Behavioral assessment in patients with disorders of consciousness: gold standard or fool's gold?

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 177, Issue C, 2009, Pages 33-48

  Giacino, Joseph T ^a,b   Schnakers, Caroline ^c   Rodriguez Moreno, Diana ^d   Kalmar, Kathy ^a   Schiff, Nicholas ^e   Hirsch, Joy ^d  

^a JFK JOHNSON REHABILITATION INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b New Jersey Neuroscience Institute   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^d Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^e WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

assessment scales; brain injury; disorders of consciousness; minimally conscious state; rehabilitation; vegetative state

Indexed keywords

ADULT; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN DEATH; CASE REPORT; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMA; CONSCIOUSNESS; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; LOCKED IN SYNDROME; MALE; MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS STATE; NEUROIMAGING; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; CLASSIFICATION; CONVALESCENCE; HOSPITALIZATION; METHODOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

AROUSAL; AWARENESS; BEHAVIOR; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDERS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 73949122654     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17704-X     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Recommendations for use of uniform nomenclature pertinent to patients with severe alterations of consciousness. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 76 (1995) 205-209
2. Andrews K., Murphy L., Munday R., and Littlewood C. Misdiagnosis of the vegetative state: Retrospective study in a rehabilitation unit. British Medical Journal 313 7048 (1996) 13-16
3. Bauer G., Gerstenbrand F., and Rumpl E. Varieties of the locked-in syndrome. Journal of Neurology 221 2 (1979) 77-91
4. Bekinschtein T., Niklison J., Sigman L., Manes F., Leiguarda R., Armony J., et al. Emotion processing in the minimally conscious state. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 75 5 (2004) 788
5. Boly M., Faymonville M.E., Peigneux P., Lambermont B., Damas P., Del Fiore G., et al. Auditory processing in severely brain injured patients: Differences between the minimally conscious state and the persistent vegetative state. Archives of Neurology 61 2 (2004) 233-238
6. Boly M., Faymonville M.E., Peigneux P., Lambermont B., Damas F., Luxen A., et al. Cerebral processing of auditory and noxious stimuli in severely brain injured patients: Differences between VS and MCS. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 15 3-4 (2005) 283-289
7. Boly M., Faymonville M.E., Schnakers C., Peigneux P., Lambermont B., Phillips C., et al. Perception of pain in the minimally conscious state with PET activation: An observational study. Lancet Neurology 7 11 (2008) 1013-1020
8. Childs N.L., and Mercer W.N. Late improvement in consciousness after post-traumatic vegetative state. The New England Journal of Medicine 334 1 (1996) 24-25
9. Childs N.L., Mercer W.N., and Childs H.W. Accuracy of diagnosis of persistent vegetative state. Neurology 43 8 (1993) 1465-1467
10. Choi S.C., Barnes T.Y., Bullock R., Germanson T.A., Marmarou A., and Young H.F. Temporal profile of outcomes in severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 81 2 (1994) 169-173
11. Coleman M.R., Rodd J.M., Davis M.H., Johnsrude I.S., Menon D.K., Pickard J.D., et al. Do vegetative patients retain aspects of language comprehension? Evidence from fMRI. Brain 130 Pt. 10 (2007) 2494-2507
12. Epstein R., Harris A., Stanley D., and Kanwisher N. The parahippocampal place area: Recognition, navigation, or encoding?. Neuron 23 1 (1999) 115-125
13. Facco E., Zucchetta P., Munari M., Baratto F., Behr A.U., Gregianin M., et al. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in the diagnosis of brain death. Intensive Care Medicine 24 9 (1998) 911-917
