Risk, diagnostic error, and the clinical science of consciousness

NeuroImage: Clinical

Volumn 7, Issue , 2015, Pages 588-597

  Peterson, Andrew ^a,b   Cruse, Damian ^a   Naci, Lorina ^a   Weijer, Charles ^a,b   Owen, Adrian M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b WESTERN UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Active paradigm; Brain injury; Disorders of consciousness; Ethics; Mental imagery; Minimally conscious state; Neuroethics; Neurology; Statistical methods; Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome; Vegetative state

Indexed keywords

BRAIN INJURY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONSCIOUSNESS; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH ELECTRODE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FAMILY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LIFE SUSTAINING TREATMENT; NEUROSCIENCE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCANNER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDERS; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PROCEDURES;

CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FALSE NEGATIVE REACTIONS; FALSE POSITIVE REACTIONS; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; RISK;

EID: 84924186615     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22131582     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.02.008     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Andrews K. Misdiagnosis of the vegetative state: retrospective study in a rehabilitation unit BMJ 313 7048 1996 13 16 10.1136/bmj.313.7048.13 8664760
2. Bardin J.C. Dissociations between behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging-based evaluations of cognitive function after brain injury Brain 134 3 2011 769 782 10.1093/brain/awr005 21354974
3. Bardin J.C. Pattern classification of volitional functional magnetic resonance imaging responses in patients with severe brain injury Arch. Neurol. 69 2 2012 176 181 10.1001/archneurol.2011.892 22332186
4. Bayne T., and Hohwy J. Global disorders of consciousness WIREs Cogn Sci 5 2 2014 129 138 10.1002/wcs.1270
5. Bennett C.M. Neural correlates of interspecies perspective taking in the post-mortem Atlantic salmon: an argument for proper multiple comparisons correction Journal Serendipitous and Unexpected Results 1 2010 1 5
6. Biddle J. State of the field: transient underdetermination and values in science Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. A 44 1 2013 124 133 10.1016/j.shpsa.2012.09.003
7. Boly M. When thoughts become action: an fMRI paradigm to study volitional brain activity in non-communicative brain injured patients Neuroimage 36 3 2007 979 992 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.047 17509898
8. Boly M. Perception of pain in the minimally conscious state with PET activation: an observational study Lancet Neurol. 7 11 2008 1013 1020 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70219-9 18835749
9. Bruno M.A. From unresponsive wakefulness to minimally conscious PLUS and functional locked-in syndromes: recent advances in our understanding of disorders of consciousness J. Neurol. 258 7 2011 1373 1384 10.1007/s00415-011-6114-x 21674197
10. Bruno M.A. Coma and disorders of consciousness Handb. Clin. Neurol. 118 2013 205 213
11. Bruno M.A. Functional neuroanatomy underlying the clinical subcategorization of minimally conscious state patients J. Neurol. 259 6 2012 1087 1098 10.1007/s00415-011-6303-7 22081100
12. Candelieri A. Visual pursuit: within-day variability in the severe disorder of consciousness J. Neurotrauma 28 10 2011 2013 2017 10.1089/neu.2011.1885 21770758
13. Childs N.L. Accuracy of diagnosis of persistent vegetative state Neurology 43 8 1993 1465 1467 10.1212/WNL.43.8.1465 8350997
14. Coleman M.R. Towards the routine use of brain imaging to aid the clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness Brain 132 9 2009 2541 2552 10.1093/brain/awp183 19710182
15. Cruse D. Bedside detection of awareness in the vegetative state: a cohort study Lancet 378 9809 2011 2088 2094 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61224-5 22078855
16. Cruse D. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state: electroencephalographic evidence for attempted movements to command P.L.O.S. ONE 7 11 2012 e49933 10.1371/journal.pone.0049933 23185489
17. Cruse D. Relationship between etiology and covert cognition in the minimally conscious state Neurology 78 11 2012 816 822 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318249f764 22377810
18. Cruse D. Reanalysis of "Bedside detection of awareness in the vegetative state: a cohort study" - Authors Lancet 381 9863 2013 291 292 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60126-9 23351803
19. Cruse D. The reliability of the N400 in single subjects: implications for patients with disorders of consciousness Neuroimage Clin. 4 2014 788 799 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.001 24936429
20. Cruse D. Lies, damned lies and diagnoses: estimating the clinical utility of assessments of covert awareness in the vegetative state Brain Inj. 28 9 2014 1197 1201 10.3109/02699052.2014.920517 24911058
21. Cuthbertson v. Rasouli, (2013). S.C.C. 53, (2013) 3 S.C.R. 341
22. Demertzi A. Different beliefs about pain perception in the vegetative and minimally conscious states: a European survey of medical and paramedical professionals Prog. Brain Res. 177 2009 329 338 10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17722-1 19818911
23. Demertzi A. Attitudes towards end-of-life issues in disorders of consciousness: a European survey J. Neurol. 258 6 2011 1058 1065 10.1007/s00415-010-5882-z 21221625
24. Demertzi A. Consciousness supporting networks Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23 2 2013 239 244 10.1016/j.conb.2012.12.003 23273731
25. Demertzi A. Pain perception in disorders of consciousness: neuroscience, clinical care, and ethics in dialogue Neuroethics 6 1 2013 37 50 10.1007/s12152-011-9149-x
