메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-279

Becoming a candidate: Political ambition and the decision to run for office

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84924099613     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511806001     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (106)

References (318)
  • 2
    • 84925887103 scopus 로고
    • Factors Related to Negro Turnout in Mississippi
    • Abney, F. Glen. 1974. “Factors Related to Negro Turnout in Mississippi.” Journal of Politics 36(4):1057–63.
    • (1974) Journal of Politics , vol.36 , Issue.4 , pp. 1057-1063
    • Abney, F.G.1
  • 3
    • 0001877819 scopus 로고
    • Race, Representation, and Trust: Changes in Attitudes after the Election of a Black Mayor
    • Abney, Glen and John D. Hutcheson. 1981. “Race, Representation, and Trust: Changes in Attitudes after the Election of a Black Mayor.” Public Opinion Quarterly 45(1):91–101.
    • (1981) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-101
    • Abney, G.1    Hutcheson, J.D.2
  • 4
    • 0034350095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southern Parties in the State and Nation
    • Aldrich, John H. 2000. “Southern Parties in the State and Nation.” Journal of Politics 62(3):643–70.
    • (2000) Journal of Politics , vol.62 , Issue.3 , pp. 643-670
    • Aldrich, J.H.1
  • 6
    • 56249095163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twin Studies, Molecular Genetics, Politics, and Tolerance: A Response to Beckwith and Morris
    • Alford, John. 2008. “Twin Studies, Molecular Genetics, Politics, and Tolerance: A Response to Beckwith and Morris.” Perspectives on Politics 6(4):793–97.
    • (2008) Perspectives on Politics , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 793-797
    • Alford, J.1
  • 7
    • 20744442703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?
    • Alford, John, Carolyn L. Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2005. “Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?” American Political Science Review 99(2): 153–67.
    • (2005) American Political Science Review , vol.99 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-167
    • Alford, J.1    Funk, C.L.2    Hibbing, J.R.3
  • 10
    • 0038335832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habits from Home, Lessons from School: Influences on Youth Civic Engagement
    • Andolina, Molly W., Krista Jenkins, Cliff Zukin, and Scott Keeter. 2003. “Habits from Home, Lessons from School: Influences on Youth Civic Engagement.” PS: Political Science & Politics 36(2):275–80.
    • (2003) PS: Political Science & Politics , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 275-280
    • Andolina, M.W.1    Jenkins, K.2    Zukin, C.3    Keeter, S.4
  • 13
    • 0242679638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not All Cues Are Created Equal: The Conditional Impact of Female Candidates on Political Engagement
    • Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 2003. “Not All Cues Are Created Equal: The Conditional Impact of Female Candidates on Political Engagement.” Journal of Politics 65(4):1040–61.
    • (2003) Journal of Politics , vol.65 , Issue.4 , pp. 1040-1061
    • Atkeson, L.R.1
  • 14
    • 34948907065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More is Better: The Influence of Collective Female Descriptive Representation on External Efficacy
    • Atkeson, Lonna Rae. and Nancy Carrillo. 2007. “More is Better: The Influence of Collective Female Descriptive Representation on External Efficacy.” Politics & Gender 3(1):79–101.
    • (2007) Politics & Gender , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-101
    • Atkeson, L.R.1    Carrillo, N.2
  • 16
    • 84865293138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAUP: Women Professors Lag in Tenure, Salary
    • 26 October
    • Banerji, Shilpa. 2006. “AAUP: Women Professors Lag in Tenure, Salary.” Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 26 October.
    • (2006) Diverse Issues in Higher Education
    • Banerji, S.1
  • 22
    • 56249120622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twin Studies of Political Behavior: Untenable Assumptions?
    • Beckwith, Jon and Corey A. Morris. 2008. “Twin Studies of Political Behavior: Untenable Assumptions?” Perspectives on Politics 6(4):785–91.
    • (2008) Perspectives on Politics , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 785-791
    • Beckwith, J.1    Morris, C.A.2
  • 23
    • 0001621681 scopus 로고
    • Mother, Father and Me: Our IQ
    • Beloff, Halla. 1992. “Mother, Father and Me: Our IQ.” Psychologist 5(1): 309–11.
    • (1992) Psychologist , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 309-311
    • Beloff, H.1
  • 25
    • 84937304968 scopus 로고
    • State Legislators in Congress: Strategic Politicians, Professional Legislatures, and the Party Nexus
    • Berkman, Michael B. 1994. “State Legislators in Congress: Strategic Politicians, Professional Legislatures, and the Party Nexus.” American Journal of Political Science 38(4):1025–55.
    • (1994) American Journal of Political Science , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 1025-1055
    • Berkman, M.B.1
  • 27
    • 84970205861 scopus 로고
    • Why Are There So Few Women in the House?
    • Bernstein, Robert. 1986. “Why Are There So Few Women in the House?” Western Political Quarterly 39(1): 155–64.
    • (1986) Western Political Quarterly , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 155-164
    • Bernstein, R.1
  • 28
    • 0031285042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Differences in Self-Perceptions: Convergent Evidence from Three Measures of Accuracy and Bias
    • Beyer, Sylvia and Edward M. Bowden. 1997. “Gender Differences in Self-Perceptions: Convergent Evidence from Three Measures of Accuracy and Bias.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23(2):157–72.
    • (1997) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 157-172
    • Beyer, S.1    Bowden, E.M.2
  • 29
    • 84971803783 scopus 로고
    • A Theory of Political Ambition: Career Choices and the Role of Structural Incentives
    • Black, Gordon S. 1972. “A Theory of Political Ambition: Career Choices and the Role of Structural Incentives.” American Political Science Review 66(1):144–59.
    • (1972) American Political Science Review , vol.66 , Issue.1 , pp. 144-159
    • Black, G.S.1
  • 30
    • 84971766179 scopus 로고
    • Victims of Circumstances: Women in Pursuit of Political Office
    • Bledsoe, Timothy and Mary Herring. 1990. “Victims of Circumstances: Women in Pursuit of Political Office.” American Political Science Review 84(1):213–23.
    • (1990) American Political Science Review , vol.84 , Issue.1 , pp. 213-223
    • Bledsoe, T.1    Herring, M.2
  • 31
    • 0000083737 scopus 로고
    • Money and Ideology: Their Impact on Power and the Division of Household Labor
    • ed. R. L. Blumberg. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications
    • Blumstein, Philip and Pepper Schwartz. 1991. “Money and Ideology: Their Impact on Power and the Division of Household Labor.” In Gender, Family, and the Economy: The Triple Overlap, ed. R. L. Blumberg. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (1991) Gender, Family, and the Economy: The Triple Overlap
    • Blumstein, P.1    Schwartz, P.2
  • 32
    • 84971688600 scopus 로고
    • Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment
    • Bobo, Lawrence and Frank Gilliam. 1990. “Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment.” American Political Science Review 84(2):377–93.
    • (1990) American Political Science Review , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 377-393
    • Bobo, L.1    Gilliam, F.2
  • 33
    • 30544444130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraints and Triggers: Situational Mechanics of Gender in Negotiation
    • Bowles, Hannah Riley, Linda C. Babcock, and Kathleen McGinn. 2005. “Constraints and Triggers: Situational Mechanics of Gender in Negotiation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89(6):951–65.
    • (2005) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.89 , Issue.6 , pp. 951-965
    • Bowles, H.R.1    Babcock, L.C.2    McGinn, K.3
  • 36
    • 0032396294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I’ll Take Gender Differences for $1000! Domain-Specific Intellectual Success on ‘Jeopardy’
    • Brownlow, Sheila, Rebecca Whitener, and Janet M. Rupert. 1998. “I’ll Take Gender Differences for $1000! Domain-Specific Intellectual Success on ‘Jeopardy’.” Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 38(3):269-86.
