Technology of mammalian cell encapsulation

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 42, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 29-64

  Uludag, Hasan ^a   De Vos, Paul ^b   Tresco, Patrick A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^c Department of Bioengineering   (United States)

Author keywords

Alginate polylysine capsules; Cells; Encapsulation technology; Encapsulation, macro; Encapsulation, micro; Thermoreversible gelation

Indexed keywords

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CELL MEMBRANES; ENCAPSULATION; GELATION; POLYELECTROLYTES; POLYMERIZATION; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL);

ALGINATE POLYLYSINE CAPSULES; CELL ENCAPSULATION; THERMOREVERSIBLE GELATION;

TRANSPLANTATION (SURGICAL);

AGAROSE; ALGINIC ACID; POLYELECTROLYTE; POLYLYSINE; POLYMER;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOENGINEERING; CELL FUNCTION; COMPLEX FORMATION; DEVICE; ENCAPSULATION; GEL; HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE; HUMAN; MAMMAL CELL; MECHANICAL STRESS; MEMBRANE; MICROCAPSULE; MICROENCAPSULATION; NONHUMAN; PERMEABILITY BARRIER; POLYMERIZATION; PRECIPITATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TECHNIQUE; TECHNOLOGY; ULTRAFILTRATION;

EID: 0034692124     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00053-3     Document Type: Article

References (276)

1. Morris P.J. A critical review of immunosuppressive regimens. Transplant. Proc. 28:(Suppl. 1):1996;37-40.
2. Sgro C. Side-effects of a monoclonal antibody, Muromonab CD3/orthoclone OKT3: bibliographic review. Toxicology. 105:1995;23-29.
3. Weir M.R., Fink J.C. Risk for posttransplant diabetes mellitus with current immunosuppressive medications. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 34:1999;1-13.
4. Koo J., Chang T.M.S. Secretion of erythropoietin from microencapsulated rat kidney cells. Int. J. Artif. Organs. 16:1993;557-560.
5. Chang P.L., Shen N., Westcott A.J. Delivery of recombinant gene products with microencapsulated cells in vivo. Hum. Gene Ther. 4:1993;433-440.
6. Liu H.W., Ofosu F.A., Chang P.L. Expression of human factor IX by microencapsulated recombinant fibroblasts. Hum. Gene Ther. 4:1993;291-301.
7. Cieslinski D.A., Humes H.D. Tissue engineering of a bioartificial kidney. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 43:1994;678-681.
8. Chang T.M.S. Hybrid artificial cells: microencapsulation of living cells. Trans. ASAIO. 38:1992;128-130.
9. Aebischer P., Russell P.C., Christenson L., Panol G., Monchik J.M., Galletti P.M. A bioartificial parathyroid. Trans. ASAIO. 32:1986;134-137.
10. Aebischer P., Goddard M., Signore A.P., Timpson R.L. Functional recovery in hemiparkinsonian primates transplanted with polymer-encapsulated PC12 cells. Exp. Neurol. 126:1994;151-158.
11. Lim F., Sun A.M. Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas. Science. 210:1980;908-910.
12. Granicka L.H., Kawiak J.W., Glowacka E., Werynski A. Encapsulation of OKT3 cells in hollow fibers. Trans. ASAIO. 42:1996;863-866.
13. Jarvis A.P. Jr., Grdina T.A., Sullivan M.F. Cell growth and hemoglobin synthesis in murine erythroleukemic cells propagated in high density microcapsule culture. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 22:1986;589-596.
14. Cheirer W., Nilsson K., Merten O.W., Katinger H.W., Mosbach K. Entrapment of animal cells for the production of biomolecules such as monoclonal antibodies. Dev. Biol. Stand. 55:1983;155-161.
15. Pueyo M.E., Darquy S., Arbet-Engels C., Poitout V., Di Maria S., Gangnerau M.N., Reach G. A method for obtaining monodispersed cells from isolated porcine islets of Langerhans. Int. J. Artif. Org. 18:1995;34-38.
16. Guo J.F., Jourdian G.W., MacCallum D.K. Culture and growth characteristics of chondrocytes encapsulated in alginate beads. Connect. Tissue Res. 19:1989;277-297.
17. Loty S., Sautier J.M., Loty C., Boulekbache H., Kokubo T., Forest N. Cartilage formation by fetal rat chondrocytes cultured in alginate beads: a proposed model for investigating tissue-biomaterial interactions. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 42:1998;213-222.
18. Takabatake H., Koide N., Tsuji T. Encapsulated multicellular spheroids of rat hepatocytes produce albumin and urea in a spouted bed circulating culture system. Artif. Organs. 15:1991;474-480.
19. Okada N., Fushimi M., Nagata Y., Fukunaga T., Tsutsumi Y., Nakagawa S., Mayumi T. Evaluation of angiogenic inhibitors with an in vivo quantitative angiogenesis method using agarose microencapsulation and mouse hemoglobin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 87:1996;952-957.
20. Okada N., Fushimi M., Nagata Y., Fukunaga T., Tsutsumi Y., Nakagawa S., Mayumi T. A quantitative in vivo method of analyzing human tumor-induced angiogenesis in mice using agarose microencapsulation and hemoglobin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 86:1995;1182-1188.
21. Hollingshead M.G., Alley M.C., Camalier R.F., Abbott B.J., Mayo J.G., Malspeis L., Grever M.R. In vivo cultivation of tumor cells in hollow fibers. Life Sci. 57:1995;131-141.
22. McMahon J., Schmid S., Weislow O., Stinson S., Camalier R., Gulakowski R., Shoemaker R., Kiser R., Dykes D., Harrison S., et al. Feasibility of cellular microencapsulation technology for evaluation of anti-human immunodeficiency virus drugs in vivo. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82:1990;1761-1765.
23. Nebel R.L., Vishwanath R., McMillan W.H., Saacke R.G. Microencapsulation of bovine spermatozoa for use in artificial insemination: a review. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 5:1993;701-712.
24. Watson P.F. The potential impact of sperm encapsulation technology on the importance of timing of artificial insemination: a perspective in the light of published work. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 5:1993;691-699.
25. Jochle W. Forty years of control of the oestrous cycle in ruminants: progress made, unresolved problems and the potential impact of sperm encapsulation technology. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 5:1993;587-594.
26. Goguen B., Kedersha N. Clonogenic cytotoxicity testing by microdrop encapsulation. Nature. 363:1993;189-190.
27. Yuet P.K., Harris T.J., Goosen M.F.A. Mathematical modeling of immobilized animal cell growth. Artif. Cells Blood Subs. Immob. Biotechnol. 23:1995;109-133.
28. Zielinski B.A., Aebischer P. Chitosan as a matrix for mammalian cell encapsulation. Biomaterials. 15:1994;1049-1056.
29. Babensee J.E., De Boni U., Sefton M.V. Morphological assessment of hepatoma cells (HepG2) microencapsulated in a HEMA-MMA copolymer with and without Matrigel. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 26:1992;1401-1418.
30. Colton C.K., Avgoustiniatos M. Bioengineering in development of the hybrid artificial pancreas. J. Biomech. Eng. 113:1991;152-170.
