Autoimmune encephalopathies

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1338, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 94-114

  Leypoldt, Frank ^a,b   Armangue, Thaís ^a   Dalmau, Josep ^a,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN   (Germany)

^c INSTITUCIÓ CATALANA DE RECERCA I ESTUDIS AVANÇATS ICREA   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti NMDAR antibodies; Autoimmune encephalitis; Limbic encephalitis; Psychosis; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; AUTOANTIBODY; CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE PLUS PHENYLEPHRINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; RITUXIMAB; STEROID; SYNAPSE RECEPTOR; AUTOANTIGEN;

ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALITIS; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN DISEASE; CHOREOATHETOSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; HASHIMOTO ENCEPHALOPATHY; HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS; HUMAN; MYELOOPTIC NEUROPATHY; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR ANTIBODY ENCEPHALITIS; NERVE DEGENERATION; OPHELIA SYNDROME; PARANEOPLASTIC NEUROPATHY; PSYCHOSIS; SEIZURE; STIFF MAN SYNDROME; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; ENCEPHALITIS; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOANTIGENS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; ENCEPHALITIS; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE;

EID: 84924872991     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12553     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. Lancaster, E. & J. Dalmau . 2012. Neuronal autoantigens-pathogenesis, associated disorders and antibody testing. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 8: 380-390.
2. Moscato, E.H., A. Jain, X. Peng, et al. 2010. Mechanisms underlying autoimmune synaptic encephalitis leading to disorders of memory, behavior and cognition: insights from molecular, cellular and synaptic studies. Eur. J. Neurosci. 32: 298-309.
3. Panzer, J.A., A.J. Gleichman & D.R. Lynch . 2014. Glutamatergic autoencephalitides: an emerging field. J. Neural. Transm. 121: 957-968.
4. Lindstrom, J.M., A.G. Engel, M.E. Seybold, et al. 1976. Pathological mechanisms in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. II. Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in rats with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. J. Exp. Med. 144: 739-753.
5. Titulaer, M.J., B. Lang & J.J. Verschuuren . 2011. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: from clinical characteristics to therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 10: 1098-1107.
6. Darnell, R.B. & J.B. Posner . 2003. Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system. N. Engl. J. Med. 349: 1543-1554.
7. Florance, N.R., R.L. Davis, C. Lam, et al. 2009. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents. Ann. Neurol. 66: 11-18.
8. Dale, R.C., V. Merheb, S. Pillai, et al. 2012. Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders. Brain 135: 3453-3468.
9. Armangue, T., M. Petit-Pedrol & J. Dalmau . 2012. Autoimmune encephalitis in children. J. Child. Neurol. 27: 1460-1469.
10. Gleichman, A.J., L.A. Spruce, J. Dalmau, et al. 2012. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis antibody binding is dependent on amino acid identity of a small region within the glun1 amino terminal domain. J. Neurosci. 32: 11082-11094.
11. Lancaster, E., E. Martinez-Hernandez & J. Dalmau . 2011. Encephalitis and antibodies to synaptic and neuronal cell surface proteins. Neurology 77: 179-189.
12. Iizuka, T., F. Sakai, T. Ide, et al. 2008. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal. Neurology 70: 504-511.
13. Johnson, N., C. Henry, A.J. Fessler, et al. 2010. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis causing prolonged nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Neurology 75: 1480-1482.
14. Ances, B.M., R. Vitaliani, R.A. Taylor, et al. 2005. Treatment-responsive limbic encephalitis identified by neuropil antibodies: MRI and PET correlates. Brain 128: 1764-1777.
15. Kleopa, K.A., L.B. Elman, B. Lang, et al. 2006. Neuromyotonia and limbic encephalitis sera target mature Shaker-type K+ channels: subunit specificity correlates with clinical manifestations. Brain 129: 1570-1584.
16. Vincent, A., C. Buckley, J.M. Schott, et al. 2004. Potassium channel antibody-associated encephalopathy: a potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis. Brain 127: 701-712.
17. Graus, F., F. Keime-Guibert, R. Rene, et al. 2001. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: analysis of 200 patients. Brain 124: 1138-1148.
18. Shams'ili, S., J. Grefkens, B. De Leeuw, et al. 2003. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with antineuronal antibodies: analysis of 50 patients. Brain 126: 1409-1418.