    • (1998) Sex Roles: A Journal of Research , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 269-286
    • Brownlow, S.1    Whitener, R.2    Rupert, J.M.3
  • 38
    • 34250678749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winning in My Own Backyard: County Government, School Board Positions Steadily More Attractive to Women Candidates
    • 3rd ed., ed. L. D. Whitaker. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
    • Bullock, Charles, S.A. MacManus, F.E. Atkins, L.J. Hoffman, and A. Newmark. 1999. “Winning in My Own Backyard: County Government, School Board Positions Steadily More Attractive to Women Candidates.” In Women in Politics: Outsiders or Insiders?, 3rd ed., ed. L. D. Whitaker. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    • (1999) Women in Politics: Outsiders or Insiders?
    • Bullock, C.1    MacManus, S.A.2    Atkins, F.E.3    Hoffman, L.J.4    Newmark, A.5
  • 39
    • 33749576491 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Department of Commerce
    • Bureau of the Census. 1992. 1992 Census of Governments. Washington, DC: Department of Commerce.
    • (1992) 1992 Census of Governments
  • 42
    • 84984035213 scopus 로고
    • Two Routes to Eliminating Gender Differences in Personal Entitlement: Social Comparisons and Performance Evaluations
    • Bylsma, Wayne H. and Brenda Major. 1992. “Two Routes to Eliminating Gender Differences in Personal Entitlement: Social Comparisons and Performance Evaluations.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 16(2):193–200.
    • (1992) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 193-200
    • Bylsma, W.H.1    Major, B.2
  • 43
    • 0033411103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Differences in Risk-Taking: A Meta-Analysis
    • Byrnes, James, David C. Miller, and William D. Schafer. 1999. “Gender Differences in Risk-Taking: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 125(3):367–83.
    • (1999) Psychological Bulletin , vol.125 , Issue.3 , pp. 367-383
    • Byrnes, J.1    Miller, D.C.2    Schafer, W.D.3
  • 46
    • 33646355217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents
    • Campbell, David E. and Christina Wolbrecht. 2006. “See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents.” Journal of Politics 68(2):233–247.
    • (2006) Journal of Politics , vol.68 , Issue.2 , pp. 233-247
    • Campbell, D.E.1    Wolbrecht, C.2
  • 49
    • 85050170096 scopus 로고
    • Sacrificial Lambs or Strategic Politicians? Political Amateurs in the U.S. Elections
    • Canon, David T. 1993. “Sacrificial Lambs or Strategic Politicians? Political Amateurs in the U.S. Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 37(4):1119–41.
    • (1993) American Journal of Political Science , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 1119-1141
    • Canon, D.T.1
  • 52
    • 85055113201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing Diversity or More of the Same? Term Limits and the Representation of Women, Minorities, and Minority Women in State Legislatures
    • ed. G. A. Persons. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers
    • Carroll, Susan J. and Krista Jenkins. 2003. “Increasing Diversity or More of the Same? Term Limits and the Representation of Women, Minorities, and Minority Women in State Legislatures.” In Contemporary Patterns of Politics, Praxis, and Culture, ed. G. A. Persons. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
    • (2003) Contemporary Patterns of Politics, Praxis, and Culture
    • Carroll, S.J.1    Krista, J.2
  • 54
    • 33645284713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing Sides or Changing Minds? Party Identification and Policy Preferences in the American Electorate
    • Carsey, Thomas M. and Geoffrey C. Layman. 2006. “Changing Sides or Changing Minds? Party Identification and Policy Preferences in the American Electorate.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2):464–77.
    • (2006) American Journal of Political Science , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 464-477
    • Carsey, T.M.1    Layman, G.C.2
  • 55
    • 70349229877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation
    • Casellas, Jason P. 2009. “The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 34(3):399–426.
    • (2009) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 399-426
    • Casellas, J.P.1
  • 56
    • 1942458078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Brunswick: Eagleton Institute of Politics
    • Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP). 2001. “Women State Legislators: Past, Present, and Future.” New Brunswick: Eagleton Institute of Politics.
    • (2001) Women State Legislators: Past, Present, and Future
  • 57
    • 84924203517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (July 15, 2009)
    • Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP). 2008. “Gender Differences in Voter Turnout.” http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/voters/turnout.php (July 15, 2009).
    • (2008) Gender Differences in Voter Turnout
  • 58
    • 79957940647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (July 18, 2010)
    • Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP). 2010a. “Women and Elective Office.” http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/documents/elective.pdf (July 18, 2010).
    • (2010) Women and Elective Office
  • 59
    • 84898581153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (September 26, 2010)
    • Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP). 2010b. “Women in State Legislatures.” http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/documents/stleg.pdf (September 26, 2010).
    • (2010) Women in State Legislatures
  • 60
    • 0041039692 scopus 로고
    • Women and the 1992 House Elections
    • eds. E. A. Cook, S. Thomas, and C. Wilcox. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
    • Chaney, Carol and Barbara Sinclair. 1994. “Women and the 1992 House Elections.” In The Year of the Woman, eds. E. A. Cook, S. Thomas, and C. Wilcox. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
    • (1994) The Year of the Woman
    • Chaney, C.1    Sinclair, B.2
  • 61
    • 84971851198 scopus 로고
    • Presidential Leadership and the Resurgence of Trust in Government
    • Citrin, Jack and Donald Philip Green. 1986. “Presidential Leadership and the Resurgence of Trust in Government.” British Journal of Political Science 16(4):431–53.
    • (1986) British Journal of Political Science , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 431-453
    • Citrin, J.1    Green, D.P.2
  • 62
    • 0001886582 scopus 로고
    • White Reactions to Black Candidates: When Does Race Matter?
    • Citrin, Jack, Donald P. Green, and David O. Sears. 1990. “White Reactions to Black Candidates: When Does Race Matter?” Public Opinion Quarterly 54(1):74–96.
    • (1990) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 74-96
    • Citrin, J.1    Green, D.P.2    Sears, D.O.3
  • 63
    • 0039261034 scopus 로고
    • Getting There: Women in Political Office
    • eds. M. Githens, P. Norris, and J. Lovenduski. New York, NY: Harper-Collins
    • Clark, Janet. 1994. “Getting There: Women in Political Office.” In Different Roles, Different Voice, eds. M. Githens, P. Norris, and J. Lovenduski. New York, NY: Harper-Collins.
    • (1994) Different Roles, Different Voice
    • Clark, J.1
  • 65
    • 12944295788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Alfred A. Knopf
    • Clinton, Bill. 2004. My Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
    • (2004) My Life
    • Clinton, B.1
  • 66
    • 21244495301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Simon and Schuster
    • Clinton, Hillary Rodham. 2003. Living History. New York: Simon and Schuster.
    • (2003) Living History
    • Clinton, H.R.1
  • 67
    • 33947505566 scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood Poverty and African American Politics
    • Cohen, Cathy J. and Michael C. Dawson. 1993. “Neighborhood Poverty and African American Politics.” American Political Science Review 87(2):286–302.
    • (1993) American Political Science Review , vol.87 , Issue.2 , pp. 286-302
    • Cohen, C.J.1    Dawson, M.C.2
  • 69
    • 0034311572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research on Household Labor: Modeling and Measuring the Social Embeddedness of Routine Family Work
    • Coltrane, Scott. 2000. “Research on Household Labor: Modeling and Measuring the Social Embeddedness of Routine Family Work.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 62(4):1208–33.
    • (2000) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 1208-1233
    • Coltrane, S.1
  • 72
    • 0039852790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voter Reaction to Women Candidates
    • eds. S. Thomas and C. Wilcox. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Cook, Elizabeth Adell. 1998. “Voter Reaction to Women Candidates.” In Women and Elective Office, eds. S. Thomas and C. Wilcox. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (1998) Women and Elective Office
    • Cook, E.A.1
  • 73
    • 27844559623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Skeptical American: Revisiting the Meanings of Trust in Government and Confidence in Institutions
    • Cook, Timothy E. and Paul Gronke. 2005. “The Skeptical American: Revisiting the Meanings of Trust in Government and Confidence in Institutions.” Journal of Politics 67(3):784–803.
