quality: The case of franchising
    • Michael, Steven C. 2000a. The Effect of Organizational Form on Quality: The Case of Franchising. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 43:295–318.
    • (2000) Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization , vol.43 , pp. 295-318
    • Michael, S.C.1
  • 235
    • 75149151236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extent, motivation, and effect of tying in franchise contracts
    • Michael, Steven. C. 2000b. The Extent, Motivation, and Effect of Tying in Franchise Contracts. Managerial and Decision Economics 21:191–201.
    • (2000) Managerial and Decision Economics , vol.21 , pp. 191-201
    • Michael, S.C.1
  • 238
    • 38249016305 scopus 로고
    • An empirical analysis of a firm's decision to franchise
    • Minkler, Alanson. 1990. An Empirical Analysis of a Firm's Decision to Franchise. Economics Letters 34:77–82.
    • (1990) Economics Letters , vol.34 , pp. 77-82
    • Minkler, A.1
  • 239
  • 240
    • 84988141596 scopus 로고
    • Strategy and transaction costs: The organization of distribution in the carbonated soft drink industry
    • Muris, Timothy J., David T. Scheffman, and Pablo T. Spiller. 1992. Strategy and Transaction Costs: The Organization of Distribution in the Carbonated Soft Drink Industry. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 1:83–128.
    • (1992) Journal of Economics & Management Strategy , vol.1 , pp. 83-128
    • Muris, T.J.1    Scheffman, D.T.2    Spiller, P.T.3
  • 241
    • 85066578719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Close quarters irk franchisees
    • Murphy, Lee H. 2000. Close Quarters Irk Franchisees. Crain's Chicago Business 23(25).
    • (2000) Crain's Chicago Business , vol.23 , Issue.25
    • Murphy, L.H.1
  • 244
    • 0141597243 scopus 로고
    • The economics of the golden arches: A case study of the mcdonald's system
    • Noren, D. L. 1990. The Economics of the Golden Arches: A Case Study of the McDonald's System. The American Economist 34:60–64.
    • (1990) The American Economist , vol.34 , pp. 60-64
    • Noren, D.L.1
  • 245
    • 0000525213 scopus 로고
    • An empirical look at franchising as an organizational form
    • Norton, SethW. 1988. An Empirical Look at Franchising as an Organizational Form. Journal of Business 61:197–217.
    • (1988) Journal of Business , vol.61 , pp. 197-217
    • Norton, S.1
  • 246
    • 0002993362 scopus 로고
    • No entrepreneurs need apply
    • O’Donnell, Thomas. 1984. No Entrepreneurs Need Apply. Forbes 134(13):124–130.
    • (1984) Forbes , vol.134 , Issue.13 , pp. 124-130
    • O’Donnell, T.1
  • 247
    • 0001888752 scopus 로고
    • Will successful franchise systems ultimately becomewholly-owned chains?
    • Oxenfeldt, Alfred R. and Anthony O. Kelly. 1969. Will Successful Franchise Systems Ultimately BecomeWholly-Owned Chains? Journal of Retailing 44:69–87.
    • (1969) Journal of Retailing , vol.44 , pp. 69-87
    • Oxenfeldt, A.R.1    Kelly, A.O.2
  • 248
    • 85066554772 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: GPO Select Committee on Small Business (U.S. Senate, 92nd Congress)
    • Ozanne, Urban B. and Shelby D. Hunt. 1971. The Economic Effect of Franchising. Washington, DC: GPO Select Committee on Small Business (U.S. Senate, 92nd Congress).
    • (1971) The Economic Effect of Franchising
    • Ozanne, U.B.1    Hunt, S.D.2
  • 250
    • 0037476795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internalizing externalities: The pricing of space in shopping malls
    • Pashigian, B. Peter and Eric D. Gould. 1998. Internalizing Externalities: The Pricing of Space in Shopping Malls. Journal of Law and Economics 41:115–142.