31. Morris P.J. Immunoprotection of therapeutic cell transplants by encapsulation. Trends Biotechnol. 14:1996;163-167.
32. Colton C.K. Engineering challenges in cell encapsulation technology. Trends Biotechnol. 14:1996;158-162.
33. Sefton M.V., Stevenson W.T.K. Microencapsulation of live animal cells using polyacrylates. Adv. Polym. Sci. 107:1993;143-197.
34. Lanza R.P., Chick W.L. Transplantation of encapsulated cells and tissues. Surgery. 121:1997;1-9.
35. Lysaght M.J., Aebischer P. Encapsulated cells as therapy. Sci. Am. 280:1999;76-82.
36. Poncelet D., Poncelet B., Smet D., Beaulieu C., Neufeld R.J. Scale-up of gel bead and microcapsule production in cell immobilization. Goosen M.F.A. Fundamentals of Animal Cell Encapsulation and Immobilization. 1993;113-142 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
37. Brandenberger H., Widmer F. A new multinozzle encapsulation/immobilization system to produce uniform beads or alginates. J. Biotechnol. 63:1998;73-80.
38. De Vos P., Haan B.J., Schilfgaarde R. Upscaling the production of microencapsulated pancreatic islets. Biomaterials. 18:1997;1085-1090.
39. 2+-alginate-coated islets of Langerhans for immunoisolation. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 102:1994;380-387.
40. De Vos P., De Haan B.J., Wolters G.H.J., Strubbe J.H., Schilfgaarde R. Improved biocompatibility but limited graft survival after purification of alginate for microencapsulation of pancreatic islets. Diabetologia. 40:1997;262-270.
41. Hasse C., Zielke A., Klock G., Schlosser A., Barth P., Zimmermann U., Sitter H., Lorenz W., Rothmund M., Wells S.A. Jr. Amitogenic alginates: key to first clinical application of microencapsulation technology. World J. Surg. 22:1998;659-665.
42. Klock G., Frank H., Houben R., Zekorn T., Horcher A., Siebers U., Wohrle M., Federlin K., Zimmermann U. Production of purified alginates suitable for use in immunoisolated transplantation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40:1994;638-643.
43. Stevens R.A., Levin R.E. Purification and characteristics of an alginate from Alginovibrio aquatilis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:1977;1156-1161.
44. Prokop A., Wang T.G. Purification of polymers used for fabrication of an immunoisolation barrier. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 831:1997;223-231.
45. Bystricky S., Malovikova A., Sticzay T. Interaction of alginate and pectins with cationic polypeptides. Carbohydr. Res. 13:1990;283-294.
46. King G.A., Daugulis A.J., Faulkner P., Goosen M.F.A. Alginate-polylysine microcapsules of controlled membrane molecular weight cut-off for mammalian cell culture engineering. Biotechnol. Prog. 3:1987;231-240.
47. Vandenbossche G.M.R., Van Oostveld P., Demeester J., Remon J.P. The molecular weight cut-off of microcapsules is determined by the reaction between alginate and polylysine. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42:1993;381-386.
48. De Vos P., Wolters G.H., Fritschy W.M., Van Schilfgaarde R. Obstacles in the application of microencapsulation in islet transplantation. Int. J. Artif. Organs. 16:1993;205-212.
49. Wijsman J., Atkison P., Mazaheri R., Garcia B., Paul T., Vose J., O'Shea G.M., Stiller C. Histological and immunopathological analysis of recovered encapsulated allogeneic islets from transplanted diabetic BB/W rats. Transplantation. 54:1992;588-592.
50. O'Shea G.M., Sun A.M. Encapsulation of rat islets of Langerhans prolongs xenograft survival in diabetic mice. Diabetes. 35:1986;943-946.
51. Fritschy W.M., De Vos P., Groen H., Klatter F.A., Pasma A., Wolters G.H., Van Schilfgaarde R. The capsular overgrowth on microencapsulated pancreatic islet grafts in streptozotocin and autoimmune diabetic rats. Transplant. Int. 7:1994;264-271.
52. Soon Shiong P., Feldman E., Nelson R., Komtebedde J., Smidsrod O., Skjâk-Brêk G., Espevik T., Heintz R., Lee M. Successful reversal of spontaneous diabetes in dogs by intraperitoneal microencapsulated islets. Transplantation. 54:1992;769-774.
53. Sun Y.L., Ma X.J., Zhou D.B., Vacek I., Sun A.M. Normalization of diabetes in spontaneously diabetic cynomologus monkeys by xenografts of microencapsulated porcine islets without immunosuppression. J. Clin. Invest. 98:1996;1417-1422.
54. Soon Shiong P., Heintz R.E., Merideth N., Yao Q.X., Yao Z., Zheng T., Murphy M., Moloney M.K., Schmehl M., Harris M. Insulin independence in a type 1 diabetic patient after encapsulated islet transplantation. Lancet. 343:1994;950-951.
55. O'Shea G.M., Goosen M.F.A., Sun A.M. Prolonged survival of transplanted islets of Langerhans encapsulated in a biocompatible membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 804:1984;133-136.
56. Fritschy W.M., Wolters G.H., Van Schilfgaarde R. Effect of alginate-polylysine-alginate microencapsulation on in vitro insulin release from rat pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 40:1991;37-43.
57. De Vos P., De Haan B.J., Wolters G.H.J., Van Schilfgaarde R. Factors influencing the adequacy of microencapsulation of rat pancreatic islets. Transplantation. 62:1996;888-893.
58. De Vos P., De Haan B.J., Pater J., Van Schilfgaarde R. Association between capsule diameter, adequacy of encapsulation, and survival of microencapsulated rat islet allografts. Transplantation. 62:1996;893-899.
59. De Vos P., De Haan B., Van Schilfgaarde R. Effect of the alginate composition on the biocompatibility of alginate-polylysine microcapsules. Biomaterials. 18:1997;273-278.
60. Horcher A., Siebers U., Bretzel R.G., Federlin K., Zekorn T. Transplantation of microencapsulated islets in rats: influence of low temperature culture before or after the encapsulation procedure on the graft function. Transplant. Proc. 27:1995;3232-3233.
61. Thu B., Bruheim P., Espevik T., Smidrod O., Soon Shiong P., Skjâk-Brêk G. Alginate polycation microcapsules. I. Interaction between alginate and polycation. Biomaterials. 17:1996;1031-1040.
62. Thu B., Bruheim P., Espevik T., Smidrod O., Soon Shiong P., Skjâk-Brêk G. Alginate polycation microcapsules. II. Some functional properties. Biomaterials. 17:1996;1069-1079.
63. Soon Shiong P., Otterlei M., Skjâk-Brêk G., Smidsrod O., Heintz R., Lanza R.P., Espevik T. An immunological basis for the fibrotic reaction to implanted microcapsules. Transplant. Proc. 23:1991;758-759.
64. Zimmermann U., Klock G., Federlin K., Hannig K., Kowalski M., Bretzel R.G., Horcher A., Entenmann H., Sieber U., Zekorn T. Production of mitogen-contamination free alginates with variable ratios of mannuronic acid to guluronic acid by free flow electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 13:1992;269-274.
