Cell microencapsulation with synthetic polymers

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A

Volumn 103, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 846-859

  Olabisi, Ronke M ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

cell therapy; microcapsule; microencapsulation; microsphere; synthetic polymer

Indexed keywords

CYTOLOGY; DISEASE CONTROL; ENCAPSULATION; MAMMALS; MICROENCAPSULATION; MICROSPHERES; NATURAL POLYMERS;

CELL BASED THERAPIES; CELL MICROENCAPSULATION; CELL THERAPY; MICROCAPSULES; POLYMERIC MICROSPHERE; POLYMERIZATION CONDITIONS; SYNTHETIC POLYMERS; THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS;

CELLS;

ALGINIC ACID; EPOXIDE; INSULIN; MACROGOL; POLYACRYLIC ACID; POLYAMIDE; POLYEPOXIDE; POLYESTER; POLYMER; POLYPHOSPHAZENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC; MICROCAPSULE;

CELL ENCAPSULATION; CELL ISOLATION; CELL THERAPY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MAMMAL CELL; MICROENCAPSULATION; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SEAWEED; SUSTAINED DRUG RELEASE; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; CHEMISTRY; IMMOBILIZED CELL; MICROCAPSULE; PROCEDURES; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

ANIMALS; BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS; CAPSULES; CELL- AND TISSUE-BASED THERAPY; CELLS, IMMOBILIZED; CELLULAR MICROENVIRONMENT; HUMANS;

EID: 84924536045     PISSN: 15493296     EISSN: 15524965     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35205     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Christenson L, Dionne KE, Lysaght MJ,. Biomedical applications of immobilized cells. In:, Goosen MFA, editor. Fundamentals of Animal Cell Encapsulation and Immobilization. Boca Raton: CRC; 1993. p 7-41.
2. Prakash S, Jones ML,. Artificial cell therapy: New strategies for the therapeutic delivery of live bacteria. J Biomed Biotechnol 2005; 2005: 44-56.
3. Pellegrino B, Schmidt R,. Immunosuppression. Emedicine 2004; 22: 1.
4. Dufrane D, Goebbels R-M, Gianello P,. Alginate macroencapsulation of pig islets allows correction of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in primates up to 6 months without immunosuppression. Transplantation 2010; 90: 1054-1062.
5. Kin T, Iwata H, Aomatsu Y, Ohyama T, Kanehiro H, Hisanaga M, Nakajima Y,. Xenotransplantation of pig islets in diabetic dogs with use of a microcapsule composed of agarose and polystyrene sulfonic acid mixed gel. Pancreas 2002; 25: 94-100.
6. Dufrane D, Gianello P,. Macro-or microencapsulation of pig islets to cure type 1 diabetes. World J Gastroentero 2012; 18: 6885.
7. Chang TMS, Macintosh FC, Mason SG,. Semipermeable aqueous microcapsules: I. Preparation and properties. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1966; 44: 115-128.
8. Lim F, Sun AM,. Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas. Science 1980; 210: 908-910.
9. O'shea GM, Sun AM,. Encapsulation of rat islets of Langerhans prolongs xenograft survival in diabetic mice. Diabetes 1986; 35: 943-946.
10. Soon-Shiong P, Heintz R, Merideth N, Yao QX, Zhiwen YAO, Tianli Z, Murphy M, Moloney MK, Schmehl M, Harris M,. Insulin independence in a type 1 diabetic patient after encapsulated islet transplantation. Lancet 1994; 343: 950-951.
11. Sun AM, O'shea GM, Goosen MFA,. Injectable microencapsulated islet cells as a bioartificial pancreas. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1984; 10: 87-99.
12. Peirone MA, Delaney K, Kwiecin J, Fletch A, Chang PL,. Delivery of recombinant gene product to canines with nonautologous microencapsulated cells. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9: 195-206.
13. Baker J,. A phase I/IIa open-label investigation of the safety and effectiveness of DIABECELL(R) [immunoprotected (alginate-encapsulated) porcine islets for Xenotransplantation] in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (study NCT00940173). Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Accessed on April 4, 2013.
14. Dufrane D,. A monocentre phase 1 trial to assess a monolayer cellular device in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (study NCT00790257). Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Accessed on April 5, 2013.
15. Keymeulen B,. Functional survival of beta cell allografts after transplantation in the peritoneal cavity of non-uremic type 1 diabetic patients (study NCT01379729). Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials./. Accessed on April 4, 2013.