    • (1998) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.41 , pp. 115-142
    • Pashigian, B.P.1    Gould, E.D.2
  • 251
    • 84988601387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual distribution and royalty rates in franchised chains: An empirical exploration using french data
    • Pénard, Thierry, Emmanuel Raynaud, and Stéphane Saussier. 2003. Dual Distribution and Royalty Rates in Franchised Chains: An Empirical Exploration Using French Data. Journal of Marketing Channels 10:5–31.
    • (2003) Journal of Marketing Channels , vol.10 , pp. 5-31
    • Pénard, T.1    Raynaud, E.2    Saussier, S.3
  • 253
    • 0003534211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5th ed.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall
    • Pindyck, Robert S. and Daniel Rubinfield. 2001. Microeconomics, 5th ed.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
    • (2001) Microeconomics
    • Pindyck, R.S.1    Rubinfield, D.2
  • 254
    • 0011462278 scopus 로고
    • Franchise relationship laws: Aminefield for franchisors
    • Pitegoff, Thomas M. 1989. Franchise Relationship Laws: AMinefield for Franchisors. Business Law 45:289.
    • (1989) Business Law , vol.45
    • Pitegoff, T.M.1
  • 257
    • 0036804610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tenuous trade-off between risk and incentives
    • Prendergast, Canice. 2002. The Tenuous Trade-Off Between Risk and Incentives. Journal of Political Economy 110:1071–1102.
    • (2002) Journal of Political Economy , vol.110 , pp. 1071-1102
    • Prendergast, C.1
  • 258
    • 85066561503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ruby tuesday franchise plan offers buy-back guarantee
    • Prewitt, Milford. 1998. Ruby Tuesday Franchise Plan Offers Buy-Back Guarantee. Nation's Restaurant News 32(9):10, 130.
    • (1998) Nation's Restaurant News , vol.32 , Issue.9
    • Prewitt, M.1
  • 259
    • 19644378433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encroachment ‘battlefield’ now more peaceful
    • Prewitt, Milford. 2003. Encroachment ‘Battlefield’ Now More Peaceful. Nation's Restaurant News 37:1, 43+.
    • (2003) Nation's Restaurant News , vol.37
    • Prewitt, M.1
  • 262
    • 84974028855 scopus 로고
    • Sharecropping as an understandablemarket response: The post-bellum south
    • Reid, Joseph D. Jr. 1973. Sharecropping as an UnderstandableMarket Response: The Post-Bellum South. Journal of Economic History 33:106–130.
    • (1973) Journal of Economic History , vol.33 , pp. 106-130
    • Reid, J.D.1
  • 263
    • 2442687507 scopus 로고
    • Therole ofexclusiveterritories inproducers’ competition
    • Rey, Patrick and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 1995. TheRole ofExclusiveTerritories inProducers’ Competition. RAND Journal of Economics 26:431–451.
    • (1995) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.26 , pp. 431-451
    • Rey, P.1    Stiglitz, J.E.2
  • 265
    • 21844501377 scopus 로고
    • Double moral hazard and resale price maintenance
    • Romano, Richard E. 1994. Double Moral Hazard and Resale Price Maintenance. RAND Journal of Economics 25:455–466.
    • (1994) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.25 , pp. 455-466
    • Romano, R.E.1
  • 266
    • 0000248279 scopus 로고
    • Thetheory of the firmand the structure of the franchisecontract
    • Rubin, Paul. 1978. TheTheory of the Firmand the Structure of the FranchiseContract. Journal of Law and Economics 21:223–233.
    • (1978) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.21 , pp. 223-233
    • Rubin, P.1
  • 269
    • 85055296474 scopus 로고
    • Mandated exclusive territories and economic efficiency: An empirical analysis of the malt-beverage industry
    • Sass, Tim R. and David S. Saurman. 1993. Mandated Exclusive Territories and Economic Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis of the Malt-Beverage Industry. Journal of Law and Economics 36:153.
    • (1993) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.36
    • Sass, T.R.1    Saurman, D.S.2
  • 270
    • 0039712702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficiency effects of exclusive territories: Evidence from the indiana beer market
    • Sass, Tim R. and David S. Saurman. 1996. Efficiency Effects of Exclusive Territories: Evidence from the Indiana Beer Market. Economic Inquiry 34:597.