65. Sun Y.L., Ma X., Zhou D., Vacek I., Sun A.M. Porcine pancreatic islets: isolation, microencapsulation, and xenotransplantation. Artif. Organs. 17:1993;727-733.
66. Lum Z.P., Krestow M., Tai I.T., Vacek I., Sun A.M. Xenografts of rat islets into diabetic mice. Transplantation. 53:1992;1180-1183.
67. Finegood D.T., Scaglia L., Bonner-Weir S. Dynamics of beta-cell mass in the growing rat pancreas. Estimation with a simple mathematical model. Diabetes. 44:1995;249-256.
68. De Vos P., De Haan B.J., Wolters G.H.J., Van Schilfgaarde R. Why do microencapsulated islets fail in the absence of overgrowth? Diabetes. 48:1999;1381-1388.
69. Gharapetian H., Davies N.A., Sun A.M. Encapsulation of viable cells within polyacrylate membranes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 28:1986;1595-1600.
70. Cohen S., Carmen Bano M., Visscher K.B., Chow M., Allcock H.R., Langer R. Ionically cross-linkable polyphosphazenes: a novel polymer for microencapsulation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:1990;7832-7833.
71. Carmen Bano M., Cohen S., Visscher K.B., Allcock H.P., Langer R. A novel synthetic method for hybridoma cell encapsulation. Bio/Technology. 9:1991;468-471.
72. Wen S., Xiaonan Y., Stevenson W.T.K. Microcapsules through polymer complexation. I. By complex coacervation of polymers containing a high charge density. Biomaterials. 12:1991;374-384.
73. Wen S., Xiaonan Y., Stevenson W.T.K., Alexander H. Microcapsules through polymer complexation. II. By complex coacervation of polymers containing a low charge density. Biomaterials. 12:1991;479-488.
74. Wen S., Alexander H., Inchikel A., Stevenson W.T.K. Microcapsules through polymer complexation. III. Encapsulation and culture of human Burkitt lymphoma cells in vitro. Biomaterials. 16:1995;325-335.
75. Dyakonov T.A., Zhou L., Wan Z., Huang B., Meng Z., Guo X., Alexander H., Moore W.V., Stevenson W.T.K. Synthetic strategies for the preparation of precursor polymers and of microcapsules suitable for cellular entrapment by polyelectrolyte complexation of those polymers. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 381:1997;72-85.
76. Hunkeler D., Prokop A., Powers A., Haralson M., DiMari S., Wang T. A screening of polymers as biomaterials for cell encapsulation. Polym. News. 22:1997;232-240.
77. Prokop A., Hunkeler D., Powers A.C., Whiteesell R.R., Wang T.G. Water soluble polymers for immunoisolation II: evaluation of multicomponent microencapsulation systems. Adv. Polym. Sci. 136:1998;53-73.
78. Prokop A., Hunkeler D., DiMari S., Haralson M.A., Wang T.G. Water soluble polymers for immunoisolation I: complex coacervation and cytotoxicity. Adv. Polym. Sci. 136:1998;1-52.
79. Matthew H.W., Salley S.O., Peterson W.D., Klein M.D. Complex coacervate microcapsules for mammalian cell culture and artificial organ development. Biotechnol. Prog. 9:1993;510-519.
80. Gin H., Dupuy B., Baquey C., Ducassou D., Aubertin J. Agarose encapsulation is islets of Langerhans: reduced toxicity in vitro. J. Microencapsulation. 4:1987;239-242.
81. Iwata H., Amemiya H., Matsuda T., Takano H., Hayashi R., Akutsu T. Evaluation of microencapsulated islets in agarose gel as bioartificial pancreas by studies of hormone secretion in culture and by xenotransplantation. Diabetes. 38:1989;224-225.
82. Wong H., Chang T.M.S. A novel two step procedure for immobilizing living cells in microcapsules for improving xenograft survival. Biomater. Artif. Cells Immobilization Technol. 19:1991;687-697.
83. Iwata H., Takagi T., Yamashita K., Kobayashi K., Amemiya H. Allograft of microencapsulated islets in agarose gel in streptozotocin-induced and nonobese diabetic mice. Transplant. Proc. 24:1992;997.
84. Aomatsu Y., Iwata H., Takagi T., Amemiya H., Nakajima Y., Haneiro H., Hisanaga M., Fukuoka T., Nakano H. Microencapsulated islets in agarose gel as bioartificial pancreas for discordant xenotransplantation. Transplant. Proc. 24:1992;2922-2923.
85. Iwata H., Takagi T., Amemiya H. Agarose microcapsule applied in islet xenografts (hamster to mouse). Transplant. Proc. 24:1992;952.
86. Aomatsu Y., Nakajima Y., Iwata H., Takagi T., Amemiya H., Kanehiro H., Hisanaga M., Fukuoka T., Kido K., et al. Indefinite graft survival of discordant islet xenografts in the NOD mouse with agarose microencapsulation and 15-deoxyspergualin. Transplant. Proc. 26:1994;805-806.
87. Iwata H., Kobayashi K., Takagi T., Oka T., Yang H., Amemiya H., Tsuji T., Ito F. Feasibility of agarose microbeads with xenogeneic islets as a bioartificial pancreas. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 28:1994;1003-1011.
88. Iwata H., Takagi T., Kobayashi K., Oka T., Tsuji T., Ito F. Strategy for developing microbeads applicable to islet xenotransplantation into a spontaneous diabetic NOD mouse. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 28:1994;1201-1207.
89. Tun T., et al. A newly developed three-layer agarose microcapsules for promising biohybrid artificial pancreas: rat to mouse xenotransplantation. Cell Transplant. 5:1996;S59-S63.
90. Jain K., et al. Retrievable, replaceable, macroencapsulated pancreatic islet xenografts. Transplantation. 59:1995;319-324.
91. Sefton M.V., Dawson R.M., Brougton R.L., Blysniuk J., Sugamori M.E. Microencapsulation of mammalian cells in a water-insoluble polyacrylate by coextrusion and interfacial precipitation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 29:1987;1135-1143.
92. Stevenson W.T.K., Evangelista R.A., Sugamori M.E., Sefton M.V. Microencapsulation of mammalian cells in a hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer; preliminary development. Biomater. Artif. Cells Artif. Organs. 16:1988;747-769.
93. Crooks C.A., Dougles J.A., Broughton R.L., Sefton M.V. Microencapsulation of mammalian cells in a HEMA-MMA copolymer: effects on capsule morphology and permeability. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 24:1990;1242-1262.
94. Uludag H., Horvath V., Black J., Sefton M.V. Viability and protein secretion from human hepatoma (HepG2) cells encapsulated in 400-mm polyacrylate microcapsules by submerged nozzle-liquid jet extrusion. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44:1994;1199-1204.
95. Uludag H., Sefton M.V. Metabolic activity and proliferation of CHO cells in hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate microcapsules. Cell Transplant. 2:1993;175-182.
96. Uludag H., Sefton M.V. HEMA-MMA microencapsulated human hepatoma (HepG2) cells: in vitro growth and protein secretion. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 27:1993;1213-1224.