16. Schwartz S, Mulgrew P,. A single-center phase I/II study of PEG-encapsulated islet allografts implanted In patients with type I diabetes (study NCT00260234). Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed on March 17, 2014.
17. Löhr M, Hoffmeyer A, Kröger JC, Freund M, Hain J, Holle A, Karle P, Knöfel WT, Liebe S, Müller P,. Microencapsulated cell-mediated treatment of inoperable pancreatic carcinoma. Lancet 2001; 357: 1591-1592.
18. Aebischer P, Buchser E, Joseph JM, Favre J, De Tribolet N, Lysaght M, Rudnick S, Goddard M,. Transplantation in humans of encapsulated xenogeneic cells without immunosuppression: A preliminary report. Transplantation 1994; 58: 1275-1277.
19. Jönhagen ME,. An open label, dose-escalation study of encapsulated cell biodelivery of nerve growth factor to the cholinergic basal forebrain of Alzheimer's disease patients (study NCT01163825). Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials./. Accessed on April 4, 2013.
20. Tao W,. A phase II/III study of encapsulated human NTC-201 cell implants releasing ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for participants with retinitis pigmentosa using visual acuity as the primary outcome (study NCT00447993). Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Accessed on April 12, 2013.
21. Bachoud-Lévi AC, Deglon N, Nguyen JP, Bloch J, Bourdet C, Winkel L, Remy P, Goddard M, Lefaucheur JP, Brugieres P,. Neuroprotective gene therapy for Huntington's disease using a polymer encapsulated BHK cell line engineered to secrete human CNTF. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11: 1723-1729.
22. Rabanel JM, Banquy X, Zouaoui H, Mokhtar M, Hildgen P,. Progress technology in microencapsulation methods for cell therapy. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25: 946-963.
23. Anderson DG, Langer RS,. Hydrogel Encapsulated Cells and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. US Patent Application 20120213708. 2012.
24. Honiger J, Balladur P, Mariani P, Calmus Y, Vaubourdolle M, Delelo R, Capeau J, Nordlinger B,. Permeability and biocompatibility of a new hydrogel used for encapsulation of hepatocytes. Biomaterials 1995; 16: 753-759.
25. Sun AM, Vacek I, Tai I,. Microencapsulation of living cells and tissues. In:, Dunbrow M, editor. Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992. p 315-322.
26. Schmidt JJ, Rowley J, Kong HJ,. Hydrogels used for cell-based drug delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 87: 1113-1122.
27. Grigorescu G, Hunkeler D,. Cell encapsulation: Generalities, methods, applications and bioartificial pancreas case study. In:, Freitag R, editor. Synthetic Polymers for Biotechnology and Medicine, Vol. 4. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience; 2003. p 1-18.
28. Orive G, Maria Hernandez R, Rodriguez Gascon A, Calafiore R, Swi Chang TM, Vos P, Hortelano G, Hunkeler D, Lacik I, Luis Pedraz J,. History, challenges and perspectives of cell microencapsulation. Trends Biotechnol 2004; 22: 87-92.
29. Young CJ, Poole-Warren LA, Martens PJ,. Combining submerged electrospray and UV photopolymerization for production of synthetic hydrogel microspheres for cell encapsulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109: 1561-1570.
30. Lu HF, Targonsky ED, Wheeler MB, Cheng YL,. Thermally induced gelable polymer networks for living cell encapsulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96: 146-155.
31. Serp D, Cantana E, Heinzen C, Von Stockar U, Marison IW,. Characterization of an encapsulation device for the production of monodisperse alginate beads for cell immobilization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 70: 41-53.
32. De S, Robinson D,. Polymer relationships during preparation of chitosan-alginate and poly- l -lysine-alginate nanospheres. J Control Release 2003; 89: 101-112.
33. De Vos P, De Haan B, Van Schilfgaarde R,. Effect of the alginate composition on the biocompatibility of alginate-polylysine microcapsules. Biomaterials 1997; 18: 273-278.
34. Bartkowiak A, Canaple L, Ceausoglu I, Nurdin N, Renken A, Rindisbacher L, Wandrey C, Desvergne B, Hunkeler D,. New multicomponent capsules for immunoisolation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 875: 135-145.
35. Cohen S, Bano MC, Visscher KB, Chow M, Allcock HR, Langer R,. Ionically crosslinkable polyphosphazene: A novel polymer for microencapsulation. J Am Chem Soc 1990; 112: 7832-7833.