    • (1996) Economic Inquiry , vol.34
    • Sass, T.R.1    Saurman, D.S.2
  • 272
    • 79851498032 scopus 로고
    • Product differentiation advantages of pioneering brands
    • Schmalensee, Richard. 1982. Product Differentiation Advantages of Pioneering Brands. American Economic Review 72:349.
    • (1982) American Economic Review , vol.72
    • Schmalensee, R.1
  • 273
    • 0009074335 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of intrabrand competition in the franchise industry
    • Schmidt, Torsten. 1994. An Analysis of Intrabrand Competition in the Franchise Industry. Review of Industrial Organization 9:293–310.
    • (1994) Review of Industrial Organization , vol.9 , pp. 293-310
    • Schmidt, T.1
  • 274
    • 34249759264 scopus 로고
    • Franchising vs. Company ownership as a decision variable of the firm
    • Scott, Frank A. 1995. Franchising vs. Company Ownership as a Decision Variable of the Firm. Review of Industrial Organization 10:69–81.
    • (1995) Review of Industrial Organization , vol.10 , pp. 69-81
    • Scott, F.A.1
  • 275
    • 16244370704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis ofukfranchise contracting 1989–1999
    • Seaton, Jonathan S. 2003. An Analysis ofUKFranchise Contracting 1989–1999. Managerial and Decision Economics 24:25–34.
    • (2003) Managerial and Decision Economics , vol.24 , pp. 25-34
    • Seaton, J.S.1
  • 278
    • 84986772876 scopus 로고
    • The use of initial fees and royalties in business format franchising
    • Sen, Kabir C. 1993. The Use of Initial Fees and Royalties in Business Format Franchising. Managerial and Decision Economics 14:175–190.
    • (1993) Managerial and Decision Economics , vol.14 , pp. 175-190
    • Sen, K.C.1
  • 279
    • 84873653264 scopus 로고
    • Advertising fees in the franchised channel
    • Sen, Kabir C. 1995. Advertising Fees in the Franchised Channel. Journal ofMarketing Channels 4(1-2):83–101.
    • (1995) Journal Ofmarketing Channels , vol.4 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 83-101
    • Sen, K.C.1
  • 280
    • 0030306780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hybrid organizationalarrangements and their implications for firm growth and survival: A study of new franchisors
    • Shane, Scott A. 1996.Hybrid OrganizationalArrangements and Their Implications for Firm Growth and Survival: A Study of New Franchisors. Academy of Management Journal 39:216–234.
    • (1996) Academy of Management Journal , vol.39 , pp. 216-234
    • Shane, S.A.1
  • 281
    • 0035626807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organizational incentives and organizationalmortality
    • Shane, Scott A. 2001. Organizational Incentives and OrganizationalMortality. Organization Science 12:136–160.
    • (2001) Organization Science , vol.12 , pp. 136-160
    • Shane, S.A.1
  • 282
    • 0000959684 scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline device
    • Shapiro, Carl and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 1984. Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device. American Economic Review 74:433–444.
    • (1984) American Economic Review , vol.74 , pp. 433-444
    • Shapiro, C.1    Stiglitz, J.E.2
  • 283
    • 0001029392 scopus 로고
    • Allocative efficiency vs. ‘x-efficiency’: Comment
    • Shelton, John P. 1967. Allocative Efficiency vs. ‘X-Efficiency’: Comment. American Economic Review 57:1252–1258.
    • (1967) American Economic Review , vol.57 , pp. 1252-1258
    • Shelton, J.P.1
  • 284
    • 0011913836 scopus 로고
    • Contractual form, retail price, and asset characteristics
    • Shepard, Andrea. 1993. Contractual Form, Retail Price, and Asset Characteristics. RAND Journal of Economics 24:58–77.
    • (1993) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.24 , pp. 58-77
    • Shepard, A.1
  • 285
    • 21444442956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Themyth of franchise‘marketpower.’
    • Silberman, Alan H. 1996. TheMyth of Franchise‘MarketPower.’ Antitrust LawJournal 65:181–221.