97. Morikawa N., Iwata H., Matsuda S., Miyazaki J.-I., Ikada Y. Encapsulation of mammalian cells into synthetic membranes using least toxic solvents. J. Biomater. Sci. 8:1997;575-586.
98. Campioni E.G., Nobrega J.N., Sefton M.V. HEMA/MMA microcapsule implants in hemiparkinsonian rat brain: biocompatibility assessment using [3H]PK11195 as a marker for gliosis. Biomaterials. 19:1998;829-837.
99. Dupuy B., Gin H., Baquey C., Ducassou D. In situ polymerization of a microencapsulating medium round living cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 22:1988;1061-1070.
100. Dupuy B., Cadic C., Gin H., Baquey C., Dufy B., Ducassou D. Microencapsulation of isolated pituitary cells by polyacrylamide microlatex coagulation on agarose beads. Biomaterials. 12:1991;493-496.
101. Cadic C., Baquey C., Dupuy B. Inverted microcarriers for cell cultures made by polymerization of shells around agarose microspheres in a non-toxic procedure. Polym. J. 23:1991;933-937.
102. Calleman C.J. The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of acrylamide: Implications for mechanisms of toxicity and human risk estimation. Drug Metab. Rev. 28:1996;527-590.
103. Hansen L.K., Hsiao C.-C., Friend J.R., Wu F.J., Bridge G.A., Remmel R.P., Cerra F.B., Hu W.-S. Enhanced morphology and function in hepatocyte spheroids: a model of tissue self-assembly. Tissue Eng. 4:1998;65-74.
104. Zekorn T., Siebers U., Horcher A., Schnettler R., Zimmerman U., Bretzel R.G., Federlin K. Alginate coating of islets of Langerhans: on vitro studies on a new method for microencapsulation for immuno-isolated transplantation. Acta Diabetol. 29:1992;41-45.
105. May M.H., Sefton M.V. Conformal coating of small particles and cell aggregates at a liquid-liquid interface. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 875:1999;126-134.
106. Sawhney A.S., Pathak C.P., Hubbell J.A. Modification of Islets of Langerhans surfaces with immunoprotective poly(ethylene glycol) coatings via interfacial photopolymerization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44:1994;383-383.
107. Hill R.S., et al. Immunoisolation of adult porcine islets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The use of photopolymerizable polyethylene glycol in the conformal coating of mass-isolated porcine islets. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 831:1997;332-343.
108. Aebischer P., Wahlberg L., Tresco P.A., Winn S.R. Macroencapsulation of dopamine-secreting cells by coextrusion with an organic polymer solution. Biomaterials. 12:1991;50-56.
109. Grillo R.S., Spink D.A. Experiments with tissue homografts enclosed in diffusion chambers. Oncology. 22:1968;227-239.
110. Jankovic B.D., Leskowitz S. Restoration of antibody producing capacity in bursectomized chickens by bursal grafts in Millipore chambers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 118:1965;1164-1166.
111. St. Pierre R.L., Ackerman G.A. Bursa of Fabricus in chickens: possible humoral factor. Science. 147:1965;1307-1308.
112. Dent P.B., Perey Y.E., Cooper M.D., Good R.A. Nonspecific stimulation of antibody production in surgically bursectomized chickens by bursa-containing diffusion chambers. J. Immunol. 101:1968;799-805.
113. Bellamkonda R., Aebischer P. Review: tissue engineering in the nervous system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 43:1994;543-554.
114. L.G. Cima, R. Langer, Engineering human tissue, Chem. Eng. Prog. June (1993) 46-54.
115. Emerich D.F., Winn S.R., Christenson L., Palmatier M.A., Gentile F.T., Sanberg P.R. A novel approach to neural transplantation in Parkinson's disease: use of polymer-encapsulated cell therapy. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 16:1992;437-447.
116. Ezzell C. Tissue engineering and the human body shop: encapsulated-cell transplants enter the clinic. J. NIH Res. 7:1995;47-51.
117. Galletti P.M., Aebischer P., Lysaght M.J. The dawn of biotechnology in artificial organs. ASAIO J. 41:1995;49-57.
118. Hubbell J.A. Biomaterials in tissue engineering. Biotechnology. 13:1995;565-576.
119. Langer R., Vacanti J.P. Tissue engineering. Science. 260:1993;920-926.
120. R.P. Lanza, W.L. Chick, Encapsulated cell therapy, Sci. Am. Sci. Med. July-Aug. (1995) 16-25.
121. Lanza R.P., Hayes J.L., Chick W.L. Encapsulated cell technology. Nat. Biotechnol. 14:1996;1107-1111.
122. Lysaght M.J., Frydel B., Gentile F., Emerich D., Winn S. Recent progress in immunoisolated cell therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 56:1994;196-203.
123. Maysinger D., Morinville A. Drug delivery to the nervous system. Trends Biotechnol. 15:1997;410-418.
124. Tresco P.A. Encapsulated cells for sustained neurotransmitter delivery to the central nervous system. J. Control. Release. 28:1994;253-258.
125. Woerly S., Plant G.W., Harvey A.R. Neural tissue engineering: from polymer to biohybrid organs. Biomaterials. 17:1996;301-310.
126. Algire G.H., Weaver J.M., Prehn R.T. Growth of cells in vivo in diffusion chambers: I. Survival of homografts in immunized mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 15:1954;493-507.
127. Schaller R.T., Stevenson J.K. Reversal of post-thymectomy wasting syndrome with multiple thymus grafts in diffusion chambers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 124:1967;199-204.
128. Ben-Ishay Z., Sharon S. Macrophages and/or fibroblasts in hematopoietic diffusion chamber cultures. Israeli J. Med. Sci. 13:1977;385-393.
129. Benestad B.H., Rytomaa T. Regulation of maturation rate of mouse granulocytes. Cell Tissue Kinet. 10:1977;461-468.
130. Ecke H., Skibbe G. Formation of new bone in diffusion chambers. Minn. Med. 53:1970;1077-1079.
131. Shimomura Y., Yoneda T., Suzuki F. Osteogenesis by chondrocytes from growth cartilage of rat rib. Calcif. Tissue Res. 19:1975;179-187.
132. Steele A.A., Sensenbrenner L.L., Young M.G. Growth and differentiation of normal and leukemic human bone marrow cells cultured in diffusion chambers. Exp. Hematol. 5:1977;199-210.
133. Weinberg S.R., Stohlman F. Jr. Growth of mouse yolk sac cells cultured in vivo. Br. J. Haematol. 32:1976;543-555.
134. Biggart J.D. The influence of thymus grafts in diffusion chambers on the immunological system of neonatally thymectomized rats. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 47:1966;590-593.
135. Kurz L. Propagation and hormone production by human normal and malignant trophoblast in rats. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 109:1971;1049-1057.
136. Osoba D., Miller J.F.A.P. Evidence for a humoral thymus factor responsible for the maturation of immunological faculty. Nature. 199:1963;653-654.
137. Cornain S., Becker S., Klein E. Sensitization of rat T cells to syngeneic tumor cultures by cocultivation in diffusion chambers. Z. Immunitatsforsch. Immunobiol. 153:1977;248-264.