36. Cohen S, Bañõ MC, Cima LG, Allcock HR, Vacanti JP, Vacanti CA, Langer R,. Design of synthetic polymeric structures for cell transplantation and tissue engineering. Clin Mater 1993; 13: 3-10.
37. Abalovich A, Jatimliansky C, Diegex E, Arias M, Altamirano A, Amorena C, Martinez B, Nacucchio M,. Pancreatic islets microencapsulation with polylactide-co-glycolide. Transplant Proc 2001; 33: 1977-1979.
38. Uteza Y, Rouillot J-S, Kobetz A, Marchant D, Pecqueur S, Arnaud E, Prats H, Honiger J, Dufier J-L, Abitbol M,. Intravitreous transplantation of encapsulated fibroblasts secreting the human fibroblast growth factor 2 delays photoreceptor cell degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 3126-3131.
39. Roberts T, De Boni U, Sefton MV,. Dopamine secretion by PC12 cells microencapsulated in a hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer. Biomaterials 1996; 17: 267-275.
40. Stevenson WTK, Evangelista RA, Sugamorl ME, Sefton MV,. Microencapsulation of mammalian cells in a hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer: Preliminary development. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs 1988; 16: 747-769.
41. Cheng D, Sefton MV,. Dual delivery of placental growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor from poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) microcapsules containing doubly transfected luciferase-expressing L929 cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15: 1929-1939.
42. Cheng D, Lo C, Sefton MV,. Effect of mouse VEGF164 on the viability of hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate microencapsulated cells in vivo: Bioluminescence imaging. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 87: 321-331.
43. Uludag H, Sefton MV,. Metabolic activity and proliferation of CHO cells in hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate (HEMA-MMA) microcapsules. Cell Transplant 1993; 2: 175-182.
44. Aebischer P, Goddard M, Tresco PA,. Cell encapsulation for the nervous system. In:, Goosen MFA, editor. Fundamentals of Animal Cell Encapsulation and Immobilization. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. p 197-224.
45. Sefton MV, Broughton RL,. Microencapsulation of erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys 1982; 717: 473-477.
46. Babensee JE, Sefton MV,. Polyacrylate microcapsules for cell delivery. In:, Cohen S, Bernstein H, editors. Microparticulate Systems for the Delivery of Proteins and Vaccines. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1996. p 477-519.
47. Boag AH, Sefton MV,. Microencapsulation of human fibroblasts in a water-insoluble polyacrylate. Biotechnol Bioeng 1987; 30: 954-962.
48. Crooks CA, Douglas JA, Broughton RL, Sefton MV,. Microencapsulation of mammalian cells in a HEMA-MMA copolymer: Effects on capsule morphology and permeability. J Biomed Mater Res A 1990; 24: 1241-1262.
49. Dawson RM, Broughton RL, Stevenson WTK, Sefton MV,. Microencapsulation of CHO cells in a hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer. Biomaterials 1987; 8: 360-366.
50. Douglas JA, Sefton MV,. The permeability of EUDRAGIT RL and HEMA-MMA microcapsules to glucose and inulin. Biotechnol Bioeng 1990; 36: 653-664.
51. Fleming AJ, Sefton MV,. Viability of hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate-microencapsulated PC12 cells after omental pouch implantation within agarose gels. Tissue Eng 2003; 9: 1023-1036.
52. Lahooti S, Sefton MV,. Microencapsulation of normal and transfected L929 fibroblasts in a HEMA-MMA copolymer. Tissue Eng 2000; 6: 139-149.
53. Lamberti FV, Sefton MV,. Microencapsulation of erythrocytes in Eudragit-RL-coated calcium alginate. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 759: 81-91.
54. Mallabone CL, Crooks CA, Sefton MV,. Microencapsulation of human diploid fibroblasts in cationic polyacrylates. Biomaterials 1989; 10: 380-386.
55. Sefton MV, Broughton RL, Sugamori ME, Mallabone CL,. Hydrophilic polyacrylates for the microencapsulation of fibroblasts or pancreatic islets. J Control Release 1987; 6: 177-187.
56. Sefton MV, Dawson RM, Broughton RL, Blysniuk J, Sugamori ME,. Microencapsulation of mammalian cells in a water-insoluble polyacrylate by coextrustion and interfacial precipitation. Biotechnol Bioeng 1987; 29: 1135-1143.
57. Sefton MV,. A Status report on the microencapsulation of cells for immunoisolation. e-biomed 2000; 1: 49-54.
58. Sucamori ME, Sefton MV,. Microencapsulation of pancreatic islets in a water insoluble polyacrylate. ASAIO Trans 1989; 35: 791-799.