14. Fins J.J., Schiff N.D., and Foley K.M. Late recovery from the minimally conscious state: Ethical and policy implications. Neurology 68 4 (2007) 304-307
15. Giacino J., Ashwal S., Childs N., Cranford R., Jennett B., Katz D.I., et al. The minimally conscious state: Definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 58 3 (2002) 349-353
16. Giacino J., and Kalmar K. The vegetative and minimally conscious states: A comparison of clinical features and functional outcome. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 12 4 (1997) 36-51
17. Giacino J., Kalmar K., and Whyte J. The JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: Measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85 12 (2004) 2020-2029
18. Giacino J.T., Kezmarsky M.A., DeLuca J., and Cicerone K.D. Monitoring rate of recovery to predict outcome in minimally responsive patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 72 11 (1991) 897-901
19. Giacino J.T., and Trott C.T. Rehabilitative management of patients with disorders of consciousness: Grand rounds. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 19 3 (2004) 254-265
20. Giacino J., and Whyte J. The vegetative and minimally conscious states: Current knowledge and remaining questions. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 20 1 (2005) 30-50
21. Gill-Thwaites H. The Sensory Modality Assessment Rehabilitation Technique - A tool for assessment and treatment of patients with severe brain injury in a vegetative state. Brain Injury 11 10 (1997) 723-734
22. Gill-Thwaites H., and Munday R. The sensory modality assessment and rehabilitation technique (SMART): A valid and reliable assessment for vegetative state and minimally conscious state patients. Brain Injury 18 12 (2004) 1255-1269
23. Hirsch J., Kamal A., Moreno D., Petrovich N., Giacino J., Plum F., et al. fMRI reveals intact cognitive systems for two minimally conscious patients. Society for Neuroscience, Abstracts 271 (2001) 1397
24. Jennett B. Thirty years of the vegetative state: Clinical, ethical and legal problems. Progress in Brain Research 150 (2005) 537-543
25. Kanwisher N., McDermott J., and Chun M.M. The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience 17 11 (1997) 4302-4311
26. Lammi M.H., Smith V.H., Tate R.L., and Taylor C.M. The minimally conscious state and recovery potential: A follow-up study 2 to 5 years after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86 4 (2005) 746-754
27. Laureys S. Functional neuroimaging in the vegetative state. NeuroRehabilitation 19 4 (2004) 335-341
28. Laureys S. The neural correlate of (un)awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 12 (2005) 556-559
29. Laureys S., Faymonville M.E., Luxen A., Lamy M., Franck G., and Maquet P. Restoration of thalamocortical connectivity after recovery from persistent vegetative state. Lancet 355 9217 (2000) 1790-1791
30. Laureys S., Owen A.M., and Schiff N.D. Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders. Lancet Neurology 3 9 (2004) 537-546
31. Laureys S., Pellas F., Van Eeckhout P., Ghorbel S., Schnakers C., Perrin F., et al. The locked-in syndrome: What is it like to be conscious but paralyzed and voiceless?. Progress in Brain Research 150 (2005) 495-511
32. Laureys S., Perrin F., Faymonville M.E., Schnakers C., Boly M., Bartsch V., et al. Cerebral processing in the minimally conscious state. Neurology 63 5 (2004) 916-918
33. Laureys S., Perrin F., Schnakers C., Boly M., and Majerus S. Residual cognitive function in comatose, vegetative and minimally conscious states. Current Opinion in Neurology 18 6 (2005) 726-733
34. Majerus S., Gill-Thwaites H., Andrews K., and Laureys S. Behavioral evaluation of consciousness in severe brain damage. In: Laureys S. (Ed). The boundaries of consciousness: Neurobiology and neuropathology Vol. 150 (2005), Elsevier, Amsterdam 397-413
35. Majerus S., and Van der Linden M. Wessex Head Injury Matrix and Glasgow/Glasgow-Liège Coma Scale: A validation and comparison study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 10 2 (2000) 167-184
36. McNett M. A review of the predictive ability of Glasgow Coma Scale scores in head-injured patients. The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 39 2 (2007) 68-75