    • (2005) Journal of Politics , vol.67 , Issue.3 , pp. 784-803
    • Cook, T.E.1    Gronke, P.2
  • 75
    • 84930557401 scopus 로고
    • Political Women and Political Ambition: Closing the Gender Gap
    • Costantini, Edmond. 1990. “Political Women and Political Ambition: Closing the Gender Gap.” American Journal of Political Science 34(3):741–70.
    • (1990) American Journal of Political Science , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 741-770
    • Costantini, E.1
  • 77
    • 0013520154 scopus 로고
    • Electoral Systems and the Representation of Black Women in American State Legislatures
    • Darcy, Robert, Charles D. Hadley, and Jason F. Kirksey. 1993. “Electoral Systems and the Representation of Black Women in American State Legislatures.” Women & Politics 13(2):73–89.
    • (1993) Women & Politics , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 73-89
    • Darcy, R.1    Hadley, C.D.2    Kirksey, J.F.3
  • 79
    • 34250638598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Differences in the Decision to Run for School Board
    • Deckman, Melissa. 2007. “Gender Differences in the Decision to Run for School Board.” American Politics Research 35(4):541–63.
    • (2007) American Politics Research , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 541-563
    • Deckman, M.1
  • 81
    • 33750452724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symbolic Mobilization? The Impact of Candidate Sex in American Elections
    • Dolan, Kathleen. 2006. “Symbolic Mobilization? The Impact of Candidate Sex in American Elections.” American Politics Research 34(6):687–704.
    • (2006) American Politics Research , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 687-704
    • Dolan, K.1
  • 83
    • 84937261293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voting for Women in the ‘Year of the Woman,’
    • Dolan, Kathleen. 1998. “Voting for Women in the ‘Year of the Woman,’” American Journal of Political Science 42(1):272–93.
    • (1998) American Journal of Political Science , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 272-293
    • Dolan, K.1
  • 84
    • 0031510351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change and Continuity Among Women State Legislators: Evidence from Three Decades
    • Dolan, Kathleen and Lynne E. Ford. 1997. “Change and Continuity Among Women State Legislators: Evidence from Three Decades.” Political Research Quarterly 50(1):137–51.
    • (1997) Political Research Quarterly , vol.50 , Issue.1 , pp. 137-151
    • Dolan, K.1    Ford, L.E.2
  • 85
    • 84924212942 scopus 로고
    • Women and Affordable Housing
    • ed. S. Rix. New York, NY: Norton
    • Dolbeare, Cushing N. and Anne J. Stone. 1990. “Women and Affordable Housing.” In The American Woman, ed. S. Rix. New York, NY: Norton.
    • (1990) The American Woman
    • Dolbeare, C.N.1    Stone, A.J.2
  • 86
    • 73949104177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campaign Communication in U.S. Congressional Elections
    • Druckman, James, Martin J. Kifer, and Michael Parkin. 2009. “Campaign Communication in U.S. Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review 103(3):343–66.
    • (2009) American Political Science Review , vol.103 , Issue.3 , pp. 343-366
    • Druckman, J.1    Kifer, M.J.2    Parkin, M.3
  • 87
    • 0041039691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Bottleneck, Women as Candidates
    • eds. S. Thomas and C. Wilcox. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Duerst-Lahti, Georgia. 1998. “The Bottleneck, Women as Candidates.” In Women and Elective Office, eds. S. Thomas and C. Wilcox. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (1998) Women and Elective Office
    • Duerst-Lahti, G.1
  • 89
    • 84963044547 scopus 로고
    • Social and Political Participation of Black Americans: Compensatory and Ethnic Community Perspectives Revisited
    • Ellison, Christopher G. and Bruce London. 1992. “Social and Political Participation of Black Americans: Compensatory and Ethnic Community Perspectives Revisited.” Social Forces 70(3):681–701.
    • (1992) Social Forces , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 681-701
    • Ellison, C.G.1    London, B.2
  • 90
    • 84887813263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berkeley, CA: University of California
    • Enloe, Cynthia. 2004. The Curious Feminist. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
    • (2004) The Curious Feminist
    • Enloe, C.1
  • 93
    • 77957317508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Tougher Road for Women: Assessing the Role of Gender in Congressional Elections
    • ed. S. Tolleson-Rinehart and J. Josephson. New York NY: M. E. Sharpe
    • Fiber, Pamela and Richard L. Fox. 2005. “A Tougher Road for Women: Assessing the Role of Gender in Congressional Elections.” In Gender and American Politics, ed. S. Tolleson-Rinehart and J. Josephson. New York NY: M. E. Sharpe.
    • (2005) Gender and American Politics
    • Fiber, P.1    Fox, R.L.2
  • 94
    • 84924115974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Scant Presence: Black and Latino Faculty at Research Institutions
    • July 12, (accessed September 12, 2010)
    • Fields, Cheryl D. 2007. “A Scant Presence: Black and Latino Faculty at Research Institutions.” Diverse: Issues in Higher Education, July 12, http://diverseeducation.com/article/8425/(accessed September 12, 2010).
    • (2007) Diverse: Issues in Higher Education
    • Fields, C.D.1
  • 95
    • 84975988243 scopus 로고
    • Ambition and the Political Vocation: Congressional Challengers in American Politics
    • Fishel, Jeff. 1971. “Ambition and the Political Vocation: Congressional Challengers in American Politics.” Journal of Politics 33(1):25–56.
    • (1971) Journal of Politics , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-56
    • Fishel, J.1
  • 96
    • 0040671368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whistle While You Work: Job Satisfaction and Retirement from the U.S. House
    • Fisher, Samuel H. and Rebekah Herrick. 2002. “Whistle While You Work: Job Satisfaction and Retirement from the U.S. House.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 27(3):445–57.
    • (2002) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 445-457
    • Fisher, S.H.1    Herrick, R.2
  • 99
    • 79951522445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advertising Trends in 2010
    • Article 4, (February 26, 2011)
    • Fowler, Erika Franklin and Travis N. Ridout. 2010. “Advertising Trends in 2010.” The Forum 8(4): Article 4. Accessed at http://astrid-online.com/Comunicazi/Studi-ric/Fowler_Ridout_The-Forum_4_2010.pdf (February 26, 2011).
    • (2010) The Forum , vol.8 , Issue.4
    • Fowler, E.F.1    Ridout, T.N.2
  • 102
    • 70450210479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking for Sex in All the Wrong Places: Press Coverage and the Electoral Fortunes of Gubernatorial Candidates
    • Fowler, Linda L. and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2009. “Looking for Sex in All the Wrong Places: Press Coverage and the Electoral Fortunes of Gubernatorial Candidates.” Perspectives on Politics 7(3):519–37.
    • (2009) Perspectives on Politics , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 519-537
    • Fowler, L.L.1    Lawless, J.L.2
  • 105
    • 43349105166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congressional Elections: Women’s Candidacies and the Road to Gender Parity
    • 2nd ed., eds. S. Carroll and R. Fox. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
    • Fox, Richard L. 2010. “Congressional Elections: Women’s Candidacies and the Road to Gender Parity.” In Gender and Elections, 2nd ed., eds. S. Carroll and R. Fox. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2010) Gender and Elections
    • Fox, R.L.1
  • 107
    • 7444229388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family Structure, Sex-Role Socialization, and the Decision to Run for Office
    • Fox, Richard L. and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2003. “Family Structure, Sex-Role Socialization, and the Decision to Run for Office.” Women & Politics 24(4):19–48.
    • (2003) Women & Politics , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 19-48
    • Fox, R.L.1    Lawless, J.L.2
  • 108
    • 78650943128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gendered Perceptions and Political Candidacies: A Central Barrier to Women’s Equality in Electoral Politics
    • Fox, Richard L. and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2011. “Gendered Perceptions and Political Candidacies: A Central Barrier to Women’s Equality in Electoral Politics.” American Journal of Political Science 55(1): 59–73.