59. Surzyn M, Symes J, Medin JA, Sefton MV,. IL-10 secretion increases signal persistence of HEMA-MMA-microencapsulated luciferase-modified CHO fibroblasts in mice. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 15: 127-136.
60. Wells GDM, Fisher MM, Sefton MV,. Microencapsulation of viable hepatocytes in HEMA-MMA microcapsules: A preliminary study. Biomaterials 1993; 14: 615-620.
61. Hoffman D, Breakefield XO, Short MP, Aebischer P,. Transplantation of a polymer-encapsulated cell line genetically engineered to release NGF. Exp Neurol 1993; 122: 100-106.
62. Bloch J, Bachoud-Levi AC, Deglon N, Lefaucheur JP, Winkel L, Palfi S, Nguyen JP, Bourdet C, Remy P, Brugières P,. Neuroprotective gene therapy for Huntington's disease, using polymer-encapsulated cells engineered to secrete human ciliary neurotrophic factor: Results of a phase I study. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15: 968-975.
63. Jönhagen M,. Encapsulated cell biodelivery of nerve growth factor to Alzheimer's disease patients (study NSG0202). Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01163825. Accessed on April 10, 2013.
64. Zanin MP, Pettingill LN, Harvey AR, Emerich DF, Thanos CG, Shepherd RK,. The development of encapsulated cell technologies as therapies for neurological and sensory diseases. J Control Release 2012; 160: 3-13.
65. Wahlberg LU, Lind G, Almqvist PM, Kusk P, Tornøe J, Juliusson B, Söderman M, Selldén E, Seiger Å, Eriksdotter-Jönhagen M, Linderoth B,. Targeted delivery of nerve growth factor via encapsulated cell biodelivery in Alzheimer disease: A technology platform for restorative neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 2012; 11: 340-347.
66. Eriksdotter-Jönhagen M, Linderoth B, Lind G, Aladellie L, Almkvist O, Andreasen N, Blennow K, Bogdanovic N, Jelic V, Kadir A,. Encapsulated cell biodelivery of nerve growth factor to the basal forebrain in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012; 33: 18-28.
67. Fjord-Larsen L, Kusk P, Emerich DF, Thanos C, Torp M, Bintz B, Tornøe J, Johnsen AH, Wahlberg LU,. Increased encapsulated cell biodelivery of nerve growth factor in the brain by transposon-mediated gene transfer. Gene Ther 2012; 19: 1010-1017.
68. Fjord-Larsen L, Kusk P, Tornøe J, Juliusson B, Torp M, Bjarkam CR, Nielsen MS, Handberg A, Sørensen JCH, Wahlberg LU,. Long-term delivery of nerve growth factor by encapsulated cell biodelivery in the Göttingen minipig basal forebrain. Mol Ther 2010; 18: 2164-2172.
69. Bañõ MC, Cohen S, Visscher KB, Allcock HR, Langer R,. A novel synthetic method for hybridoma cell encapsulation. Nat Biotechnol 1991; 9: 468-471.
70. Gimi B, Kwon J, Kuznetsov A, Vachha B, Magin RL, Philipson LH, Lee JB,. A nanoporous, transparent microcontainer for encapsulated islet therapy. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3: 297-303.
71. Gimi B, Kwon J, Liu L, Vachha B, Lee JB,. Transparent immunoisolative microcontainers for xenotransplantation: 582. Transplantation 2008; 86: 204.
72. Gimi B, Kwon J, Liu L, Su Y, Nemani K, Trivedi K, Cui Y, Vachha B, Mason R, Hu W,. Cell encapsulation and oxygenation in nanoporous microcontainers. Biomed Microdevices 2009; 11: 1205-1212.
73. Olabisi RM, Lazard ZWW, Franco CL, Hall MA, Kwon SK, Sevick-Muraca EM, Hipp JA, Davis AR, Olmsted-Davis EA, West JL,. Hydrogel microsphere encapsulation of a cell-based gene therapy system increases cell survival of injected cells, #transgene |expression, and bone volume in a model of heterotopic ossification. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16: 3727-3736.
74. Liu B, Liu Y, Lewis AK, Shen W,. Modularly assembled porous cell-laden hydrogels. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 4918-4925.
75. Koh WG, Revzin A, Pishko MV,. Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microstructures encapsulating living cells. Langmuir 2002; 18: 2459-2462.