37. Medical Consultants on the Diagnosis of Death. Guidelines for the determination of death. Report of the medical consultants on the diagnosis of death to the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Journal of the American Medical Association 246 19 (1981) 2184-2186
38. Owen A., Coleman M., Boly M., Davis M.H., Laureys S., and Pickard J. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science 313 5792 (2006) 1402
39. Perrin F., Schnakers C., Schabus M., Degueldre C., Goldman S., Bredart S., et al. Brain response to one's own name in vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and locked-in syndrome. Archives of Neurology 63 4 (2006) 562-569
40. Plum F., and Posner J.B. The diagnosis of stupor and coma. 1st ed. (1966), F.A. Davis, Philadelphia
41. Plum F., and Posner J.B. The diagnosis of stupor and coma. 3rd ed. (1983), F.A. Davis, Philadelphia
42. Schiff N., Ribary U., Plum F., and Llinás R. Words without mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11 6 (1999) 650-656
43. Schiff N.D., Rodriguez-Moreno D., Kamal A., Kim K.H., Giacino J.T., Plum F., et al. fMRI reveals large-scale network activation in minimally conscious patients. Neurology 64 3 (2005) 514-523
44. Schnakers C., Giacino J., Kalmar K., Piret S., Lopez E., Boly M., et al. Does the FOUR score correctly diagnose the vegetative and minimally conscious states?. Annals of Neurology 60 6 (2006) 744-745 author reply 745.
45. Schnakers C., Majerus S., Giacino J., Vanhaudenhuyse A., Bruno M.A., Boly M., et al. A French validation study of the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). Brain Injury 22 10 (2008) 786-792
46. Schnakers C., Majerus S., Goldman S., Boly M., Van Eeckhout P., Gay S., et al. Cognitive function in the locked-in syndrome. Journal of Neurology 255 3 (2008) 323-330
47. Schnakers C., Perrin F., Schabus M., Majerus S., Ledoux D., Damas P., et al. Voluntary brain processing in disorders of consciousness. Neurology 71 20 (2008) 1614-1620
48. Schnakers C., Vanhaudenhuyse A., Giacino J., Ventura M., Boly M., Majerus S., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state: Clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment. BMC Neurology 9 (2009) 35
49. Shiel A., Horn S.A., Wilson B.A., Watson M.J., Campbell M.J., and McLellan D.L. The Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM) main scale: A preliminary report on a scale to assess and monitor patient recovery after severe head injury. Clinical Rehabilitation 14 4 (2000) 408-416
50. Smart C.M., Giacino J.T., Cullen T., Moreno D.R., Hirsch J., Schiff N.D., et al. A case of locked-in syndrome complicated by central deafness. Nature Clinical Practice. Neurology 4 8 (2008) 448-453
51. Teasdale G., and Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 2 7872 (1974) 81-84
52. The Multi-Society Task Force on PVS. Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state (1). The New England Journal of Medicine 330 21 (1994) 1499-1508
53. Tommasino C., Grana C., Lucignani G., Torri G., and Fazio F. Regional cerebral metabolism of glucose in comatose and vegetative state patients. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 7 2 (1995) 109-116
54. Vanhaudenhuyse A., Schnakers C., Bredart S., and Laureys S. Assessment of visual pursuit in post-comatose states: Use a mirror. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 79 2 (2008) 223
55. Wijdicks E.F. Clinical scales for comatose patients: The Glasgow Coma Scale in historical context and the new FOUR Score. Reviews in Neurological Disease 3 3 (2006) 109-117
56. Wijdicks E.F., Bamlet W.R., Maramattom B.V., Manno E.M., and McClelland R.L. Validation of a new coma scale: The FOUR score. Annals of Neurology 58 4 (2005) 585-593
57. Wood R.L. Critical analysis of the concept of sensory stimulation for patients in vegetative states. Brain Injury 5 4 (1991) 401-409
58. Working Party of the Royal College of Physicians. The vegetative state: Guidance on diagnosis and management. Clinical Medicine 3 3 (2003) 249-254