19. Rojas, I., F. Graus, F. Keime-Guibert, et al. 2000. Long-term clinical outcome of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-Yo antibodies. Neurology 55: 713-715.
20. Dalmau, J., F. Graus, A. Villarejo, et al. 2004. Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain 127: 1831-1844.
21. Dalmau, J., E. Tuzun, H.Y. Wu, et al. 2007. Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. Ann. Neurol. 61: 25-36.
22. Lai, M., E.G. Hughes, X. Peng, et al. 2009. AMPA receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis alter synaptic receptor location. Ann. Neurol. 65: 424-434.
23. Lancaster, E., M. Lai, X. Peng, et al. 2010. Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol. 9: 67-76.
24. Lai, M., M.G. Huijbers, E. Lancaster, et al. 2010. Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series. Lancet Neurol. 9: 776-785.
25. Irani, S.R., S. Alexander, P. Waters, et al. 2010. Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan's syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. Brain 133: 2734-2748.
26. Lancaster, E., M.G. Huijbers, V. Bar, et al. 2011. Investigations of Caspr2, an autoantigen of encephalitis and neuromyotonia. Ann. Neurol. 69: 303-311.
27. Petit-Pedrol, M., T. Armangue, X. Peng, et al. 2014. Encephalitis with refractory seizures, status epilepticus, and antibodies to the GABAA receptor: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 13: 276-286.
28. Hutchinson, M., P. Waters, J. McHugh, et al. 2008. Progressive encephalomyelitis, rigidity, and myoclonus: a novel glycine receptor antibody. Neurology 71: 1291-1292.
29. Gable, M.S., S. Gavali, A. Radner, et al. 2009. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: report of ten cases and comparison with viral encephalitis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 28: 1421-1429.
30. Gable, M.S., H. Sheriff, J. Dalmau, et al. 2012. The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54: 899-904.
31. Iranzo, A., F. Graus, L. Clover, et al. 2006. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and potassium channel antibody-associated limbic encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 59: 178-181.
32. Sabater, L., C. Gaig, E. Gelpi, et al. 2014. A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study. Lancet Neurol. 13: 575-586.
33. Schmitt, S.E., K. Pargeon, E.S. Frechette, et al. 2012. Extreme delta brush: a unique EEG pattern in adults with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology 79: 1094-1100.
34. Armangue, T., M.J. Titulaer, I. Malaga, et al. 2013. Pediatric anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis-clinical analysis and novel findings in a series of 20 patients. J. Pediatr. 162: 850-856.
35. Gultekin, S.H., M.R. Rosenfeld, R. Voltz, et al. 2000. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain 123: 1481-1494.
36. Stubgen, J.P. 1998. Nervous system lupus mimics limbic encephalitis. Lupus 7: 557-560.
37. Scheid, R., R. Voltz, T. Vetter, et al. 2005. Neurosyphilis and paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: important differential diagnoses. J. Neurol. 252: 1129-1132.
38. Collison, K. & J. Rees . 2007. Asymmetric cerebellar ataxia and limbic encephalitis as a presenting feature of primary Sjogren's syndrome. J. Neurol. 254: 1609-1611.
39. Wainwright, M.S., P.L. Martin, R.P. Morse, et al. 2001. Human herpesvirus 6 limbic encephalitis after stem cell transplantation. Ann. Neurol. 50: 612-619.
40. Jarius, S., L. Hoffmann, L. Clover, et al. 2008. CSF findings in patients with voltage-gated potassium channel antibody associated limbic encephalitis. J. Neurol. Sci. 68: 74-77.
41. Dalmau, J., A.J. Gleichman, E.G. Hughes, et al. 2008. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 7: 1091-1098.
42. Titulaer, M.J., L. McCracken, I. Gabilondo, et al. 2013. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 12: 157-165.
43. Viaccoz, A., V. Desestret, F. Ducray, et al. 2014. Clinical specificities of adult male patients with NMDA receptor antibodies encephalitis. Neurology 82: 556-563.
44. Irani, S.R., K. Bera, P. Waters, et al. 2010. N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes. Brain 133: 1655-1667.
45. Dalmau, J., E. Lancaster, E. Martinez-Hernandez, et al. 2011. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 10: 63-74.
46. Granerod, J., H.E. Ambrose, N.W. Davies, et al. 2010. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10: 835-844.