76. Pishko M,. Microfabricated Cell-based Sensor Arrays, Conf Proc. IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2005; 1: 1058-1064.
77. Yeh J, Ling Y, Karp JM, Gantz J, Chandawarkar A, Eng G, Blumling Iii J, Langer R, Khademhosseini A,. Micromolding of shape-controlled, harvestable cell-laden hydrogels. Biomaterials 2006; 27: 5391-5398.
78. Koh WG, Itle LJ, Pishko MV,. Molding of hydrogel microstructures to create multiphenotype cell microarrays. Anal Chem 2003; 75: 5783-5789.
79. Baxter B, Eng T, Zechlinski J, Zehm A, Atwood C, Meethal SV, Gallego M, Masters K,. Microencapsulation of cells. Available at: http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~bme200/microencapsulation-fall05/reports/BME-400-Microencapsulation-Final-Report.pdf. Accessed on August 14, 2013.
80. Desmangles AI, Jordan O, Marquis-Weible F,. Interfacial photopolymerization of cell clusters: Approaches to reduce coating thickness using ionic and lipophilic dyes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 72: 634-641.
81. Cruise GM, Hegre OD, Scharp DS, Hubbell JA,. A sensitivity study of the key parameters in the interfacial photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate upon porcine islets. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 57: 655-665.
82. Jang JY, Lee DY, Park SJ, Byun Y,. Immune reactions of lymphocytes and macrophages against PEG-grafted pancreatic islets. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 3663-3669.
83. Lee DY, Park SJ, Nam JH, Byun Y,. A combination therapy of PEGylation and immunosuppressive agent for successful islet transplantation. J Control Release 2006; 110: 290-295.
84. Lee DY, Park SJ, Nam JH, Byun Y,. A new strategy toward improving immunoprotection in cell therapy for diabetes mellitus: Long-functioning PEGylated islets in vivo. Tissue Eng 2006; 12: 615-623.
85. Teramura Y, Iwata H,. Surface modification of islets with PEG-lipid for improvement of graft survival in intraportal transplantation. Transplantation 2009; 88: 624-630.
86. Wilson JT, Cui W, Chaikof EL,. Layer-by-layer assembly of a conformal nanothin PEG coating for intraportal islet transplantation. Nano Lett 2008; 8: 1940-1948.
87. Kizilel S, Scavone A, Liu X, Nothias JM, Ostrega D, Witkowski P, Millis M,. Encapsulation of pancreatic islets within nano-thin functional polyethylene glycol coatings for enhanced insulin secretion. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16: 2217-2228.
88. Lee DY, Park SJ, Lee S, Nam JH, Byun Y,. Highly poly (ethylene) glycolylated islets improve long-term islet allograft survival without immunosuppressive medication. Tissue Eng 2007; 13: 2133-2141.
89. Miura S, Teramura Y, Iwata H,. Encapsulation of islets with ultra-thin polyion complex membrane through poly(ethylene glycol)-phospholipids anchored to cell membrane. Biomaterials 2006; 27: 5828-5835.
90. Wyman JL, Kizilel S, Skarbek R, Zhao X, Connors M, Dillmore WS, Murphy WL, Mrksich M, Nagel SR, Garfinkel MR,. Immunoisolating pancreatic islets by encapsulation with selective withdrawal. Small 2007; 3: 683-690.
91. Pathak CP, Sawhney AS, Hubbell JA,. Rapid photopolymerization of immunoprotective gels in contact with cells and tissue. J Am Chem Soc 1992; 114: 8311-8312.
92. Blackall DP, Armstrong JK, Meiselman HJ, Fisher TC,. Polyethylene glycol-coated red blood cells fail to bind glycophorin A-specific antibodies and are impervious to invasion by the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. Blood 2001; 97: 551-556.
93. Neu B, Armstrong JK, Fisher TC, Meiselman HJ,. Surface characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) coated human red blood cells by particle electrophoresis. Biorheology 2003; 40: 477-487.
94. Hashemi-Najafabadi S, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Shojaosadati SA, Rasaee MJ, Armstrong JK, Moin M, Pourpak Z,. A method to optimize PEG-coating of red blood cells. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17: 1288-1293.
95. Franco CL, Gorenkova N, Hassani Z, Akabawy G, Modo M, West JL,. Hydrogel microspheres for support and delivery of neural stem cells in a rat model for stroke. In: The Society for Biomaterials Annual Meeting. Seattle, WA. April 21-24, 2010.