138. Levey R.H., Trainin N., Law L.W. Evidence for function of thymic tissue in diffusion chambers implanted in neonatally thymectomized mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 31:1963;199-217.
139. Gates R.J., Hunt M.I., Smith R., Lazarus N.R. Return to normal of blood-glucose, plasma-insulin and weight gain in New Zealand obese mice after implantation of islets of Langerhans. Lancet. 2:1972;567-570.
140. Gates R.J., Lazarus N.R. Reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by intraperitoneal implantation of encapsulated neonatal rabbit pancreatic tissue. Lancet. 2:1977;1257-1279.
141. Maratos E., Taub R.N., Bramis J. Amelioration of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice by the implantation of pancreatic islets in diffusion chambers. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 43:1976;415-422.
142. Spertzel R.O., Pollard M. Heterotransplanted spleen tissues in diffusion chambers: therapeutic benefits to irradiated mice. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 8:1970;1-12.
143. Stillstrom J. Induction of SV40-tumour immunity by SV40-transformed cells in diffusion chambers. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Microbiol. Immunol. 82B:1974;676-686.
144. Strautz R.L. Studies of hereditary-obese mice (obob) after implantation of pancreatic islets in Millipore filter capsules. Diabetologia. 6:1970;306-312.
145. Finckh E.S. Thin diffusion chambers for in vivo culture and cytological study of tissue. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 47:1969;643-645.
146. Shelton E. Differentiation of mouse thymus cultured in diffusion chambers. Am. J. Anat. 119:1966;341-357.
147. Bartlett G.L., Prehn R.T. An improved design for general purpose diffusion chambers. Transplantation. 7:1969;225-228.
148. Osebold J.W., DiCapua R.A. Cellular immunity of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes in diffusion chambers. J. Bacteriol. 95:1968;2158-2164.
149. Parmiani G., Carbone G., Prehn R.T. In vitro 'spontaneous' neoplastic transformation of mouse fibroblasts in diffusion chambers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 46:1971;261-268.
150. Despommier D.D., Wostmann B.S. Diffusion chambers for inducing immunity to Trichinella spiralis in mice. Exp. Parasitol. 23:1968;228-233.
151. Knazek R.A., Gullino P.M., Kohler P.O., Dedrick R.L. Cell culture on artificial capillaries: an approach to tissue growth in vitro. Science. 178:1972;65-66.
152. Knazek R.A., Kohler P.O., Gullino P.M. Hormone production by cells grown in vitro on artificial capillaries. Exp. Cell Res. 84:1974;251-254.
153. Wolf C.F., Munkelt B.E. Bilirubin conjugation by an artificial liver composed of cultured cells and synthetic capillaries. Trans. ASAIO. 21:1975;16-27.
154. Tze W.J., Wong F.C., Chen L.M., O'Young S. Implantable artificial endocrine pancreas unit used to restore normoglycaemia in the diabetic rat. Nature. 264:1976;466-467.
155. Chick W.L., et al. Artificial pancreas using living beta cells: effects on glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats. Science. 197:1977;780-782.
156. Sun A.M., Parasious W., Healy G.M., Vacek I., Macmorine H. The use, in diabetic rats and monkeys, of artificial capillary units containing cultured islets of Langerhans (artificial endocrine pancreas). Diabetes. 26:1977;1136-1139.
157. Altman J.J., Manoux A., Callard P., Houlbert D., Desplanque N., Bruzzo F., Galletti P.M. Successful pancreatic xenografts using semipermeable membrane. Artif. Organs. 5:1981;776-779.
158. Altman J.J., Houlbert D., Bruzzo F., Desplanque N., Manoux A., Galletti P.M. Implantation of semi-permeable hollow fibers to prevent immune rejection of transplanted pancreatic islets. Islet-Pancreas Transplantation and Artificial Pancreas. 1982;43-45.
159. Aebischer P., Goddard M., Tresco P.A. Cell encapsulation for the nervous system. Goosen M.F.A. Fundamentals of Animal Cell Encapsulation and Immobilization. 1993;CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
160. Winn S.R., Tresco P.A. Hydrogel applications for encapsulated cellular transplants. Flanagan T.R., Emerich D.F., Winn S.R. Methods in Neuroscience. Providing Pharmacological Access to the Brain: Alternate Approaches. Vol. 21:1994;387-402 Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
161. Tresco P.A., Winn S.R., Tan S., Jaeger S.B., Green L.A., Aebischer P. Polymer-encapsulated PC12 cells: long-term survival and associated reduction in lesion-induced rotational behavior. Cell. Transplant. 1:1992;255-264.
162. Emerich D.F., Winn S.R., Harper J., Hammang J.P., Baetge E.E., Kordower J.H. Implants of polymer-encapsulated human NGF-secreting cells in the nonhuman primate: rescue and sprouting of degenerating cholinergic basal forebrain neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 349:1994;148-164.
163. Winn S.R., Hammang J.P., Emerich D.F., Lee A., Palmiter R.D., Baetge E.E. Polymer-encapsulated cells genetically modified to secrete human nerve growth factor promote the survival of axotomized septal cholinergic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;2324-2328.
164. Lindner M.D., et al. Implantation of encapsulated catecholamine and GDNF-producing cells in rats with unilateral dopamine depletions and parkinsonian symptoms. Exp. Neurol. 132:1995;62-76.
165. Aebischer P., Tresco P.A., Winn S.R., Greene L.A., Jaeger C.B. Long-term cross-species brain transplantation of a polymer-encapsulated dopamine-secreting cell line. Exp. Neurol. 111:1991;269-275.
166. Aebischer P., Winn S.R., Tresco P.A., Jaeger C.B., Greene L.A. Transplantation of polymer encapsulated neurotransmitter secreting cells: effect of the encapsulation technique. J. Biomech. Eng. 113:1991;178-183.
167. Aebischer P., Goddard M., Signore A.P., Timpson R.L. Functional recovery in hemiparkinsonian primates transplanted with polymer-encapsulated PC12 cells. Exp. Neurol. 126:1994;151-158.
168. Aebischer P., Buchser E., Joseph J.M., Favre J., de Tribolet N., Lysaght M., Rudnick S., Goddard M. Functional recovery in hemiparkinsonian primates transplanted with polymer-encapsulated PC12 cells. Transplantation. 58:1994;1275-1277.
169. Aebischer P., Kato A.C. Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using a gene therapy approach. Eur. Neurol. 35:1995;65-68.
170. Aebischer P., et al. Intrathecal delivery of CNTF using encapsulated genetically modified xenogeneic cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Nat. Med. 2:1996;696-699.
171. Emerich D.F., McDermott P.E., Krueger P.M., Frydel B., Sanberg P.R., Winn S.R. Polymer-encapsulated PC12 cells promote recovery of motor function in aged rats. Exp. Neurol. 122:1993;37-47.
172. Hymer W.C., Wilbur D.L., Page R., Hibbard E., Kelsey R.C., Hatfield J.M. Pituitary hollow fiber units in vivo and in vitro. Neuroendocrinology. 32:1981;339-349.