47. Pruss, H., J. Dalmau, L. Harms, et al. 2010. Retrospective analysis of NMDA receptor antibodies in encephalitis of unknown origin. Neurology 75: 1735-1739.
48. Vitaliani, R., W. Mason, B. Ances, et al. 2005. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms, and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma. Ann. Neurol. 58: 594-604.
49. Kayser, M.S. & J. Dalmau . 2011. Anti-NMDA Rereptor encephalitis in psychiatry. Curr. Psychiatry Rev. 7: 189-193.
50. Pollak, T.A., R. McCormack, M. Peakman, et al. 2014. Prevalence of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antibodies in patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 44: 2475-2487.
51. Baizabal-Carvallo, J.F., A. Stocco, E. Muscal, et al. 2013. The spectrum of movement disorders in children with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Mov. Disord. 28: 543-547.
52. Kleinig, T.J., P.D. Thompson, W. Matar, et al. 2008. The distinctive movement disorder of ovarian teratoma-associated encephalitis. Mov. Disord. 23: 1256-1261.
53. Uchino, A., T. Iizuka, Y. Urano, et al. 2011. Pseudo-piano playing motions and nocturnal hypoventilation in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: response to prompt tumor removal and immunotherapy. Intern. Med. 50: 627-630.
54. Sansing, L.H., E. Tuzun, M.W. Ko, et al. 2007. A patient with encephalitis associated with NMDA receptor antibodies. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 3: 291-296.
55. Millichap, J.J., J.L. Goldstein, L.C. Laux, et al. 2011. Ictal asystole and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis. Pediatrics 127: e781-e786.
56. Lee, M., N. Lawn, D. Prentice, et al. 2011. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with ictal asystole. J. Clin. Neurosci. 18: 1716-1718.
57. Bayreuther, C., V. Bourg, J. Dellamonica, et al. 2009. Complex partial status epilepticus revealing anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Epileptic. Disord. 11: 261-265.
58. Titulaer, M.J. & J. Dalmau . 2014. Seizures as first symptom of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis are more common in men. Neurology 82: 550-551.
59. Titulaer, M.J., R. Hoftberger, T. Iizuka, et al. 2014. Overlapping demyelinating syndromes and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 75: 411-428.
60. Tham, S.L. & K.H. Kong . 2012. A case of anti-NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) encephalitis: a rehabilitation perspective. NeuroRehabilitation 30: 109-112.
61. Scott, O., L. Richer, K. Forbes, et al. 2014. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis: an unusual cause of autistic regression in a toddler. J. Child Neurol. 29: 691-694.
62. Creten, C., S. van der Zwaan, R.J. Blankespoor, et al. 2011. Late onset autism and anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis. Lancet 378: 98.
63. Goldberg, E.M., M. Titulaer, P.M. de Blank, et al. 2014. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated encephalitis in infants and toddlers: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr. Neurol. 50: 181-184.
64. Titulaer, M.J., L. McCracken, I. Gabilondo, et al. 2013. Late-onset anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology 81: 1058-1063.
65. Rubio-Agusti, I., J. Dalmau, T. Sevilla, et al. 2011. Isolated hemidystonia associated with NMDA receptor antibodies. Mov. Disord. 26: 351-352.
66. Hacohen, Y., N. Dlamini, T. Hedderly, et al. 2014. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody-associated movement disorder without encephalopathy. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 56: 190-193.
67. Kayser, M.S., M.J. Titulaer, N. Gresa-Arribas, et al. 2013. Frequency and characteristics of isolated psychiatric episodes in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. JAMA Neurol. 70: 1133-1139.
68. Niehusmann, P., J. Dalmau, C. Rudlowski, et al. 2009. Diagnostic value of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies in women with new-onset epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 66: 458-464.
69. Gabilondo, I., A. Saiz, L. Galan, et al. 2011. Analysis of relapses in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Neurology 77: 996-999.
70. Kumar, M.A., A. Jain, V.E. Dechant, et al. 2010. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis during pregnancy. Arch. Neurol. 67: 884-887.
71. Andrade, D.M., P. Tai, J. Dalmau, et al. 2011. Tonic seizures: a diagnostic clue of anti-LGI1 encephalitis? Neurology 76: 1355-1357.