    • (2011) American Journal of Political Science , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-73
    • Fox, R.L.1    Lawless, J.L.2
  • 109
    • 77951218766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • If Only They’d Ask: Gender, Recruitment, and Political Ambition
    • Fox, Richard L. and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2010. “If Only They’d Ask: Gender, Recruitment, and Political Ambition.” Journal of Politics 72(2):310–26.
    • (2010) Journal of Politics , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. 310-326
    • Fox, R.L.1    Lawless, J.L.2
  • 110
    • 27844538271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To Run or Not to Run for Office: Explaining Nascent Political Ambition
    • Fox, Richard L. and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2005. “To Run or Not to Run for Office: Explaining Nascent Political Ambition.” American Journal of Political Science 49(3):642–59.
    • (2005) American Journal of Political Science , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 642-659
    • Fox, R.L.1    Lawless, J.L.2
  • 111
    • 0039782279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and the Decision to Run for Office
    • Fox, Richard L, Jennifer L. Lawless and Courtney Feeley. 2001. “Gender and the Decision to Run for Office.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 26(3):411–35.
    • (2001) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 411-435
    • Fox, R.L.1    Lawless, J.L.2    Feeley, C.3
  • 112
    • 0041672181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Stereotyping in State Executive Elections: Candidate Selection and Success
    • Fox, Richard L and Zoe Oxley. 2003. “Gender Stereotyping in State Executive Elections: Candidate Selection and Success.” Journal of Politics 65(3):833–50.
    • (2003) Journal of Politics , vol.65 , Issue.3 , pp. 833-850
    • Fox, R.L.1    Oxley, Z.2
  • 114
    • 84924218974 scopus 로고
    • Available through the Yale University Law School’s Avalon Project, (accessed July 13, 2010)
    • Franklin, Benjamin. 1787. “Madison Debates, July 26.” Available through the Yale University Law School’s Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_726.asp (accessed July 13, 2010).
    • (1787) Madison Debates, July 26
    • Franklin, B.1
  • 115
    • 77950777590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Female House Members Still More Liberal in a Polarized Era? The Conditional Nature of the Relationship Between Descriptive and Substantive Representation
    • Frederick, Brian. 2009. “Are Female House Members Still More Liberal in a Polarized Era? The Conditional Nature of the Relationship Between Descriptive and Substantive Representation.” Congress & the Presidency 36(2):181–202.
    • (2009) Congress & the Presidency , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 181-202
    • Frederick, B.1
  • 116
    • 0010657014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Ballantine Books
    • Freedman, Estelle. 2002. No Turning Back. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
    • (2002) No Turning Back
    • Freedman, E.1
  • 118
    • 33749681147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sense of a Woman: Gender, Ambition and the Decision to Run for Congress
    • Fulton, Sarah A., Cherie D. Maestas, L. Sandy Maisel and Walter J. Stone. 2006. “The Sense of a Woman: Gender, Ambition and the Decision to Run for Congress.” Political Research Quarterly 59(2):235–48.
    • (2006) Political Research Quarterly , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 235-248
    • Fulton, S.A.1    Maestas, C.D.2    Maisel, L.S.3    Stone, W.J.4
  • 122
    • 0342869565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work and Family: The Experiences of Mothers and Fathers in the U.S. Labor Force
    • eds. C. Costello and B. K. Krimgold. New York, NY: W. W. Norton
    • Galinsky, Ellen and James T. Bond. 1996. “Work and Family: The Experiences of Mothers and Fathers in the U.S. Labor Force.” In The American Woman, 1996–1997, eds. C. Costello and B. K. Krimgold. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
    • (1996) The American Woman, 1996–1997
    • Galinsky, E.1    Bond, J.T.2
  • 123
    • 41449084789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black Political Representation: An Examination of Legislative Activity Within U.S. House Committees
    • Gamble, Katrina L. 2007. “Black Political Representation: An Examination of Legislative Activity Within U.S. House Committees.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 32(3):421–47.
    • (2007) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 421-447
    • Gamble, K.L.1
  • 124
    • 38149034373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All Politics are Still Local: The Iraq War and the 2006 Midterm Elections
    • Gartner, Scott Sigmund and Gary M. Segura. 2008. “All Politics are Still Local: The Iraq War and the 2006 Midterm Elections.” PS: Political Science and Politics 41(1):95–100.
    • (2008) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 95-100
    • Gartner, S.S.1    Segura, G.M.2
  • 125
    • 0035622487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Black Congressional Representation on Participation
    • Gay, Claudine. 2001. “The Effect of Black Congressional Representation on Participation.” American Political Science Review 95(3):589–602.
    • (2001) American Political Science Review , vol.95 , Issue.3 , pp. 589-602
    • Gay, C.1
  • 126
    • 0036790476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spirals of Trust? The Effect of Descriptive Representation on the Relationship between Citizens and Their Government
    • Gay, Claudine. 2002. “Spirals of Trust? The Effect of Descriptive Representation on the Relationship between Citizens and Their Government.” American Journal of Political Science 46(4):717–32.
    • (2002) American Journal of Political Science , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 717-732
    • Gay, C.1
  • 127
    • 41349099669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women and Representation: A Different View of the District?
    • Gerrity, Jessica C., Tracy Osborn, and Jeanette Morehouse Mendez. 2007. “Women and Representation: A Different View of the District?” Politics & Gender 3(2):179–200.
    • (2007) Politics & Gender , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 179-200
    • Gerrity, J.C.1    Osborn, T.2    Mendez, J.M.3
  • 128
    • 84921047589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accounting for Women’s Political Involvement: The Perennial Problem of Recruitment
    • ed. S. Carroll. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Githens, Marianne. 2003. “Accounting for Women’s Political Involvement: The Perennial Problem of Recruitment.” In Women and American Politics, ed. S. Carroll. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (2003) Women and American Politics
    • Githens, M.1
  • 130
    • 0041360374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance in Competitive Environments: Gender Differences
    • Gneezy, Uri, Muriel Niederle, and Aldo Rustichini. 2003. “Performance in Competitive Environments: Gender Differences.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(3):1049–74.
    • (2003) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.118 , Issue.3 , pp. 1049-1074
    • Gneezy, U.1    Niederle, M.2    Rustichini, A.3
  • 132
    • 0035538485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of War Chests on Challenger Entry in U.S. House Elections
    • Goodliffe, Jay. 2001. “The Effect of War Chests on Challenger Entry in U.S. House Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 45(4):830– 44.
    • (2001) American Journal of Political Science , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 830-844
    • Goodliffe, J.1
  • 133
    • 33744762694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Party Identification and Core Political Values
    • Goren, Paul. 2005. “Party Identification and Core Political Values.” American Journal of Political Science 49(4):881–96.
    • (2005) American Journal of Political Science , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 881-896
    • Goren, P.1
  • 136
    • 35348868185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Unequal Representation of Latinos and Whites
    • Griffin, John D. and Brian Newman. 2007. “The Unequal Representation of Latinos and Whites.” Journal of Politics 69(4):1032–46.
    • (2007) Journal of Politics , vol.69 , Issue.4 , pp. 1032-1046
    • Griffin, J.D.1    Newman, B.2
  • 137
    • 20444437287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disentangling Constituency and Legislator Effects in Representation: Black Legislators or Black Districts?
    • Grose, Christian R. 2005. “Disentangling Constituency and Legislator Effects in Representation: Black Legislators or Black Districts?” Social Science Quarterly 86(2):427–43.
    • (2005) Social Science Quarterly , vol.86 , Issue.2 , pp. 427-443
    • Grose, C.R.1
  • 138
    • 84926274945 scopus 로고
    • Race, Political Orientation, and Participation: An Empirical Test of Four Competing Theories
    • Guterbock, Thomas M. and Bruce London. 1983. “Race, Political Orientation, and Participation: An Empirical Test of Four Competing Theories.” American Sociological Review 48(4):439–53.