173. Winn S.R., Lindner M.D., Lee A., Haggett G., Francis J.M., Emerich D.F. Polymer-encapsulated genetically modified cells continue to secrete human nerve growth factor for over one year in rat ventricles: behavioral and anatomical consequences. Exp. Neurol. 140:1996;126-138.
174. Date I., Ohmoto T., Imaoka T., Ono T., Hammang J.P., Francis J., Greco C., Emerich D.F. Cografting with polymer-encapsulated human nerve growth factor-secreting cells and chromaffin cell survival and behavioral recovery in hemiparkinsonian rats. J. Neurosurg. 84:1996;1006-1012.
175. Schinstine M., Shoichet M.S., Gentile F.T., Hammang J.P., Holland L.M., Cain B.M., Doherty E.J., Winn S.R., Aebischer P. Control of Cell Growth in a Bioartificial Organ With Extracellular Matrix Coated Microcarriers. 1999;CytoTherapeutics. No. 5858747.
176. Aebischer P., Zielinski B.A. Particulate Non Cross-Linked Chitosan Core Matrices For Encapsulated Cells. 1999;Brown University Research Foundation. No. 5871985.
177. Lacy P.E., Hegre O.G., Gerasimidi Vazeou A., Gentile F.T., Dionne K.E. Maintenance of normoglycemia in diabetic mice by subcutaneous xenografts of encapsulated islets. Science. 254:1991;1782-1784.
178. Buchser E., Goddard M., Heyd B., Joseph J.M., Favre J., de Tribolet N., Lysaght M., Aebischer P. Immunoisolated xenogeneic chromaffin cell therapy for chronic pain. Anesthesiology. 85:1996;1005-1012. Discussion 29A-30A.
179. Wu F.J., Friend J.R., Lazar A., Mann H.J., Remmel R.P., Cerra F.B., Hu W.S. Hollow fiber bioartificial liver utilizing collagen-entrapped porcine hepatocyte spheroids. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 52:1996;34-44.
180. Vournakis J.N., Finkielsztein S., Pariser E.R., Helton M. Methods and Compositions for Poly-β-1.fwdarw.4-N-acetylglucosamine Cell Therapy System. 1999;Marine Polymer Technologies. No. 5858350.
181. Hoffman D., Breakefield X.O., Short M.P., Aebischer P. Transplantation of a polymer-encapsulated cell line genetically engineered to release NGF. Exp. Neurol. 122:1993;100-106.
182. Rinsch C., Regulier E., Deglon N., Dalle B., Beuzard Y., Aebischer P. A gene therapy approach to regulated delivery of erythropoietin as a function of oxygen tension. Hum. Gene Ther. 8:1997;1881-1889.
183. Baetge E.E., Hammang J.P., Gentile F.T., Lindner M.D., Winn S.R., Emerich
184. Dionne K.E., Hegre O.D., Flanagan T.R., Hazlett T.F., Doherty E.J. Inner-Supported, Biocompatible Cell Capsules. 1998;CytoTherapeutics. No. 5786216.
185. Dionne K.E., Hegre O.D., Flanagan T.R., Hazlett T.F., Doherty E.J. Inner Supported Biocompatible Cell Capsules. 1998;CytoTherapeutics. No. 5773286.
186. Butler M.D., Davidson D.F., Mish S.L., Moore J.W. Implantable Containment Apparatus for a Therapeutical Device and Method for loading and Reloading the Device Therein. 1998;Gore Hybrid Technologies. No. 5843069.
187. Heuenfeldt S., Brauker J., Clarke R. Ported Tissue Implant Systems and Methods for Using Same. 1998;Baxter International. No. 5733336.
188. Winn S.R., Wahlberg L., Tresco P.A., Aebischer P. An encapsulated dopamine-releasing polymer alleviates experimental parkinsonism in rats. Exp. Neurol. 105:1989;244-250.
189. Butler M.D., Drumheller P.D., Mish S.L. Cell Encapsulation Device. 1999;Gore Hybrid Technologies. No. 5902745.
190. Butler M.D., Mish S.L. Method for Loading and Reloading a Therapeutical Device in a Vascularized Implantable Containment Apparatus. 1998;Gore Hybrid Technologies. No. 5787900.
191. Butler M.D., Davidson D.F., Mish S.L. Method of Making an Implantable Containment Apparatus for a Therapeutical Device. 1999;Gore Hybrid Technologies. No. 5913998.
192. Peterson K.P., Peterson C.M., Pope E.J.A. Silica sol-gel encapsulation of pancreatic islets. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 218:1998;365-369.
193. Shimizu S., et al. In vitro studies on a new method for islet microencapsulation using a thermoreversible gelation polymer, N-isopropylacrylamide-based copolymer. Artif. Organs. 20:1996;1232-1237.
194. Hisano N., Morikawa N., Iwata H., Ikada Y. Entrapment of islets into reversible disulfide hydrogels. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 40:1998;115-123.
195. Inoue T., Chen G., Nakamae K., Hoffman A.S. Temperature sensitivity of a hydrogel network containing different LCST oligomers grafted to the hydrogel backbone. Polym. Gels Net. 5:1997;561-575.
196. Pollok J.M., Ibarra C., Vacanti J.P. Immunoisolation of xenogeneic islets using a living tissue engineered cartilage barrier. Transplant. Proc. 29:1997;2131-2133.
197. Pollok J.M., Ibarra C., Vacanti J.P. A new method of xenotransplantation using autologous cartilage as an immunoisolation barrier for the transplantation of xenogeneic islets of Langerhans. Transplant. Proc. 29:1997;909-911.
198. Korbutt G.S., Elliott J.F., Rajotte R.V. Cotransplantation of allogeneic islets with allogeneic testicular cell aggregates allows long-term graft survival without systemic immunosuppression. Diabetes. 46:1997;317-322.
199. Selawry H.P., Cameron D.F. Sertoli cell-enriched fractions in successful islet cell transplantation. Cell Transplant. 2:1993;123-129.
200. Li R.H. Materials for immunoisolated cell transplantation. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 33:1998;87-109.
201. Picciolo G.L., Hellman K.B., Johnson P.C. Tissue engineered medical products standards: the time is ripe. Tissue Eng. 4:1998;5-7.
202. Martinson A., Storro I., Skjak-Braek G. Alginate as immobilization materials: III. Diffusional properties. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 39:1992;186-194.
203. Kwok W.Y., Kiparissides C., Yuet P., Harris T.J., Goosen M.F.A. Mathematical modeling of protein diffusion in microcapsules: a comparison with experimental results. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 69:1991;361-370.
204. Brissova M., Lacik I., Powers A.C., Anilkumar A.V., Wang T. Control and measurement of permeability for design of microcapsule cell delivery system. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 39:1998;61-70.
205. Crooks C.A., Dougles J.A., Broughton R.L., Sefton M.V. Microencapsulation of mammalian cells in a HEMA-MMA copolymer: effects on capsule morphology and permeability. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 24:1990;1241-1262.
206. Prokop A., Hunkeler D., Powers A.C., Whitesell R.R., Wang T.G. Water soluble polymers for immunoisolation II: evaluation of multicomponent microencapsulation systems. Adv. Polym. Sci. 136:1998;53-73.