72. Irani, S.R., A.W. Michell, B. Lang, et al. 2011. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 69: 892-900.
73. Irani, S.R., C.J. Stagg, J.M. Schott, et al. 2013. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures: the influence of immunotherapy on seizure control and prevention of cognitive impairment in a broadening phenotype. Brain 136: 3151-3162.
74. Geschwind, M.D., K.M. Tan, V.A. Lennon, et al. 2008. Voltage-gated potassium channel autoimmunity mimicking Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Arch. Neurol. 65: 1341-1346.
75. Paterson, R.W., M.S. Zandi, R. Armstrong, et al. 2014. Clinical relevance of positive voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)-complex antibodies: experience from a tertiary referral centre. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 85: 625-630.
76. Fujita, K., T. Yuasa, O. Watanabe, et al. 2012. Voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J. Neurol. 259: 2249-2250.
77. Grau-Rivera, O., R. Sanchez-Valle, A. Saiz, et al. 2014. Determination of neuronal antibodies in suspected and definite Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. JAMA Neurol. 71: 74-78.
78. Hoftberger, R., M.J. Titulaer, L. Sabater, et al. 2013. Encephalitis and GABAB receptor antibodies: novel findings in a new case series of 20 patients. Neurology 81: 1500-1506.
79. Jeffery, O.J., V.A. Lennon, S.J. Pittock, et al. 2013. GABAB receptor autoantibody frequency in service serologic evaluation. Neurology 81: 882-887.
80. Boronat, A., L. Sabater, A. Saiz, et al. 2011. GABAB receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis and anti-GAD-associated neurologic disorders. Neurology 76: 795-800.
81. Alamowitch, S., F. Graus, M. Uchuya, et al. 1997. Limbic encephalitis and small cell lung cancer: clinical and immunological features. Brain 120(Pt 6): 923-928.
82. Kim, T.J., S.T. Lee, J.W. Shin, et al. 2014. Clinical manifestations and outcomes of the treatment of patients with GABAB encephalitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 270: 45-50.
83. Jarius, S., F. Steinmeyer, A. Knobel, et al. 2013. GABAB receptor antibodies in paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia. J. Neuroimmunol. 256: 94-96.
84. Mundiyanapurath, S., S. Jarius, C. Probst, et al. 2013. GABA-B-receptor antibodies in paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 259: 88-91.
85. Kruer, M.C., R. Hoeftberger, K.Y. Lim, et al. 2014. Aggressive course in encephalitis with opsoclonus, ataxia, chorea, and seizures: the first pediatric case of gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor autoimmunity. JAMA Neurol. 71: 620-623.
86. Graus, F., A. Boronat, X. Xifro, et al. 2010. The expanding clinical profile of anti-AMPA receptor encephalitis. Neurology 74: 857-859.
87. Irani, S.R., P. Pettingill, K.A. Kleopa, et al. 2012. Morvan syndrome: clinical and serological observations in 29 cases. Ann. Neurol. 72: 241-255.
88. Rubio-Agusti, I., F. Perez-Miralles, T. Sevilla, et al. 2011. Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability: a clinical and immunologic study of 38 patients. Neurology 76: 172-178.
89. Carr, I. 1982. The Ophelia syndrome: memory loss in Hodgkin's disease. Lancet 1: 844-845.
90. Lancaster, E., E. Martinez-Hernandez, M.J. Titulaer, et al. 2011. Antibodies to metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the Ophelia syndrome. Neurology 77: 1698-1701.
91. Mat, A., H. Adler, A. Merwick, et al. 2013. Ophelia syndrome with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antibodies in CSF. Neurology 80: 1349-1350.
92. Sillevis, S.P., A. Kinoshita, B. De Leeuw, et al. 2000. Paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia due to autoantibodies against a glutamate receptor. N. Engl. J. Med. 342: 21-27.
93. Marignier, R., F. Chenevier, V. Rogemond, et al. 2010. Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 autoantibody-associated cerebellitis: a primary autoimmune disease? Arch. Neurol. 67: 627-630.
94. Mas, N., A. Saiz, M.I. Leite, et al. 2011. Antiglycine-receptor encephalomyelitis with rigidity. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 82: 1399-1401.
95. Carvajal-Gonzalez, A., M.I. Leite, P. Waters, et al. 2014. Glycine receptor antibodies in PERM and related syndromes: characteristics, clinical features and outcomes. Brain 137: 2178-2192.