    • (1983) American Sociological Review , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. 439-453
    • Guterbock, T.M.1    London, B.2
  • 139
    • 34547826692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation and Backlash: The Positive and Negative Influence of Descriptive Representation
    • Haider-Markel, Donald P. 2007. “Representation and Backlash: The Positive and Negative Influence of Descriptive Representation.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 32(1):107–33.
    • (2007) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 107-133
    • Haider-Markel, D.P.1
  • 140
    • 85009145599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minority Group Interests and Political Representation: Gay Elected Officials in the Policy Process
    • Haider-Markel, Donald P., Mark R. Joslyn, and Chad J. Kniss. 2000. “Minority Group Interests and Political Representation: Gay Elected Officials in the Policy Process.” Journal of Politics 62(2):568–77.
    • (2000) Journal of Politics , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 568-577
    • Haider-Markel, D.P.1    Joslyn, M.R.2    Kniss, C.J.3
  • 141
    • 84925893179 scopus 로고
    • Lawyers and Politics Revised: Structural Advantages of Lawyer-Politicians
    • Hain, Paul L. and James E. Pierson. 1975. “Lawyers and Politics Revised: Structural Advantages of Lawyer-Politicians.” American Journal of Political Science 19(1):41–51.
    • (1975) American Journal of Political Science , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-51
    • Hain, P.L.1    Pierson, J.E.2
  • 143
    • 84924189713 scopus 로고
    • The Federalist Number 21: Other Defects of the Present Constitution
    • ed. C. Rossiter. New York, NY: New American Library, 1961
    • Hamilton, Alexander. 1787. “The Federalist Number 21: Other Defects of the Present Constitution.” In The Federalist Papers, ed. C. Rossiter. New York, NY: New American Library, 1961.
    • (1787) The Federalist Papers
    • Hamilton, A.1
  • 144
    • 84928446896 scopus 로고
    • Social Policy and the Welfare of Black Americans: From Rights to Resources
    • Hamilton, Charles V. 1986. “Social Policy and the Welfare of Black Americans: From Rights to Resources.” Political Science Quarterly 101(2):239–55.
    • (1986) Political Science Quarterly , vol.101 , Issue.2 , pp. 239-255
    • Hamilton, C.V.1
  • 145
    • 0031284971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Talking About Politics: Gender and Contextual Effects on Political Proselytizing
    • Hansen, Susan B. 1997. “Talking About Politics: Gender and Contextual Effects on Political Proselytizing.” Journal of Politics 59(1):73–103.
    • (1997) Journal of Politics , vol.59 , Issue.1 , pp. 73-103
    • Hansen, S.B.1
  • 146
    • 34047251688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High School Community Service as a Predictor of Adult Voting and Volunteering
    • Hart, Daniel, Thomas M. Donnelly, James Youniss, and Robert Atkins. 2007. “High School Community Service as a Predictor of Adult Voting and Volunteering.” American Education Research Journal 44(1):197–219.
    • (2007) American Education Research Journal , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 197-219
    • Hart, D.1    Donnelly, T.M.2    Youniss, J.3    Atkins, R.4
  • 147
    • 82455250923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When Gender and Party Collide: Stereotyping in Candidate Trait Attribution
    • Hayes, Danny. 2011. “When Gender and Party Collide: Stereotyping in Candidate Trait Attribution.” Politics & Gender 7(2):133–65.
    • (2011) Politics & Gender , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 133-165
    • Hayes, D.1
  • 152
    • 3843125365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White Voters and African American Candidates for Congress
    • Highton, Benjamin. 2004. “White Voters and African American Candidates for Congress.” Political Behavior 26(1):1–25.
    • (2004) Political Behavior , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-25
    • Highton, B.1
  • 153
    • 84974234120 scopus 로고
    • Political Culture and Female Political Representation
    • Hill, David. 1981. “Political Culture and Female Political Representation.” Journal of Politics 43(1):159–68.
    • (1981) Journal of Politics , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 159-168
    • Hill, D.1
  • 154
    • 62249182357 scopus 로고
    • The Policy Consequences of Class Bias in State Electorates
    • Hill, Kim Quaile and Jan E. Leighley. 1992. “The Policy Consequences of Class Bias in State Electorates.” American Journal of Political Science 36(2):351–65.
    • (1992) American Journal of Political Science , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 351-365
    • Hill, K.Q.1    Leighley, J.E.2
  • 155
    • 84972487281 scopus 로고
    • Citizen-Initiated Contacting of Local Government Officials: A Multivariate Explanation
    • Hirlinger, Michael W. 1992. “Citizen-Initiated Contacting of Local Government Officials: A Multivariate Explanation.” Journal of Politics 54(2):553–64.
    • (1992) Journal of Politics , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 553-564
    • Hirlinger, M.W.1
  • 158
    • 70450187288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No More Wilder Effect, Never a Whitman Effect: When and Why Polls Mislead about Black and Female Candidates
    • Hopkins, Daniel J. 2009. “No More Wilder Effect, Never a Whitman Effect: When and Why Polls Mislead about Black and Female Candidates.” Journal of Politics 71(3):769–781.
    • (2009) Journal of Politics , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 769-781
    • Hopkins, D.J.1
  • 159
    • 0003559593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
    • Hsiao, Cheng. 2003. Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2003) Analysis of Panel Data
    • Hsiao, C.1
  • 160
    • 43849104674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Panel Data Analysis – Advantages and Challenges
    • Hsiao, Cheng. 2007. “Panel Data Analysis – Advantages and Challenges.” TEST 16(1):1–22.
    • (2007) TEST , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-22
    • Hsiao, C.1
  • 161
    • 33645278988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Race Card Revisited: Assessing Racial Priming in Policy Contests
    • Huber, Gregory A. and John S. Lapinski. 2006. “The Race Card Revisited: Assessing Racial Priming in Policy Contests.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2):421–40.
    • (2006) American Journal of Political Science , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 421-440
    • Huber, G.A.1    Lapinski, J.S.2
  • 165
    • 0003813081 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1995. Beyond the Double Bind. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (1995) Beyond the Double Bind
    • Jamieson, K.H.1
  • 167
    • 33847332274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Gender Gap in Attitudes and Beliefs about the Place of Women in American Politics Life: A Longitudinal, Cross-Generational Analysis
    • Jennings, M. Kent. 2006. “The Gender Gap in Attitudes and Beliefs about the Place of Women in American Politics Life: A Longitudinal, Cross-Generational Analysis.” Politics & Gender 2(2):193–219.
    • (2006) Politics & Gender , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 193-219
    • Jennings, M.K.1
  • 168
    • 84925930296 scopus 로고
    • Social Roles and Political Resources: An Over-Time Study of Men and Women in Party Elites
    • Jennings, M. Kent and Barbara G. Farah. 1981. “Social Roles and Political Resources: An Over-Time Study of Men and Women in Party Elites.” American Journal of Political Science 25(3):462–82.
    • (1981) American Journal of Political Science , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 462-482
    • Jennings, M.K.1    Farah, B.G.2
  • 169
    • 84966612017 scopus 로고
    • Partisan Orientations over the Long Haul: Results from the Three-Wave Political Socialization Panel Study
    • Jennings, M. Kent and Gregory B. Markus. 1984. “Partisan Orientations over the Long Haul: Results from the Three-Wave Political Socialization Panel Study.” American Political Science Review 78(4):1000–18.