26. Demertzi A. Multiple fMRI system-level baseline connectivity is disrupted in patients with consciousness alterations Cortex 52 2014 35 46 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.11.005 24480455
27. Demertzi A., and Laureys S. Detecting levels of consciousness Handbook of Neuroethics 2014 Springer Netherlands 665 677
28. Douglas H. Inductive risk and values in science Philos. Sci. 67 4 2000 559 579 10.1086/392855
29. Fernández-Espejo D. A role for the default mode network in the bases of disorders of consciousness Ann. Neurol. 72 3 2012 335 343 10.1002/ana.23635 23034909
30. Fernández-Espejo D., and Owen A.M. Detecting awareness after severe brain injury Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14 11 2013 801 809 10.1038/nrn3608 24088810
31. Fins J.J. Constructing an ethical stereotaxy for severe brain injury: balancing risks, benefits and access Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4 4 2003 323 327 10.1038/nrn1079 12671648
32. Fins J.J. Wait, wait... Don't tell me: tuning in the injured brain Arch. Neurol. 69 2 2012 158 160 10.1001/archneurol.2011.1211 22332185
33. Forgacs P.B. Preservation of Electroencephalographic Organization in patients with impaired consciousness and imaging-based evidence of command-following Ann. Neurol. 76 6 2014 869 879 10.1002/ana.24283 25270034
34. Giacino J.T. The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria Neurology 58 3 2002 349 353 10.1212/WNL.58.3.349 11839831
35. Giacino J.T. The JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85 12 2004 2020 2029 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.02.033 15605342
36. Giacino J.T. Behavioral assessment in patients with disorders of consciousness: gold standard or fool's gold? Prog. Brain Res. 177 2009 33 48 10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17704-X 19818893
37. Giacino J.T. Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: the state of the science Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10 2 2014 99 114 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.279 24468878
38. Gibson R.M. Multiple tasks and neuroimaging modalities increase the likelihood of detecting covert awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8 2014 950 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00950 25505400
39. Gofton T.E. Functional MRI study of the primary somatosensory cortex in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest Exp. Neurol. 217 2 2009 320 327 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.011 19306870
40. Goldfine A.M. Determination of awareness in patients with severe brain injury using EEG power spectral analysis Clin. Neurophysiol. 122 11 2011 2157 2168 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.03.022 21514214
41. Goldfine A.M. Reanalysis of "Bedside detection of awareness in the vegetative state: a cohort study" Lancet 381 9863 2013 289 291 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60125-7 23351802
42. Graham M. Acknowledging awareness: informing families of individual research results for patients in the vegetative state J. Med. Ethics 2014 2014 10.1136/medethics-2014-102078 25079068
43. Guger C. How many people are able to operate an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI)? IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 11 2 2003 145 147 10.1109/TNSRE.2003.814481 12899258
44. Hempel C.G. Science and human values Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science 1965 Free Press New York 81 96
45. Jennett B., and Plum F. Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. A syndrome in search of a name Lancet 1 7753 1972 734 737 4111204
46. Jox R.J. Disorders of consciousness: responding to requests for novel diagnostic and therapeutic interventions Lancet Neurol. 11 8 2012 732 738 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70154-0 22814543
47. Jox R.J. Diagnosis and decision making for patients with disorders of consciousness: a survey among family members Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 96 2 2015 323 330 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.030 25449192
48. Kitzinger J., and Kitzinger C. The "window of opportunity" for death after severe brain injury: family experiences Sociol. Health Illn. 35 7 2013 1095 1112 10.1111/1467-9566.12020 23278317
49. Kuehlmeyer K. How family caregivers' medical and moral assumptions influence decision making for patients in the vegetative state: a qualitative interview study J. Med. Ethics 2012 2012 10.1136/medethics-2011-100373 22375077
50. Laudan L. Demystifying underdetermination Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 14 1990 267 297
51. Laudan L., and Leplin J. Empirical equivalence and underdetermination J. Philos. 88 9 1991 449 472 10.2307/2026601
52. Laureys S. Cortical processing of noxious somatosensory stimuli in the persistent vegetative state Neuroimage 17 2 2002 732 741 10.1006/nimg.2002.1236 12377148
53. Laureys S. Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders Lancet Neurol. 3 9 2004 537 546 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00852-X 15324722
54. Laureys S. Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a new name for the vegetative state or apallic syndrome B.M.C. Med. 8 2010 68 10.1186/1741-7015-8-68 21040571
55. Laureys S., and Schiff N.D. Coma and consciousness: paradigms (re) framed by neuroimaging Neuroimage 61 2 2012 478 491 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.041 22227888
56. Longino H.E. The Fate of Knowledge 2002 Princeton University Press New Jersey
57. Lulé D. Probing command following in patients with disorders of consciousness using a brain-computer interface Clin. Neurophysiol. 124 1 2013 101 106 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.04.030 22920562