96. Martinez-Hernandez, E., M. Sepulveda, K. Rostasy, et al. 2014. Antibodies to AQP4, MOG and Glycine receptor in patients with severe, bilateral or recurrent isolated optic neuritis. JAMA Neurol. In press.
97. Clardy, S.L., V.A. Lennon, J. Dalmau, et al. 2013. Childhood onset of stiff-man syndrome. JAMA Neurol. 70: 1531-1536.
98. McKeon, A., E. Martinez-Hernandez, E. Lancaster, et al. 2013. Glycine receptor autoimmune spectrum with Stiff-Man syndrome phenotype. JAMA Neurol. 70: 44-50.
99. Balint, B., S. Jarius, S. Nagel, et al. 2014. Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: a new variant with DPPX antibodies. Neurology 82: 1521-1528.
100. Boronat, A., J.M. Gelfand, N. Gresa-Arribas, et al. 2013. Encephalitis and antibodies to dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6, a subunit of Kv4.2 potassium channels. Ann. Neurol. 73: 120-128.
101. Casado, J.L., A. Gil-Peralta, F. Graus, et al. 1994. Anti-Ri antibodies associated with opsoclonus and progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity. Neurology 44: 1521-1522.
102. Luque, F.A., H.M. Furneaux, R. Ferziger, et al. 1991. Anti-Ri: an antibody associated with paraneoplastic opsoclonus and breast cancer. Ann. Neurol. 29: 241-251.
103. Pittock, S.J., J.E. Parisi, A. McKeon, et al. 2010. Paraneoplastic jaw dystonia and laryngospasm with antineuronal nuclear autoantibody type 2 (anti-Ri). Arch. Neurol. 67: 1109-1115.
104. Dalakas, M.C., M. Fujii, M. Li, et al. 2000. The clinical spectrum of anti-GAD antibody-positive patients with stiff-person syndrome. Neurology 55: 1531-1535.
105. Saiz, A., Y. Blanco, L. Sabater, et al. 2008. Spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: diagnostic clues for this association. Brain 131: 2553-2563.
106. Malter, M.P., C. Helmstaedter, H. Urbach, et al. 2010. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 67: 470-478.
107. De Camilli, P., A. Thomas, R. Cofiell, et al. 1993. The synaptic vesicle-associated protein amphiphysin is the 128- kD autoantigen of Stiff-Man syndrome with breast cancer. J. Exp. Med. 178: 2219-2223.
108. Pittock, S.J., C.F. Lucchinetti, J.E. Parisi, et al. 2005. Amphiphysin autoimmunity: paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann. Neurol. 58: 96-107.
109. Saiz, A., J. Dalmau, M.H. Butler, et al. 1999. Anti-amphiphysin I antibodies in patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders associated with small cell lung carcinoma. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 66: 214-217.
110. Kaulin, Y.A., J.A. De Santiago-Castillo, C.A. Rocha, et al. 2009. The dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein DPP6 determines the unitary conductance of neuronal Kv4.2 channels. J. Neurosci. 29: 3242-3251.
111. Brimberg, L., I. Benhar, A. Mascaro-Blanco, et al. 2012. Behavioral, pharmacological, and immunological abnormalities after streptococcal exposure: a novel rat model of Sydenham chorea and related neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 37: 2076-2087
112. Manto, M., J. Dalmau, A. Didelot, et al. 2010. In vivo effects of antibodies from patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: further evidence of synaptic glutamatergic dysfunction. Orphanet. J. Rare. Dis. 5: 31.
113. Hughes, E.G., X. Peng, A.J. Gleichman, et al. 2010. Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J. Neurosci. 30: 5866-5875.
114. Mikasova, L., P. De Rossi, D. Bouchet, et al. 2012. Disrupted surface cross-talk between NMDA and Ephrin-B2 receptors in anti-NMDA encephalitis. Brain 135: 1606-1621.
115. Planagumà, J., F. Leypoldt, F. Mannara, et al. 2014. Human N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies alter memory and behavior in mice. Brain. In press.
116. Gleichman, A.J., J.A. Panzer, B.H. Baumann, et al. 2014. Antigenic and mechanistic characterization of anti-AMPA receptor encephalitis. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 1: 180-189.