96. Franco CL, Price J, West JL,. Development and optimization of a dual-photoinitiator, emulsion-based technique for rapid generation of cell-laden hydrogel microspheres. Acta Biomater 2011; 7: 3267-3276.
97. Saik JE, Gould DJ, Watkins EM, Dickinson ME, West JL,. Covalently immobilized platelet derived growth factor-BB promotes angiogenesis in biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2011; 7: 133-143.
98. Scott MD, Chen AM,. Beyond the red cell: Pegylation of other blood cells and tissues. Transfus Clin Biol 2004; 11: 40-46.
99. Scott MD, Murad KL, Koumpouras F, Talbot M, Eaton JW,. Chemical camouflage of antigenic determinants: Stealth erythrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 7566-7571.
100. Scott MD, Murad KL,. Cellular camouflage: Fooling the immune system with polymers. Curr Pharm Des 1998; 4: 423-438.
101. Underhill GH, Chen AA, Albrecht DR, Bhatia SN,. Assessment of hepatocellular function within PEG hydrogels. Biomaterials 2007; 28: 256-270.
102. Murad KL, Gosselin EJ, Eaton JW, Scott MD,. Stealth cells: Prevention of major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated T-cell activation by cell surface modification. Blood 1999; 94: 2135-2141.
103. Moraes C, Wang GH, Sun Y, Simmons CA,. A microfabricated platform for high-throughput unconfined compression of micropatterned biomaterial arrays. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 577-584.
104. Hill RS, Cruise GM, Hager SR, Lamberti FV, Yu X, Garufis CL, Yu Y, Mundwiler KE, Cole JF, Hubbell JA,. Immunoisolation of adult porcine islets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The use of photopolymerizable polyethylene glycol in the conformal coating of mass-isolated porcine islets. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 831: 332-343.
105. Lewis AJ, Carpenter M, Robins A, Baetge E,. Novocell, Inc. Regen Med 2007; 2: 973-977.
106. Lee DY, Nam JH, Byun Y,. Effect of polyethylene glycol grafted onto islet capsules on prevention of splenocyte and cytokine attacks. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2004; 15: 753-766.
107. Chen AM, Scott MD,. Immunocamouflage: Prevention of transfusion induced graft versus host disease via polymer grafting of donor cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 67: 626-636.
108. Cheng D, Lo C, Sefton MV,. Effect of mouse VEGF164 on the viability of hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate-microencapsulated cells in vivo: Bioluminescence imaging. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 87: 321-331.
109. Babensee JE, Sefton MV,. Viability of HEMA-MMA microencapsulated model hepatoma cells in rats and the host response. Tissue Eng 2000; 6: 165-182.
110. Sonnet C, Simpson CL, Olabisi RM, Sullivan K, Hipp JA, Lazard Z, Gugala Z, Peroni JF, Weh M, Davis AR, West JL, Olmsted-Davis EA,. Rapid healing of femoral defects in rats with low dose sustained BMP2 expression from PEGDA hydrogel microspheres. J Orthop Res 2013; 31: 1597-1604.
111. Albertsson AC, Varma I,. Aliphatic polyesters: Synthesis, properties and applications. In:, Albertsson AC, editor. Degradable Aliphatic Polyesters. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p 1-40.
112. Albertsson AC, Varma IK,. Recent developments in ring opening polymerization of lactones for biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4: 1466-1486.
113. Jain R, Shah NH, Malick AW, Rhodes CT,. Controlled drug delivery by biodegradable poly(ester) devices: Different preparative approaches. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1998; 24: 703-727.
114. Gnanou Y, Fontanille M,. Organic and Physical Chemistry of Polymers. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2008. 617 p.
115. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at: http://www.fda.gov. Accessed on May 2013.
116. Carletti E, Motta A, Migliaresi C, Haycock JW,. Scaffolds for tissue engineering and 3 D cell culture. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 695: 17-39.
117. Li S, Vert M, Kasperczyk J, Dobrzynski P,. Degradation of copolymers obtained by ring-opening polymerization of glycolide and ε-caprolactone: A high resolution NMR and ESI-MS study. Polym Degrad Stabil 2008; 93: 990-999.
118. Angelova N, Hunkeler D,. Rationalizing the design of polymeric biomaterials. Environ Microbiol 1999; 64: 4333-4339.
119. Seyednejad H, Ghassemi AH, Van Nostrum CF, Vermonden T, Hennink WE,. Functional aliphatic polyesters for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. J Control Release 2011; 152: 168-176.