58. Maris E. Randomization tests for ERP topographies and whole spatiotemporal data matrices Psychophysiology 41 1 2004 142 151 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2003.00139.x 14693009
59. Maris E., and Oostenveld R. Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data J. Neurosci. Methods 164 1 2007 177 190 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024 17517438
60. McQuillen M.P. Can people who are unconscious or in the "vegetative state" perceive pain? Issues Law Med. 6 4 1991 373 383 2037461
61. Monti M.M. Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness N. Engl. J. Med. 362 7 2010 579 589 10.1056/NEJMoa0905370 20130250
62. Monti M.M. Thalamo-frontal connectivity mediates top-down cognitive functions in disorders of consciousness Neurol. 2015 2014 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001123 25480912
63. Monti M.M., Pickard J.D., and Owen A.M. Visual cognition in disorders of consciousness: from V1 to top-down attention Hum. Brain Mapp. 34 6 2013 1245 1253 10.1002/hbm.21507 22287214
64. Multi-Society Task Force on PVS Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state N. Engl. J. Med. 330 21 1994 1499 1508 10.1056/NEJM199405263302107
65. Nachev P., and Husain M. Comment on "Detecting awareness in the vegetative state" Science 315 5816 2007 1221 10.1126/science.1135096 17332394
66. Naci L. Brain-computer interfaces for communication with nonresponsive patients Ann. Neurol. 72 3 2012 312 323 10.1002/ana.23656 23034907
67. Naci L. The brain's silent messenger: using selective attention to decode human thought for brain-based communication J. Neurosci. 33 22 2013 9385 9393 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5577-12.2013 23719806
68. Naci L., and Owen A.M. Making every word count for nonresponsive patients J.A.M.A. Neurol. 70 10 2013 1235 1241 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3686 23939634
69. Noirhomme Q. Biased binomial assessment of cross-validated estimation of classification accuracies illustrated in diagnosis predictions Neuroimage Clin 4 2014 687 694 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.04.004 24936420
70. Norton J.D. Must evidence underdetermine theory The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice: Science and Values Revisited 2008 University of Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh 17 44
71. Norton L. Disruptions of functional connectivity in the default mode network of comatose patients Neurology 78 3 2012 175 181 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823fcd61 22218274
72. Owen A.M. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state Science 313 5792 2006 1402 10.1126/science.1130197 16959998
73. Owen A.M. Response to comments on "Detecting awareness in the vegetative state" Science 315 5816 2007 1221 10.1126/science.1135583
74. Owen A.M. Detecting consciousness: a unique role for neuroimaging Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64 2013 109 133 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143729 23043305
75. Plum, F., Posner, J.B., The diagnosis of stupor and coma. Vol. 19 (1982). Oxford University Press, New York
76. Rudner R. The scientist qua scientist makes value judgments Philos. Sci. 20 1 1953 1 6 10.1086/287231
77. Schaefer R.S. Name that tune: decoding music from the listening brain Neuroimage 56 2 2011 843 849 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.084 20541612
78. Schnakers C. Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state: clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment B.M.C. Neurol. 9 2009 35 10.1186/1471-2377-9-35 19622138
79. Schnakers C., and Zasler N.D. Pain assessment and management in disorders of consciousness Curr. Opin. Neurol. 20 6 2007 620 626 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3282f169d9 17992079
80. Shea N., and Bayne T. The vegetative state and the science of consciousness Br. J. Philos. Sci. 61 3 2010 459 484 10.1093/bjps/axp046 22654125
81. Shiel A. The Wessex head injury matrix (WHIM) main scale: a preliminary report on a scale to assess and monitor patient recovery after severe head injury Clin. Rehabil. 14 4 2010 408 416 10.1191/0269215500cr326oa 10945425
82. Soddu A. Identifying the default-mode component in spatial IC analyses of patients with disorders of consciousness Hum. Brain Mapp. 33 4 2012 778 796 10.1002/hbm.21249 21484953
83. Stender J. Diagnostic precision of PET imaging and functional MRI in disorders of consciousness: a clinical validation study Lancet 384 9942 2014 514 522 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60042-8 24746174
84. Teasdale G., and Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale Lancet 2 7872 1974 81 84 4136544
85. Seel R.T. Assessment scales for disorders of consciousness: evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice and research Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 91 12 2010 1795 1813 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.218 21112421
86. Tresch D.D. Patients in a persistent vegetative state attitudes and reactions of family members J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 39 1 1991 17 21 1987252
87. Turgeon A.F. Mortality associated with withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a Canadian multicentre cohort study CMAJ 183 14 2011 1581 1588 10.1503/cmaj.101786 21876014
88. Vanhaudenhuyse A. Default network connectivity reflects the level of consciousness in non-communicative brain-damaged patients Brain 133 1 2010 161 171 10.1093/brain/awp313 20034928
89. Vanhaudenhuyse A. Two distinct neuronal networks mediate the awareness of environment and of self J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23 3 2011 570 578 10.1162/jocn.2010.21488 20515407
90. Young G.B. Coma Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1157 2009 32 47 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04471.x 19351354
91. Young G.B. Neurologic prognosis after cardiac arrest N. Engl. J. Med. 361 6 2009 605 611 10.1056/NEJMcp0903466