117. Yu, Y.E., L. Wen, J. Silva, et al. 2010. Lgi1 null mutant mice exhibit myoclonic seizures and CA1 neuronal hyperexcitability. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19: 1702-1711.
118. Fukata, Y., K.L. Lovero, T. Iwanaga, et al. 2010. Disruption of LGI1-linked synaptic complex causes abnormal synaptic transmission and epilepsy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 3799-3804.
119. Ohkawa, T., Y. Fukata, M. Yamasaki, et al. 2013. Autoantibodies to epilepsy-related LGI1 in limbic encephalitis neutralize LGI1-ADAM22 interaction and reduce synaptic AMPA receptors. J. Neurosci. 33: 18161-18174.
120. Kayser, M.S. & J. Dalmau . 2011. The emerging link between autoimmune disorders and neuropsychiatric disease. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 23: 90-97.
121. Zandi, M.S., S.R. Irani, B. Lang, et al. 2011. Disease-relevant autoantibodies in first episode schizophrenia. J. Neurol. 258: 686-688.
122. Masdeu, J.C., A. Gonzalez-Pinto, C. Matute, et al. 2012. Serum IgG antibodies against the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor not detected in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 169: 1120-1121.
123. Rhoads, J., H. Guirgis, C. McKnight, et al. 2011. Lack of anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies in the serum of subjects with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 129: 213-214.
124. Steiner, J., M. Walter, W. Glanz, et al. 2013. Increased prevalence of diverse N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor antibodies in patients with an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia: specific relevance of IgG NR1a antibodies for distinction from N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor encephalitis. JAMA Psychiatry 70: 271-278.
125. Busse, S., M. Busse, B. Brix, et al. 2014. Seroprevalence of N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDA-R) autoantibodies in aging subjects without neuropsychiatric disorders and in dementia patients. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 264: 545-550.
126. Hammer, C., B. Stepniak, A. Schneider, et al. 2014. Neuropsychiatric disease relevance of circulating anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies depends on blood-brain barrier integrity. Mol. Psychiatry 19: 1143-1149.
127. Titulaer, M.J. & J. Dalmau . 2014. Antibodies to NMDA receptor, blood-brain barrier disruption and schizophrenia: a theory with unproven links. Mol. Psychiatry 19: 1054.
128. Skoldenberg, B., E. Aurelius, A. Hjalmarsson, et al. 2006. Incidence and pathogenesis of clinical relapse after herpes simplex encephalitis in adults. J. Neurol. 253: 163-170.
129. Schleede, L., W. Bueter, S. Baumgartner-Sigl, et al. 2013. Pediatric herpes simplex virus encephalitis: a retrospective multicenter experience. J. Child Neurol. 28: 321-331.
130. De Tiege, X., F. Rozenberg, V. Des Portes, et al. 2003. Herpes simplex encephalitis relapses in children: differentiation of two neurologic entities. Neurology 61: 241-243.
131. Hargrave, D.R. & D.W. Webb . 1998. Movement disorders in association with herpes simplex virus encephalitis in children: a review. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 40: 640-642.
132. Wang, H.S., M.F. Kuo, S.C. Huang, et al. 1994. Choreoathetosis as an initial sign of relapsing of herpes simplex encephalitis. Pediatr. Neurol. 11: 341-345.
133. Pruss, H., C. Finke, M. Holtje, et al. 2012. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 72: 902-911.
134. Titulaer, M.J., F. Leypoldt & J. Dalmau . 2014. Antibodies to N-methyl-d-aspartate and other synaptic receptors in choreoathetosis and relapsing symptoms post-herpes virus encephalitis. Mov. Disord. 29: 3-6.
135. Armangue, T., F. Leypoldt, I. Malaga, et al. 2014. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis is a trigger of brain autoimmunity. Ann. Neurol. 75: 317-323.
136. Mohammad, S.S., K. Sinclair, S. Pillai, et al. 2014. Herpes simplex encephalitis relapse with chorea is associated with autoantibodies to N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor or dopamine-2 receptor. Mov. Disord. 29: 117-122.
137. Hacohen, Y., K. Deiva, P. Pettingill, et al. 2014. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies in post-herpes simplex virus encephalitis neurological relapse. Mov. Disord. 29: 90-96.