207. Lee C.-S., Chu I.M. Characterization of modified alginate-poly-L-lysine microcapsules. Artif. Organs. 21:1997;1002-1006.
208. Uludag H., Hwang J., Sefton M.V. Microencapsulated human hepatoma (HepG2) cells: capsule-to-capsule variations in protein secretion and permeability. J. Control. Release. 33:1995;273-283.
209. Coromili V., Chang T.M.S. Polydisperse dextran as a diffusing test solute to study the membrane permeability of alginate polylysine microcapsules. Biomater. Artif. Cells Immobilization Biotechnol. 21:1993;427-444.
210. Brissova M., Petro M., Lacik I., Powers A.C., Wang T. Evaluation of microcapsule permeability via inverse size exclusion chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 242:1996;104-111.
211. Vandenbossche G.M.R., van Oostveldt P., Demeester J., Remon J.-P. The molecular weight cut-off of microcapsules is determined by the reaction between alginate and polylysine. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42:1993;381-386.
212. Halle J.-P., et al. Protection of islets of Langerhans from antibodies by microencapsulation with alginate-poly-L-lysine membranes. Transplantation. 55:1993;350-354.
213. Halle J.-P., Leblond F.A., Landry D., Fournier A., Chevalier S. Studies of 300-mm microcapsules: I. Use of arginine esterase release by microencapsulated prostatic cells as a measure of membrane permeability. Transplant. Proc. 24:1992;2930-2932.
214. Uludag H., Sefton M.V. Microencapsulated human hepatoma (HepG2) cells: in vitro growth and protein release. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 27:1993;1213-1224.
215. Tse M., Uludag H., Sefton M.V., Chang P.L. Secretion of recombinant proteins from hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate capsules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 51:1996;271-280.
216. Awrey D.E., Tse M., Hortelano G., Chang P.L. Permeability of alginate microcapsules to secretory recombinant gene products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 52:1996;472-484.
217. Boyd R.F., Lopez M., Stephens C.L., Velez G.M., Ramirez C.A., Zydney A.L. Solute washout experiments for characterizing mass transport in hollow fiber immunoisolation membranes. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 26:1998;618-626.
218. Dionne K.E., Cain B.M., Li R.H., Bell W.J., Doherty E.J., Rein D.H., Lysaght M.J., Gentile F.T. Transport characterization of membranes for immunoisolation. Biomaterials. 17:1996;257-266.
219. Shoichet M.S., Winn S.R., Athavale S., Harris J.M., Gentile F.T. Poly(ethylene oxide)-grafted thermoplastic membranes for use as cellular hybrid bio-artificial organs in the central nervous system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 43:1994;563-572.
220. Shoichet M.S., Rein D.H. In vivo biostability of a polymeric hollow fiber membrane for cell encapsulation. Biomaterials. 17:1996;285-290.
221. Jesser C., Kessler L., Lambert A., Belcourt A., Pinget M. Pancreatic islet macroencapsulation: a new device for the evaluation of artificial membrane. Artif. Organs. 20:1996;997-1007.
222. Burczak K., Gamian E., Kochman A. Long-term in vivo performance and biocompatibility of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel macrocapsules for hybrid-type artificial pancreas. Biomaterials. 17:1996;2351-2356.
223. Honiger J., Balladur P., Mariani P., Calmus Y., Vaubourdolle M., Delelo R., Capeau J., Nordlinger B. Permeability and biocompatibility of a new hydrogel used for encapsulation of hepatocytes. Biomaterials. 16:1995;753-759.
224. Iwata H., Morikawa N., Ikada Y. Permeability of filters used for immunoisolation. Tissue Eng. 2:1996;289-298.
225. Kessler L., Aprahamian M., Keipes M., Damge C., Pinget M., Poinsot D. Diffusion properties of an artificial membrane used for Langerhans islets encapsulation: an in vitro test. Biomaterials. 13:1992;44-49.
226. Kessler L., Pinget M., Aprahamian M., Poinsot D., Keipes M., Damge C. Diffusion properties of an artificial membrane used for Langerhans islets encapsulation: interest of an in vitro test. Transplant. Proc. 24:1992;953-954.
227. Kessler L., Legeay G., Jesser C., Damge C., Pinget M. Influence of corona surface treatment on the properties of an artificial membrane used for Langerhans islets encapsulation: permeability and biocompatibility studies. Biomaterials. 16:1995;185-191.
228. Lelli L., Barbani N., Bonaretti A., Giusti P., Marchetti P., Giannarelli R., Navalesi R., Viacava P. Preparation and characterization of permselective, biocompatible membranes for the macroencapsulation of pancreatic islets. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 5:1994;887-890.
229. Soldani G., Giusti P., Marchetti P., Giannarelli R., Di Carlo A., Navalesi R. Polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane (PU-PDMS) tubular membranes for pancreatic islet transplantation, permselectivity and diffusion studies. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 3:1992;371-376.
230. Young T.H., Yao N.K., Chang R.F., Chen L.W. Evaluation of asymmetric poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes for use in artificial islets. Biomaterials. 17:1996;2139-2145.
231. Soon-Shiong P. Treatment of type I diabetes using encapsulated islets. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 35:1999;259-270.
232. Lee C.-S., Chu I.-M. Characterization of modified alginate-poly-L-lysine microcapsules. Artif. Organs. 21:1997;1002-1006.
233. Leblond F.A., Tessier T., Halle J.-P. Quantitative method for the evaluation of biomicrocapsule resistance to mechanical stress. Biomaterials. 17:1996;2097-2102.
234. Peirone M., Ross C.J.D., Hortelano G., Brash J.L., Chang P.L. Encapsulation of various recombinant mammalian cell types in different alginate microcapsules. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 42:1998;587-596.
235. Wang F.F., Wu C.R., Wang Y.J. Preparation and application of poly(vinylamine)/alginate microcapsules to culturing of a mouse erythroleukemia cell line. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40:1992;1115-1118.
236. Kung I.M., Wang F.F., Chang Y.C., Wang Y.J. Surface modification of alginate/poly(L-lysine) microcapsular membranes with poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(vinyl alcohol). Biomaterials. 16:1994;649-655.
237. Hsu Y.-L., Chu I.-M. Poly(ethyleneimine)-reinforced liquid-core capsules for the cultivation of hybridoma cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40:1992;1300-1308.
238. Ma X., Vacek I., Sun A. Generation of alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) biomicrocapsules: the relationship between the membrane strength and the reaction conditions. Artif. Cells Blood Subs. Immobilization Biotechnol. 22:1994;43-69.
239. Lacik I., Brissova M., Anilkumar A.V., Powers A.C., Wang T. New capsule with tailored properties for the encapsulation of living cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 39:1998;52-60.
240. Loudovaris T., Charlton B., Hodgson R.J., Mandel T.E. Destruction of xenografts but not allografts within cell impermeable membranes. Transplant. Proc. 24:1992;2291.
241. Brauker J., Martinson L.A., Young S.K., Johnson R.J. Local inflammatory response around diffusion chambers containing xenografts. Transplantation. 61:1996;1671-1677.