    • (1996) Antitrust Lawjournal , vol.65 , pp. 181-221
    • Silberman, A.H.1
  • 287
    • 0000054448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multitask agency and contract choice: An empirical assessment
    • Slade, Margaret E. 1996. Multitask Agency and Contract Choice: An Empirical Assessment. International Economic Review 37:465–486.
    • (1996) International Economic Review , vol.37 , pp. 465-486
    • Slade, M.E.1
  • 288
    • 0009084147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beer and the tie: Did divestiture of brewer-owned public houses lead to higher beer prices?
    • Slade, Margaret E. 1998a. Beer and the Tie: Did Divestiture of Brewer-Owned Public Houses Lead to Higher Beer Prices? Economic Journal 108:1–38.
    • (1998) Economic Journal , vol.108 , pp. 1-38
    • Slade, M.E.1
  • 289
    • 0032371225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategic motives for vertical separation: Evidence from retail gasoline. Journal of law
    • Slade, Margaret E. 1998b. Strategic Motives for Vertical Separation: Evidence from Retail Gasoline. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 14:84–113.
    • (1998) Economics, & Organization , vol.14 , pp. 84-113
    • Slade, M.E.1
  • 290
    • 0019964978 scopus 로고
    • Franchise regulation: An economic analysis of state restrictions on automobile distribution
    • Smith II, Richard L. 1982. Franchise Regulation: An Economic Analysis of State Restrictions on Automobile Distribution. Journal of Law and Economics 25:125–157.
    • (1982) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.25 , pp. 125-157
    • Smith, I.I.1    Richard, L.2
  • 291
    • 0000432057 scopus 로고
    • Vertical integration and antitrust policy
    • Spengler, Joseph J. 1950. Vertical Integration and Antitrust Policy. Journal of Political Economy 58:347–352.
    • (1950) Journal of Political Economy , vol.58 , pp. 347-352
    • Spengler, J.J.1
  • 293
    • 0002360427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispelling the myths surrounding franchise failure rates – some recent evidence from britain
    • Stanworth, John. 1996. Dispelling the Myths Surrounding Franchise Failure Rates – Some Recent Evidence from Britain. Franchising Research: An International Journal 1:25–28.
    • (1996) Franchising Research: An International Journal , vol.1 , pp. 25-28
    • Stanworth, J.1
  • 294
    • 0033163895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colas, burgers, shakes and shirkers: Towards a sociological model of franchising in the market economy
    • Stanworth, John and James Curran. 1999. Colas, Burgers, Shakes and Shirkers: Towards a Sociological Model of Franchising in the Market Economy. Journal of Business Venturing 14:323–344.
    • (1999) Journal of Business Venturing , vol.14 , pp. 323-344
    • Stanworth, J.1    Curran, J.2
  • 295
    • 0009080292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarities and differences in uk and U.S. Franchise research data: Towards a dynamicmodel of franchiseemotivation
    • Stanworth, John and Patrick J. Kaufmann. 1996. Similarities and Differences in UK and U.S. Franchise Research Data: Towards a DynamicModel of FranchiseeMotivation. International Small Business Journal 14:57–70.
    • (1996) International Small Business Journal , vol.14 , pp. 57-70
    • Stanworth, J.1    Kaufmann, P.J.2
  • 296
    • 0008999189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franchise growth and failure in the usa and the uk: A troubled dreamworld revisited
    • Stanworth, John, David Purdy, and Stuart Price. 1997. Franchise Growth and Failure in the USA and the UK: A Troubled Dreamworld Revisited. Franchising Research: An International Journal 2:75–94.
    • (1997) Franchising Research: An International Journal , vol.2 , pp. 75-94
    • Stanworth, J.1    Purdy, D.2    Price, S.3
  • 297
    • 0037751713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franchise versus conventional small business failure rates in the U.S. A and Uk: More similarities than differences
    • Stanworth, John, David Purdy, Stuart Price, and Nicos Zafiris. 1998. Franchise Versus Conventional Small Business Failure Rates in the U.S. and UK: More Similarities than Differences. International Small Business Journal 16:56–69.