138. Leypoldt, F., M.J. Titulaer, E. Aguilar, et al. 2013. Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis can trigger anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-a case report. Neurology 81: 1637-1639.
139. Desena, A., D. Graves, W. Warnack, et al. 2014. Herpes simplex encephalitis as a potential cause of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis: report of 2 cases. JAMA Neurol. 71: 344-346.
140. Wickstrom, R., A. Fowler, G. Cooray, et al. 2014. Viral triggering of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a child-an important cause for disease relapse. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 18: 543-546.
141. Dale, R.C., S.R. Irani, F. Brilot, et al. 2009. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies in pediatric dyskinetic encephalitis lethargica. Ann. Neurol. 66: 704-709.
142. Chong, J.Y., L.P. Rowland & R.D. Utiger . 2003. Hashimoto encephalopathy: syndrome or myth? Arch. Neurol. 60: 164-171.
143. Dogan, M., E. Acikgoz, M. Acikgoz, et al. 2011. The frequency of Hashimoto thyroiditis in children and the relationship between urinary iodine level and Hashimoto thyroiditis. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 24: 75-80.
144. Zois, C., I. Stavrou, C. Kalogera, et al. 2003. High prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in schoolchildren after elimination of iodine deficiency in northwestern Greece. Thyroid 13: 485-489.
145. Tuzun, E., E. Erdag, H. Durmus, et al. 2011. Autoantibodies to neuronal surface antigens in thyroid antibody-positive and -negative limbic encephalitis. Neurol. India 59: 47-50.
146. Kruer, M.C., T.K. Koch, D.N. Bourdette, et al. 2010. NMDA receptor encephalitis mimicking seronegative neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 74: 1473-1475.
147. Lekoubou, A., A. Viaccoz, A. Didelot, et al. 2012. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis-like MRI features. Eur. J. Neurol. 19: e16-e17.
148. Hacohen, Y., M. Absoud, M. Woodhall, et al. 2014. Autoantibody biomarkers in childhood-acquired demyelinating syndromes: results from a national surveillance cohort. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 85: 456-461.
149. Becker, E.B., L. Zuliani, R. Pettingill, et al. 2012. Contactin-associated protein-2 antibodies in non-paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia. J. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry 83: 437-440.
150. Mackay, G., K. Ahmad, J. Stone, et al. 2012. NMDA receptor autoantibodies in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J. Neurol. 259: 1979-1981.
151. Gresa-Arribas, N., M.J. Titulaer, A. Torrents, et al. 2014. Antibody titres at diagnosis and during follow-up of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 13: 167-177.
152. Martinez-Hernandez, E., J. Horvath, Y. Shiloh-Malawsky, et al. 2011. Analysis of complement and plasma cells in the brain of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Neurology 77: 589-593.
153. Cash, S.S., M. Larvie & J. Dalmau . 2011. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 34-2011: a 75-year-old man with memory loss and partial seizures. N. Engl. J. Med. 365: 1825-1833.
154. Alexopoulos, H., M.L. Kosmidis, J. Dalmau, et al. 2011. Paraneoplastic anti-NMDAR encephalitis: long term follow-up reveals persistent serum antibodies. J. Neurol. 258: 1568-1570.
155. Hansen, H.C., C. Klingbeil, J. Dalmau, et al. 2013. Persistent intrathecal antibody synthesis 15 years after recovering from anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. JAMA Neurol. 70: 117-119.
156. Moscato, E.H., X. Peng, A. Jain, et al. 2014. Acute mechanisms underlying antibody effects in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 76: 108-119.
157. Bien, C.G., A. Vincent, M.H. Barnett, et al. 2012. Immunopathology of autoantibody-associated encephalitides: clues for pathogenesis. Brain 135: 1622-1638.
158. Hinson, S.R., S.J. Pittock, C.F. Lucchinetti, et al. 2007. Pathogenic potential of IgG binding to water channel extracellular domain in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 69: 2221-2231.
159. Querol, L., G. Nogales-Gadea, R. Rojas-Garcia, et al. 2014. Neurofascin IgG4 antibodies in CIDP associate with disabling tremor and poor response to IVIg. Neurology 82: 879-886.
160. Khosroshahi, A., M.N. Carruthers, V. Deshpande, et al. 2012. Rituximab for the treatment of IgG4-related disease: lessons from 10 consecutive patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 91: 57-66.