    • (1984) American Political Science Review , vol.78 , Issue.4 , pp. 1000-1018
    • Jennings, M.K.1    Markus, G.B.2
  • 173
    • 0012382645 scopus 로고
    • A Model of Racial Crossover Voting: An Assessment of the Wilder Victory
    • ed. G. A. Persons. New York, NY: Harper Collins
    • Jones, Charles E. and Michael L. Clemons. 1993. “A Model of Racial Crossover Voting: An Assessment of the Wilder Victory.” In Dilemmas of Black Politics: Issues of Leadership and Strategy, ed. G. A. Persons. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
    • (1993) Dilemmas of Black Politics: Issues of Leadership and Strategy
    • Jones, C.E.1    Clemons, M.L.2
  • 176
    • 2142817987 scopus 로고
    • Ways Women Politicians Are Making a Difference
    • eds. D. Dodson and S. Carroll. New Brunswick, NJ: Eagleton Institute of Politics’ Center for American Women and Politics
    • Kathlene, Lyn, Susan E. Clarke, and Barbara A. Fox. 1991. “Ways Women Politicians Are Making a Difference.” In Reshaping the Agenda: Women in State Legislatures, eds. D. Dodson and S. Carroll. New Brunswick, NJ: Eagleton Institute of Politics’ Center for American Women and Politics.
    • (1991) Reshaping the Agenda: Women in State Legislatures
    • Kathlene, L.1    Clarke, S.E.2    Fox, B.A.3
  • 177
    • 0007084193 scopus 로고
    • The Decision to Run for the U.S. Congress: Challenger Attitudes in the 1970s
    • Kazee, Thomas A. 1980. “The Decision to Run for the U.S. Congress: Challenger Attitudes in the 1970s.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 5(1): 79– 100.
    • (1980) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-100
    • Kazee, T.A.1
  • 178
    • 0041087802 scopus 로고
    • The Emergence of Congressional Candidates
    • ed. Thomas Kazee. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly
    • Kazee, Thomas A. 1994. “The Emergence of Congressional Candidates.” In Who Runs for Congress? Ambition, Context, and Candidate Emergence, ed. Thomas Kazee. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.
    • (1994) Who Runs for Congress? Ambition, Context, and Candidate Emergence
    • Kazee, T.A.1
  • 179
    • 33947700933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Capital and the Dynamics of Trust in Government
    • Keele, Luke. 2007. “Social Capital and the Dynamics of Trust in Government.” American Journal of Political Science 51(2):241–54.
    • (2007) American Journal of Political Science , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 241-254
    • Keele, L.1
  • 181
    • 0031285025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latino Representation, It’s Direct and Indirect
    • Kerr, Brinck and Will Miller. 1997. “Latino Representation, It’s Direct and Indirect.” American Journal of Political Science 41(3):1066–71.
    • (1997) American Journal of Political Science , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 1066-1071
    • Kerr, B.1    Miller, W.2
  • 182
    • 0003308720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Polarization of American Parties and the Mistrust of Government
    • eds. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • King, David C. 1997. “The Polarization of American Parties and the Mistrust of Government.” In Why People Don’t Trust Government, eds. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1997) Why People Don’t Trust Government
    • King, D.C.1
  • 183
    • 0033158909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Differences in Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis
    • Kling, Kristen C., Janet Hyde, Carolin Showers, and Brenda N. Buswell. 1999. “Gender Differences in Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 125(4):470–500.
    • (1999) Psychological Bulletin , vol.125 , Issue.4 , pp. 470-500
    • Kling, K.C.1    Hyde, J.2    Showers, C.3    Buswell, B.N.4
  • 184
    • 0034419211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do Citizens Apply Gender Stereotypes to Infer Candidates’ Ideological Orientations?
    • Koch, Jeffrey W. 2000. “Do Citizens Apply Gender Stereotypes to Infer Candidates’ Ideological Orientations?” Journal of Politics 62(2):414–29.
    • (2000) Journal of Politics , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 414-429
    • Koch, J.W.1
  • 188
    • 0004078289 scopus 로고
    • Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
    • Lasswell, Harold. 1948. Power and Personality. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    • (1948) Power and Personality
    • Lasswell, H.1
  • 189
    • 2142774182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Politics of Presence: Women in the House and Symbolic Representation
    • Lawless, Jennifer L. 2004a. “Politics of Presence: Women in the House and Symbolic Representation.” Political Research Quarterly 57(1):81–99.
    • (2004) Political Research Quarterly , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-99
    • Lawless, J.L.1
  • 190
    • 77950727377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexism and Gender Bias in Election 2008: A More Complex Path for Women in Politics
    • Lawless, Jennifer L. 2009. “Sexism and Gender Bias in Election 2008: A More Complex Path for Women in Politics.” Politics & Gender 5(1):70–80.
    • (2009) Politics & Gender , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 70-80
    • Lawless, J.L.1
  • 191
    • 8744309237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women, War, and Winning Elections: Gender Stereotyping in the Post September 11th Era
    • Lawless, Jennifer L. 2004b. “Women, War, and Winning Elections: Gender Stereotyping in the Post September 11th Era.” Political Research Quarterly 53(3):479–90.
    • (2004) Political Research Quarterly , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 479-490
    • Lawless, J.L.1
  • 194
    • 0035596760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political Participation of the Urban Poor
    • Lawless, Jennifer L. and Richard L. Fox. 2001. “Political Participation of the Urban Poor.” Social Problems 48(3):265–82.
    • (2001) Social Problems , vol.48 , Issue.3 , pp. 265-282
    • Lawless, J.L.1    Fox, R.L.2
  • 195
    • 43449095712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Primary Reason for Women’s Under-Representation: Re-Evaluating the Conventional Wisdom
    • Lawless, Jennifer L. and Kathryn Pearson. 2008. “The Primary Reason for Women’s Under-Representation: Re-Evaluating the Conventional Wisdom.” Journal of Politics 70(1):67–82.
    • (2008) Journal of Politics , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-82
    • Lawless, J.L.1    Pearson, K.2
  • 196
    • 85044794926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will She Stay or Will She Go? Career Ceilings and Women’s Retirement from the U.S. Congress
    • Lawless, Jennifer L. and Sean M. Theriault. 2005. “Will She Stay or Will She Go? Career Ceilings and Women’s Retirement from the U.S. Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(4):581–96.
    • (2005) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 581-596
    • Lawless, J.L.1    Theriault, S.M.2
  • 197
    • 84925899928 scopus 로고
    • Why So Few Women Hold Public Office: Democracy and Sexual Roles
    • Lee, Marcia Manning. 1976. “Why So Few Women Hold Public Office: Democracy and Sexual Roles.” Political Science Quarterly 91:297–314.
    • (1976) Political Science Quarterly , vol.91 , pp. 297-314
    • Lee, M.M.1
  • 198
    • 27844433460 scopus 로고
    • Incumbency and the Theory of Political Ambition: A Rational Choice Model
    • Levine, Martin D. and Mark S. Hyde. 1977. “Incumbency and the Theory of Political Ambition: A Rational Choice Model.” Journal of Politics 39(4):959–83.
    • (1977) Journal of Politics , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 959-983
    • Levine, M.D.1    Hyde, M.S.2
  • 199
    • 84934454652 scopus 로고
    • Black Participation: Compensation or Ethnic Identification
    • London, Bruce and Michael W. Giles. 1987. “Black Participation: Compensation or Ethnic Identification.” Journal of Black Studies 18(1):20–44.
    • (1987) Journal of Black Studies , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-44
    • London, B.1    Giles, M.W.2
  • 201
    • 0038673229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Incentive to Listen: Progressive Ambition, Resources, and Opinion Monitoring Among State Legislators
    • Maestas, Cherie. 2003. “The Incentive to Listen: Progressive Ambition, Resources, and Opinion Monitoring Among State Legislators.” Journal of Politics 65(2):439–56.
    • (2003) Journal of Politics , vol.65 , Issue.2 , pp. 439-456
    • Maestas, C.1
  • 202
    • 0038652308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Professional Legislatures and Ambitious Politicians: Policy Responsiveness of Individuals and Institutions
    • Maestas, Cherie. 2000. “Professional Legislatures and Ambitious Politicians: Policy Responsiveness of Individuals and Institutions.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 25(4):663–90.