120. Ye M, Kim S, Park K,. Issues in long-term protein delivery using biodegradable microparticles. J Control Release 2010; 146: 241-260.
121. Ding AG, Schwendeman SP,. Acidic microclimate pH distribution in PLGA microspheres monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Pharm Res 2008; 25: 2041-2052.
122. Van De Weert M, Hennink WE, Jiskoot W,. Protein instability in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles. Pharm Res 2000; 17: 1159-1167.
123. Lucke A, Göpferich A,. Acylation of peptides by lactic acid solutions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003; 55: 27-33.
124. Fu K, Pack DW, Klibanov AM, Langer R,. Visual evidence of acidic environment within degrading poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. Pharm Res 2000; 17: 100-106.
125. Hermeling S, Crommelin DJA, Schellekens H, Jiskoot W,. Structure-immunogenicity relationships of therapeutic proteins. Pharm Res 2004; 21: 897-903.
126. Estey T, Kang J, Schwendeman SP, Carpenter JF,. BSA degradation under acidic conditions: A model for protein instability during release from PLGA delivery systems. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95: 1626-1639.
127. Jiskoot W, van Schie RMF, Carstens MG, Schellekens H,. Immunological risk of injectable drug delivery systems. Pharm Res 2009; 26: 1303-1314.
128. Abalovich AG, Bacque MC, Grana D, Milei J,. Pig pancreatic islet transplantation into spontaneously diabetic dogs. Transplant Proc 2009; 41: 328-330.
129. Quick DJ, Anseth KS,. Gene delivery in tissue engineering: A photopolymer platform to coencapsulate cells and plasmid DNA. Pharm Res 2003; 20: 1730-1737.
130. Shea LD, Smiley E, Bonadio J, Mooney DJ,. DNA delivery from polymer matrices for tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17: 551-554.
131. Gander B, Meinel L, Walter E, Merkle HP,. Polymers as a platform for drug delivery: Reviewing our current portfolio on poly (lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) microspheres. Int J Chem 2001; 55: 212-217.
132. Ando S, Putnam D, Pack DW, Langer R,. PLGA microspheres containing plasmid DNA: Preservation of supercoiled DNA via cryopreparation and carbohydrate stabilization. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88: 126-130.
133. Niu X, Zou W, Liu C, Zhang N, Fu C,. Modified nanoprecipitation method to fabricate DNA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35: 1375-1383.
134. Chen LG, Qu Y, Peng WZ, Wang YQ, Xiao J, Wang ZR,. Encapsulated ANP cDNA transfection cells attenuate hypertension in hypertensive rats. Space Med Med Eng (Beijing) 2003; 16: 77-78.
135. Stevenson WTK, Sefton MV,. Development of polyacrylate microcapsules. In:, Goosen MFA, editor. Fundamentals of Animal Cell Encapsulation and Immobilization. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1993. p 143-182.
136. Srichana T, Domb AJ,. Polymeric biomaterials. In:, Narayan R, editor. Biomedical Materials. New York: Springer; 2009. p 83-119.
137. Sefton MV, Stevenson WTK,. Microencapsulation of live animal cells using polyacrylates. In:, Langer RS, Peppas NA, editors. Biopolymers I. Advances in Polymer Science. Berlin: Springer; 1993. p 143-197.
138. Calafiore R,. Bioartificial pancreas. In:, Dumitriu S, editor. Polymeric Biomaterials. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2002. p 983-1005.
139. Uludag H, De Vos P, Tresco PA,. Technology of mammalian cell encapsulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 42: 29-64.
140. Morris PJ,. Immunoprotection of therapeutic cell transplants by encapsulation. Trends Biotechnol 1996; 14: 163-167.
141. Gray DWR,. Encapsulated islet cells: The role of direct and indirect presentation and the relevance to xenotransplantation and autoimmune recurrence. Br Med Bull 1997; 53: 777-788.
142. Arlaud GJ, Thielens NM,. Complement: Classical and Lectin Pathways. eLS 2010. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000510.pub3/full.
143. Asghar SS, Pasch MC,. Complement as a promiscuous signal transduction device. Lab Invest 1998; 78: 1203-1225.
144. de Vos P, Lazarjani HA, Poncelet D, Faas MM,. Polymers in cell encapsulation from an enveloped cell perspective. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 67-68C: 15-34.
145. Kessler L, Aprahamian M, Keipes M, Damge C, Pinget M, Poinsot D,. Diffusion properties of an artificial membrane used for Langerhans islets encapsulation: An in vitro test. Biomaterials 1992; 13: 44-49.