    • (1998) International Small Business Journal , vol.16 , pp. 56-69
    • Stanworth, J.1    Purdy, D.2    Price, S.3    Zafiris, N.4
  • 299
  • 300
    • 84984992725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do franchise systems advertise enough? U.S. Restaurant expenditures and performance 1989 to 1998
    • Stassen, Robert E. and Robert A. Mittelstaedt. 2002. Do Franchise Systems Advertise Enough? U.S. Restaurant Expenditures and Performance 1989 to 1998. Journal of Marketing Channels 10(2):3–18.
    • (2002) Journal of Marketing Channels , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 3-18
    • Stassen, R.E.1    Mittelstaedt, R.A.2
  • 301
  • 303
  • 304
    • 84959829982 scopus 로고
    • Incentives and risk-sharing in sharecropping
    • Stiglitz, Joseph E. 1974. Incentives and Risk-Sharing in Sharecropping. Review of Economic Studies 41:219–255.
    • (1974) Review of Economic Studies , vol.41 , pp. 219-255
    • Stiglitz, J.E.1
  • 305
    • 85066523594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franchisors push local marketing efforts by franchisees
    • Tannenbaum, Jeffrey A. 1997. Franchisors Push Local Marketing Efforts by Franchisees. Wall Street Journal (April 1):B2.
    • (1997) Wall Street Journal
    • Tannenbaum, J.A.1
  • 306
    • 85066544647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bias at single store can taint franchise chain's image
    • Tannenbaum, Jeffrey A. and Stephanie N. Mehta. 1997. Bias at Single Store Can Taint Franchise Chain's Image. Wall Street Journal (March 6):B2.
    • (1997) Wall Street Journal
    • Tannenbaum, J.A.1    Stephanie, N.M.2
  • 309
    • 33744735285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of ownership structure on prices in geographically differentiated industries
    • Thomadsen, Raphael. 2005. The Effect of Ownership Structure on Prices in Geographically Differentiated Industries. RAND Journal of Economics, forthcoming.
    • (2005) RAND Journal of Economics
    • Thomadsen, R.1
  • 312
    • 0003922446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Census Bureau. Monthly Retail Trade Survey
    • U.S. Census Bureau. Various years. Annual Survey of Manufacturers. U.S. Census Bureau. Monthly Retail Trade Survey.
    • Annual Survey of Manufacturers
  • 315
    • 84925059976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • compiled by Andrew Kostecka.Washington, DC
    • U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC). Various years. Franchise Opportunities Handbook, compiled by Andrew Kostecka.Washington, DC.
    • Franchise Opportunities Handbook
  • 316
    • 0007072274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • prepared by Andrew Kostecka.Washington, DC
    • U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC). Various years. Franchising in the Economy, prepared by Andrew Kostecka.Washington, DC.
    • Franchising in the Economy
  • 318
    • 0000455088 scopus 로고
    • Profitability of monopolization by vertical integration
    • Vernon, John and Daniel Graham. 1971. Profitability of Monopolization by Vertical Integration. Journal of Political Economy 79:924–925.
    • (1971) Journal of Political Economy , vol.79 , pp. 924-925
    • Vernon, J.1    Graham, D.2
  • 321
    • 85066553400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Little guy needn’t apply
    • Vogel, Mike. 1996. Little Guy Needn’t Apply. Miami Daily Business Review Aug. 9, 71(44).
    • (1996) Miami Daily Business Review , vol.71 , Issue.44
    • Vogel, M.1
  • 322
    • 85066549662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embers sparks ‘individuality’: New franchisees may keep old names
    • (March 13)
    • Walkup, Carolyn. 2001. Embers Sparks ‘Individuality’: New Franchisees May Keep Old Names. Nations Restaurant News (March 13).
    • (2001) Nations Restaurant News
    • Walkup, C.1
  • 323
    • 0011615208 scopus 로고
    • Vertical control with variable proportions
    • Warren-Boulton, Frederick R. 1974. Vertical Control with Variable Proportions. Journal of Political Economy 82:783–802.