    • (2000) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 663-690
    • Maestas, C.1
  • 203
    • 58849135349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shifting the Blame: Federalism, Media, and Public Assignment of Blame Following Hurricane Katrina
    • Maestas, Cherie, Lonna Rae Atkeson, Thomas Croom, and Lisa A. Bryant. 2008. “Shifting the Blame: Federalism, Media, and Public Assignment of Blame Following Hurricane Katrina.” Publius 38(4):609–32.
    • (2008) Publius , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 609-632
    • Maestas, C.1    Atkeson, L.R.2    Croom, T.3    Bryant, L.A.4
  • 204
    • 33746096153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When to Risk It? Institutions, Ambitions, and the Decision to Run for the U.S. House
    • Maestas, Cherie, Sarah Fulton, L. Sandy Maisel, and Walter J. Stone. 2006. “When to Risk It? Institutions, Ambitions, and the Decision to Run for the U.S. House.” American Political Science Review 100(2):195–208.
    • (2006) American Political Science Review , vol.100 , Issue.2 , pp. 195-208
    • Maestas, C.1    Fulton, S.2    Maisel, L.S.3    Stone, W.J.4
  • 205
    • 30344461585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Party Efforts to Recruit State Legislators to Run for the U.S. House
    • Maestas, Cherie, L. Sandy Maisel, and Walter J. Stone. 2005. “National Party Efforts to Recruit State Legislators to Run for the U.S. House.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(2):277–300.
    • (2005) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 277-300
    • Maestas, C.1    Maisel, L.S.2    Stone, W.J.3
  • 206
    • 0038313779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of Candidate Emergence in U.S. House Elections: An Exploratory Study
    • Maisel, L. Sandy and Walter J. Stone. 1997. “Determinants of Candidate Emergence in U.S. House Elections: An Exploratory Study.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 22(1):79–96.
    • (1997) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-96
    • Maisel, L.S.1    Stone, W.J.2
  • 207
    • 0032326204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Politics of Government-Funded Research: Notes from the Experience of the Candidate Emergence Study
    • Maisel, L. Sandy and Walter J. Stone. 1998. “The Politics of Government-Funded Research: Notes from the Experience of the Candidate Emergence Study.” PS: Political Science & Politics 31(4):811–7.
    • (1998) PS: Political Science & Politics , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 811-817
    • Maisel, L.S.1    Stone, W.J.2
  • 209
    • 0033245990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’
    • Mansbridge, Jane. 1999. “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’.” Journal of Politics 61(3):628–57.
    • (1999) Journal of Politics , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 628-657
    • Mansbridge, J.1
  • 211
    • 0036861518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do Babies Matter? The Effect of Family Formation of the Lifelong Careers of Academic Men and Women
    • Mason, Mary Ann and Mark Goulden. 2002. “Do Babies Matter? The Effect of Family Formation of the Lifelong Careers of Academic Men and Women.” Academe 88(6):21–7.
    • (2002) Academe , vol.88 , Issue.6 , pp. 21-27
    • Mason, M.A.1    Goulden, M.2
  • 212
    • 36849093856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the Group: Latino Identity and Political Participation
    • Masuoka, Natalie. 2008. “Defining the Group: Latino Identity and Political Participation.” American Politics Research 36(1):33–61.
    • (2008) American Politics Research , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-61
    • Masuoka, N.1
  • 213
    • 84927456994 scopus 로고
    • Legislative Recruitment and Legislative Careers
    • Matthews, Donald R. 1984. “Legislative Recruitment and Legislative Careers.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 9(4):547–85.
    • (1984) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 547-585
    • Matthews, D.R.1
  • 215
  • 216
    • 0040165086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections
    • McDermott, Monika L. 1998. “Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 51(4):895–918.
    • (1998) Political Research Quarterly , vol.51 , Issue.4 , pp. 895-918
    • McDermott, M.L.1
  • 217
    • 0031287972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary US Elections
    • McDermott, Monika L. 1997. “Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary US Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 41(1):270–83.
    • (1997) American Journal of Political Science , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 270-283
    • McDermott, M.L.1
  • 219
    • 34547304290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Influence of Family Political Discussion on Youth Civic Development: Which Parent Qualities Matter?
    • McIntosh, Hugh, Daniel Hart, and James Youniss. 2007. “The Influence of Family Political Discussion on Youth Civic Development: Which Parent Qualities Matter?” PS: Political Science & Politics 40(3):495–99.
    • (2007) PS: Political Science & Politics , vol.40 , Issue.3 , pp. 495-499
    • McIntosh, H.1    Hart, D.2    Youniss, J.3
  • 222
    • 67650336806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legislative Oversight and Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress
    • Minta, Michael. 2009. “Legislative Oversight and Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 34(2):193–218.
    • (2009) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 193-218
    • Minta, M.1
  • 224
    • 84933495043 scopus 로고
    • Is Serving in Congress Fun Again? Voluntary Retirement from the House Since the 1970s
    • Moore, Michael K. and John R. Hibbing. 1992. “Is Serving in Congress Fun Again? Voluntary Retirement from the House Since the 1970s.” American Journal of Political Science 36(3):824–8.
    • (1992) American Journal of Political Science , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 824-828
    • Moore, M.K.1    Hibbing, J.R.2
  • 225
    • 0039165485 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    • Myrdal, Alva. 1968. Nation and Family. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
    • (1968) Nation and Family
    • Myrdal, A.1
  • 226
    • 84924202839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed September 12, 2010)
    • National Association for Law Placement Foundation. 2010. “Women and Minorities in Law Firms by Race and Ethnicity.” http://www.nalp.org/race_ethn_jan2010 (accessed September 12, 2010).
    • (2010) Women and Minorities in Law Firms by Race and Ethnicity
  • 227
    • 84924191818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed July 13, 2010)
    • National Conference of State Legislatures. 2010a. “2010 Legislator Compensation Data.” http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=20117 (accessed July 13, 2010).
    • (2010) 2010 Legislator Compensation Data
  • 228
    • 84924110833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed July 13, 2010)
    • National Conference of State Legislatures. 2010b. “2010 Legislative Session Calendar.” http://www.ncsl.org/?tabid=18630 (accessed July 13, 2010).
    • (2010) 2010 Legislative Session Calendar
  • 229
    • 84924165151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed July 13, 2010)
    • National Conference of State Legislatures. 2010c. “Population and Size of the Legislature.” http://www.ncsl.org/Default.aspx?TabId=13527 (accessed July 13, 2010).
    • (2010) Population and Size of the Legislature
  • 230
    • 84924194744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed July 13, 2010)
    • National League of Cities. 2010. “The Number of Local Governments in the U.S.” http://www.nlc.org/about_cities/cities_101/142.aspx (accessed July 13, 2010).
    • (2010) The Number of Local Governments in the U.S
  • 231
    • 84928457850 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the Election of Women to U.S. State Legislative Seats
    • Nechemias, Carol. 1987. “Changes in the Election of Women to U.S. State Legislative Seats.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 12(1):125–42.
    • (1987) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 125-142
    • Nechemias, C.1
  • 232
    • 33846796592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much?
    • Niederle, Muriel and Lise Vesterlund. 2007. “Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(3):1067–1101.
    • (2007) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.122 , Issue.3 , pp. 1067-1101
    • Niederle, M.1    Vesterlund, L.2
  • 233
    • 77952711629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition
    • Niederle, Muriel and Lise Vesterlund. 2010. “Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24(2): 129–44.
    • (2010) Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-144
    • Niederle, M.1    Vesterlund, L.2
  • 236
    • 54049129819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Throwing Your Hat Out of the Ring: Negative Recruitment and the Gender Imbalance in State Legislative Candidacy
    • Niven, David. 2006. “Throwing Your Hat Out of the Ring: Negative Recruitment and the Gender Imbalance in State Legislative Candidacy.” Politics & Gender 2(4):473–89.