146. Sigrist S, Mechine-Neuville A, Mandes K, Calenda V, Legeay G, Bellocq J-P, Pinget M, Kessler L,. Influence on the viability of encapsulated rat pancreatic islets during transplantation. Cell Transplant 2003; 12: 627-635.
147. Prevost P, Flori S, Collier C, Muscat E, Rolland E,. Application of AN69 hydrogel to islet encapsulation: Evaluation in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Transplant Proc 1995; 27: 3393-3395.
148. Serguera C, Bohl D, Rolland E, Prevost P, Heard JM,. Control of erythropoietin secretion by doxycycline or mifepristone in mice bearing polymer-encapsulated engineered cells. Hum Gen Ther 1999; 10: 375-383.
149. Silva AI, De Matos AN, Brons IGM, Mateus MCV,. Membranes in bioartificial pancreas-An overview of the development of a bioartificial pancreas, as a treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In:, Peinemann KV, Nunes SP, editors. Membranes for the Life Sciences, Vol. 1. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley; 2008. p 263-320.
150. Obst M, Steinbüchel A,. Microbial degradation of poly(amino acid)s. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5: 1166-1176.
151. Okada H, Negoro S, Kimura H, Nakamura S,. Evolutionary adaptation of plasmid-encoded enzymes for degrading nylon oligomers. Nature 1983; 306: 203-206.
152. Park JK, Chang HN,. Microencapsulation of microbial cells. Biotechnol Adv 2000; 18: 303-319.
153. Ito H, Wilson CG,. Proceedings of the SPE Regional Technical Conference on Photopolymers. Society of Plastics Engineers. The Nevele Country Club, Ellenville, NY, November 1982. p 331.
154. Nemani K, Kwon J, Trivedi K, Hu W, Lee J-B, Gimi B,. Biofriendly bonding processes for nanoporous implantable SU-8 microcapsules for encapsulated cell therapy. J Microencapsul 2011; 28: 771-782.
155. Nemani KV, Moodie KL, Brennick JB, Su A, Gimi B,. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of SU-8 biocompatibility. Mat Sci Eng C 2013; 33: 4453-4459.
156. Allcock HR,. The synthesis of functional polyphosphazenes and their surfaces. Appl Organomet Chem 1998; 12: 659-666.
157. Deng M, Kumbar SG, Wan Y, Toti US, Allcock HR, Laurencin CT,. Polyphosphazene polymers for tissue engineering: An analysis of material synthesis, characterization and applications. Soft Matter 2010; 6: 3119-3132.
158. Allcock HR,. Expanding options in polyphosphazene biomedical research. In:, Andrianov AK, editor. Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2009. p 15-44.
159. Peppas NA,. Hydrogels. In:, Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE, editors. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press; 2004. p 100-107.
160. Teramura Y, Iwata H,. Improvement of graft survival by surface modification with poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid and urokinase in intraportal islet transplantation. Transplantation 2011; 91: 271-278.
161. Luan NM, Teramura Y, Iwata H,. Layer-by-layer co-immobilization of soluble complement receptor 1 and heparin on islets. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 6487-6492.
162. Hall KK, Gattás-Asfura KM, Stabler CL,. Microencapsulation of islets within alginate/poly(ethylene glycol) gels cross-linked via Staudinger ligation. Acta Biomater 2011; 7: 614-624.
163. Kerby A, Bohman S, Westberg H, Jones P, King A,. Immunoisolation of islets in high guluronic acid barium-alginate microcapsules does not improve graft outcome at the subcutaneous site. Artif Organs 2012; 36: 564-570.
164. Mahou R, Tran NM, Dufresne M, Legallais C, Wandrey C,. Encapsulation of Huh-7 cells within alginate-poly(ethylene glycol) hybrid microspheres. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 2012; 23: 171-179.
165. Wong YY, Yuan S, Choong C,. Degradation of PEG and non-PEG alginate-chitosan microcapsules in different pH environments. Polym Degrad Stabil 2011; 96: 2189-2197.
166. Liu XY, Nothias J-M, Scavone A, Garfinkel M, Millis JM,. Biocompatibility investigation of polyethylene glycol and alginate-poly- l -lysine for islet encapsulation. ASAIO J 2010; 56: 241-245.
167. Mahou R, Wandrey C,. Alginate-poly(ethylene glycol) hybrid microspheres with adjustable physical properties. Macromolecules 2010; 43: 1371-1378.