    • (1974) Journal of Political Economy , vol.82 , pp. 783-802
    • Warren-Boulton, F.R.1
  • 325
    • 0034375686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percentage rent in retail leasing: The alignment of landlord-tenant interests
    • Wheaton, William C. 2000. Percentage Rent in Retail Leasing: The Alignment of Landlord-Tenant Interests. Real Estate Economics 28:185–204.
    • (2000) Real Estate Economics , vol.28 , pp. 185-204
    • Wheaton, W.C.1
  • 326
    • 0000211369 scopus 로고
    • Tying, foreclosure and exclusion
    • Whinston, Michael D. 1990. Tying, Foreclosure and Exclusion. American Economic Review 80:837–859.
    • (1990) American Economic Review , vol.80 , pp. 837-859
    • Whinston, M.D.1
  • 329
    • 0032608683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do entrepreneurs become franchisees? An empirical analysis of organizational choice
    • Williams, Darrell. 1999. Why do Entrepreneurs Become Franchisees? An Empirical Analysis of Organizational Choice. Journal of Business Venturing 14:103–124.
    • (1999) Journal of Business Venturing , vol.14 , pp. 103-124
    • Williams, D.1
  • 330
    • 0000453367 scopus 로고
    • The vertical integration of production: Market failure considerations
    • Williamson, Oliver E. 1971. The Vertical Integration of Production: Market Failure Considerations. American Economic Review 61:112–123.
    • (1971) American Economic Review , vol.61 , pp. 112-123
    • Williamson, O.E.1
  • 331
    • 0001470630 scopus 로고
    • Transaction cost economics: The governance of contractual relations
    • Williamson, Oliver E. 1979. Transaction Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations. Journal of Law and Economics 22:233–262.
    • (1979) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.22 , pp. 233-262
    • Williamson, O.E.1
  • 332
    • 0000763749 scopus 로고
    • Credible commitments: Using hostages to support exchange
    • Williamson, Oliver E. 1983. Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange. American Economic Review 73:519–540.
    • (1983) American Economic Review , vol.73 , pp. 519-540
    • Williamson, O.E.1
  • 334
    • 0031504845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moralhazard, asset specificity, implicit bonding, and compensation: The case of franchising
    • Wimmer, Bradley S. and John E. Garen. 1997.MoralHazard, Asset Specificity, Implicit Bonding, and Compensation: The Case of Franchising. Economic Inquiry 35:544–554.
    • (1997) Economic Inquiry , vol.35 , pp. 544-554
    • Wimmer, B.S.1    Garen, J.E.2
  • 337
    • 85066521827 scopus 로고
    • Point counterpoint
    • (2nd quarter)
    • Zarco, R. and J. Dienelt, 1994. Point Counterpoint. Franchise Update (2nd quarter): 22–25.
    • (1994) Franchise Update , pp. 22-25
    • Zarco, R.1    Dienelt, J.2
  • 339
    • 84989487655 scopus 로고
    • Market penetration and locational conflict in franchise systems
    • Zellner, Richard E., Dale D. Achabal, and Laurence A. Brown. 1980.Market Penetration and Locational Conflict in Franchise Systems. Decision Sciences 11:58–90.
    • (1980) Decision Sciences , vol.11 , pp. 58-90
    • Zellner, R.E.1    Achabal, D.D.2    Brown, L.A.3
  • 340
    • 0009868976 scopus 로고
    • Cable franchise renewals: Do incumbent firms behave opportunistically?
    • Zupan, Mark A. 1989a. Cable Franchise Renewals: Do Incumbent Firms Behave Opportunistically? RAND Journal of Economics 20:473–482.
    • (1989) RAND Journal of Economics , vol.20 , pp. 473-482
    • Zupan, M.A.1
  • 341
    • 84934349322 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of franchisebidding schemes in the case of cable television: Some systematic evidence
    • Zupan, Mark A. 1989b. The Efficacy of FranchiseBidding Schemes in the Case of Cable Television: Some Systematic Evidence. Journal of Law and Economics 32:401–456.
    • (1989) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.32 , pp. 401-456
    • Zupan, M.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.