242. Gray D.W.R. Encapsulated islet cells: the role of direct and indirect presentation and the relevance to xenotransplantation and autoimmune recurrence. Br. Med. Bull. 53:1997;777-788.
243. Zekorn T., Siebers U., Bretzel R.J., Renardy M., Planck H., Zschocke P., Federlin K. Protection of islets of Langerhans from interleukin-1 toxicity by artificial membranes. Transplantation. 50:1990;391-394.
244. Cole D.R., Waterfall M., McIntyre M., Baird J.D. Microencapsulated islet grafts in the BB/E rat: a possible role for cytokines in graft failure. Diabetologia. 35:1992;231-237.
245. Darquy S., Pueyo M.E., Capron F., Reach G. Complement activation by alginate-polylysine microcapsules used for islet transplantation. Artif. Organs. 18:1994;898-903.
246. Asghar S.S., Pasch M.C. Complement as a promiscuous signal transduction device. Lab. Invest. 78:1998;1203-1225.
247. Lanza R.P., Jackson R., Sullivan A., Ringeling J., McGrath C., Kuhtreiber W., Chick W.L. Xenotransplantation of cells using biodegradable microcapsules. Transplantation. 67:1999;1105-1111.
248. Iwata H., Morikawa N., Fujii T., Takagi T., Samejima T., Ikada Y. Does immunoisolation need to prevent the passage of antibodies and complements. Transplant. Proc. 27:1995;3224-3226.
249. Hagihara Y., Saitoh Y., Iwata H., Taki T., Hirano S.I., Arita N., Hayakawa T. Transplantation of xenogeneic cells secreting fl-endorphin for pain treatment: analysis of the ability of components of complement to penetrate through polymer capsules. Cell Transplant. 6:1997;527-530.
250. Zekorn T., Endl U., Horcher A., Siebers U., Bratzel R.G., Federlin K. Mixed lymphocyte islet culture for assessment of immunoprotection by islet microencapsulation. Transplant. Proc. 27:1995;3362-3363.
251. Lanza R.P., Kuhtreiber W., Ecker D., Staruk J.E., Chick W.L. Xenotransplantation of porcine and bovine islets without immunosuppression using uncoated alginate microspheres. Transplantation. 59:1995;1377-1384.
252. Williams D.F. Summary and definitions. Progress in Biomedical Engineering: Definition in Biomaterials (4). 1987;66-71 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
253. Rihova B. Biocompatibility of biomaterials: hemocompatibility, immunocompatibility and biocompatibility of solid polymeric materials and soluble targetable polymeric carriers. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 21:1996;157-176.
254. Babensee J.E., Anderson J.M., McIntire L.V., Mikos A.G. Host response to tissue engineered devices. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 33:1998;111-139.
255. Winn S.R., Aebischer P., Galletti P.M. Brain tissue reaction to permselective polymer capsules. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 23:1989;31-44.
256. Brauker J.H., Carr-Brendel V.E., Martinson L.A., Crudele J., Johnston W.D., Johnson R.C. Neovascularization of synthetic membranes directed by membrane microarchitecture. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 29:1995;1517-1524.
257. Padera R.F., Colton C.K. Time course of membrane microarchitecture-driven neovascularization. Biomaterials. 17:1996;277-284.
258. Christenson L., Wahlberg L., Aebischer P. Mast cells and tissue reaction to intraperitoneally implanted polymer capsules. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 25:1991;1119-1131.
259. Lanza R.P., Chick W.L. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents Inhibition of Fibrotic Response to an Implanted Device. 1999;Biohybrid Technologies. No. 5891477.
260. Shimi S.M., Hopwood D., Newman E.L., Cuschieri A. Microencapsulation of human cells: its effect on growth of normal and tumor cells in vitro. Br. J. Cancer. 63:1991;675-680.
261. Chang P.L., Hortelano G., Tse M., Awrey D.E. Growth of recombinant fibroblasts in alginate microcapsules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 43:1994;925-933.
262. Rabinovitch A., Suarez-Pinzon W.L., Strynadka K., Lakey J.R., Rajotte R.V. Human pancreatic islet beta-cell destruction by cytokines involves oxygen free radicals and aldehyde production. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:1996;3197-3202.
263. Rabinovitch A. An update on cytokines in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diab.-Metab. Rev. 14:1998;129-151.
264. Hunt J.A., McLaughlin P.J., Flanagan B.F. Techniques to investigate cellular and molecular interactions in the host response to implanted biomaterials. Biomaterials. 18:1997;1449-1459.
265. Yourtee D.M., Tong P.Y., Eick J.D., Zhuang W.C., Cobb C., Bean T.A., Kostoryz E.L. In situ hybridization test for TNF-alpha: a simplified approach to confirming induction of the cytokine by biomaterials. In Vitro Toxicol. 10:1997;245-251.
266. Ung D.Y., Woodhouse K.A., Sefton M.V. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFa) production by rat peritoneal macrophages is not polyacrylate surface chemistry dependent. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 46:1999;324-330.
267. Kulseng B., Skjak-Braek G., Folling I., Espevik T. TNF production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in diabetic patients after stimulation with alginate and lipopolysaccaride. Scand. J. Immunol. 43:1996;335-340.
268. Pariseau R., Leblond F.A., Harel F., Lepage Y., Helle J.P. The rat epididymal fat pad as an implantation site for the study of microcapsule biocompatibility. Validation of the method. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 29:1995;1331-1335.
269. Cardona M.A., Simmons R.L., Kaplan S.S. TNF and IL1 generation by human monocytes in response to biomaterials. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 26:1992;851-859.
270. Katou F., Ohtani H., Nagura H., Motegi K. Procollagen-positive fibroblasts predominantly express fibrotic growth factors and their receptors in human encapsulation process against foreign body. J. Pathol. 186:1998;201-208.
271. Robitaille R., Leblond F.A., Henley N., Prud'homme G., Drobetsky E., Halle J.-P. Alginate-poly-L-lysine microcapsule biocompatibility: a novel RT-PCR method for cytokine gene expression analysis in pericapsular infiltrates. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 45:1999;223-230.
272. Geller R.L., Loudovaris T., Neuenfeldt S., Johnson R.C., Brauker J.H. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 831:1997;438-451.
273. De Vos P., Hillebrands J.-L., de Haan B., Strubbe J.H., Schilfgaarde R. Efficacy of prevascularized expanded polytetrafluoroethylene solid support system as a transplantation site for pancreatic islets. Transplantation. 63:1997;824-830.
274. Vernon B., Kim S.W., Bae Y.H. Insulin release from islets of Langerhans entrapped in a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) polymer gel. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 10:1999;183-198.
275. Shakesheff K.M., Cannizzaro S.M., Langer R. Creating biomimetic micro-environments with synthetic polymer-peptide hybrid molecules. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 9:1998;507-518.
276. Wang T., Lacik I., Brissova M., Anilkumar A.V., Prokop A., Hunkeler D., Green R., Shahrokhi K., Powers A.C. An encapsulation system for the immunoisolation of pancreatic islets. Nat. Biotechnol. 15:1997;358-362.