    • (2006) Politics & Gender , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 473-489
    • Niven, D.1
  • 237
    • 0011620484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Special Elections and the Growth of Women’s Representation in the House of Representatives
    • (Winter)
    • Nixon, David L. and Robert Darcy. 1996. “Special Elections and the Growth of Women’s Representation in the House of Representatives.” Women & Politics 16 (Winter):96–107.
    • (1996) Women & Politics , vol.16 , pp. 96-107
    • Nixon, D.L.1    Darcy, R.2
  • 238
    • 58549100252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Gender Gap in Ideology
    • Norrander, Barbara and Clyde Wilcox. 2008. “The Gender Gap in Ideology.” Political Behavior 30(4):503–23.
    • (2008) Political Behavior , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 503-523
    • Norrander, B.1    Wilcox, C.2
  • 240
    • 84968853293 scopus 로고
    • Social and Political Participation of Blacks
    • Olsen, Marvin E. 1970. “Social and Political Participation of Blacks.” American Sociological Review 35(4): 682–97.
    • (1970) American Sociological Review , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 682-697
    • Olsen, M.E.1
  • 241
    • 0013932362 scopus 로고
    • A Reappraisal of the Social and Political Participation of Negroes
    • Orum, Anthony M. 1966. “A Reappraisal of the Social and Political Participation of Negroes.” American Journal of Sociology 72(1):32–46.
    • (1966) American Journal of Sociology , vol.72 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-46
    • Orum, A.M.1
  • 242
    • 84928842198 scopus 로고
    • Gender Differences in the Politicization of American Children
    • (Summer)
    • Owen, Diana and Jack Dennis. 1988. “Gender Differences in the Politicization of American Children.” Women & Politics 8(Summer):23–43.
    • (1988) Women & Politics , vol.8 , pp. 23-43
    • Owen, D.1    Dennis, J.2
  • 243
    • 84924119349 scopus 로고
    • Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession
    • Philadelphia, PA: W. And T. Bradford
    • Paine, Thomas. 1776. “Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession.” Common Sense. Philadelphia, PA: W. and T. Bradford.
    • (1776) Common Sense
    • Paine, T.1
  • 244
    • 0036018827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and Perceived Self-Efficacy in Self-Regulated Learning
    • Pajares, Frank. 2002. “Gender and Perceived Self-Efficacy in Self-Regulated Learning.” Theory Into Practice 41(2):116–25.
    • (2002) Theory Into Practice , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 116-125
    • Pajares, F.1
  • 247
    • 0038806716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does Ethnicity Matter? Descriptive Representation in Legislatures and Political Alienation Among Latinos
    • Pantoja, Adrian D. and Gary M. Segura. 2003. “Does Ethnicity Matter? Descriptive Representation in Legislatures and Political Alienation Among Latinos.” Social Science Quarterly 84(2):441–60.
    • (2003) Social Science Quarterly , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 441-460
    • Pantoja, A.D.1    Segura, G.M.2
  • 248
    • 84937288973 scopus 로고
    • Group-Salient Issues and Group Representation: Support for Women Candidates in the 1992 Senate Elections
    • Paolino, Phillip. 1995. “Group-Salient Issues and Group Representation: Support for Women Candidates in the 1992 Senate Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 39(2):294–313.
    • (1995) American Journal of Political Science , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 294-313
    • Paolino, P.1
  • 249
    • 51249109731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schools as Incubators of Democratic Participation: Building Long-Term Political Efficacy with Civic Education
    • Pasek, Josh, Lauren Feldman, Daniel Romer, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 2008. “Schools as Incubators of Democratic Participation: Building Long-Term Political Efficacy with Civic Education.” Applied Developmental Science 12(1):26–37.
    • (2008) Applied Developmental Science , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-37
    • Pasek, J.1    Feldman, L.2    Romer, D.3    Jamieson, K.H.4
  • 252
    • 33845982910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One of Our Own: Black Female Candidates and the Voters Who Support Them
    • Philpot, Tasha S. and Hanes Walton. 2007. “One of Our Own: Black Female Candidates and the Voters Who Support Them.” American Journal of Political Science 51(1):49–62.
    • (2007) American Journal of Political Science , vol.51 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-62
    • Philpot, T.S.1    Walton, H.2
  • 253
    • 84929062855 scopus 로고
    • Racial Politics in the 1988 Presidential Election
    • Piliawsky, Monte. 1989. “Racial Politics in the 1988 Presidential Election.” The Black Scholar 20:1–11.
    • (1989) The Black Scholar , vol.20 , pp. 1-11
    • Piliawsky, M.1
  • 254
    • 0030327682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Identity and Voting for Women Candidates
    • Plutzer, Eric and John F. Zipp. 1996. “Gender Identity and Voting for Women Candidates.” Public Opinion Quarterly 60(1):30–57.
    • (1996) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.60 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-57
    • Plutzer, E.1    Zipp, J.F.2
  • 255
    • 33745684872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Conditional Effects of Minority Descriptive Representation: Black Legislators and Policy Influence in the American States
    • Preuhs, Robert R. 2006. “The Conditional Effects of Minority Descriptive Representation: Black Legislators and Policy Influence in the American States.” Journal of Politics 68(3):585–99.
    • (2006) Journal of Politics , vol.68 , Issue.3 , pp. 585-599
    • Preuhs, R.R.1
  • 256
    • 0010853819 scopus 로고
    • Political Ambitions, Volunteerism, and Electoral Accountability
    • Prewitt, Kenneth. 1970a. “Political Ambitions, Volunteerism, and Electoral Accountability.” American Political Science Review 64(1):5–17.
    • (1970) American Political Science Review , vol.64 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-17
    • Prewitt, K.1
  • 258
    • 0039481373 scopus 로고
    • The Career Paths of Elected Politicians: A Review and Prospectus
    • eds. S. Williams and E. Lascher. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Governmental Studies
    • Prinz, Timothy S. 1993. “The Career Paths of Elected Politicians: A Review and Prospectus.” In Ambition and Beyond: Career Paths of American Politicians, eds. S. Williams and E. Lascher. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Governmental Studies.
    • (1993) Ambition and Beyond: Career Paths of American Politicians
    • Prinz, T.S.1
  • 259
    • 0007270197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When Women Lose: A Case Study of Media Coverage of Two Gubernatorial Campaigns
    • Rausch, John D., Mark Rozell, and Harry L. Wilson. 1999. “When Women Lose: A Case Study of Media Coverage of Two Gubernatorial Campaigns.” Women & Politics 20(4):1–22.
    • (1999) Women & Politics , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-22
    • Rausch, J.D.1    Rozell, M.2    Wilson, H.L.3
  • 260
    • 84976115210 scopus 로고
    • Temporal Orientations and Political Life: The Psychology of Political Impatience
    • Renshon, Stanley A. 1975. “Temporal Orientations and Political Life: The Psychology of Political Impatience.” British Journal of Political Science 7(2):262–72.
    • (1975) British Journal of Political Science , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 262-272
    • Renshon, S.A.1
  • 261
    • 0026134125 scopus 로고
    • Gender and the Influences of Evaluation on Self-Assessment in Achievement Settings
    • Roberts, T. 1991. “Gender and the Influences of Evaluation on Self-Assessment in Achievement Settings.” Psychological Bulletin 109(2):297–308.
    • (1991) Psychological Bulletin , vol.109 , Issue.2 , pp. 297-308
    • Roberts, T.1
  • 262
    • 0002385788 scopus 로고
    • Risk-Bearing and Progressive Ambition: The Case of the U.S. House of Representatives
    • Rohde, David W. 1979. “Risk-Bearing and Progressive Ambition: The Case of the U.S. House of Representatives.” American Journal of Political Science 23(1):1–26.
    • (1979) American Journal of Political Science , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-26
    • Rohde, D.W.1
  • 263
    • 84929092800 scopus 로고
    • Why More Women Are State Legislators: A Research Note
    • Rule, Wilma. 1990. “Why More Women Are State Legislators: A Research Note.” Western Political Quarterly 43(2):437–48.
    • (1990) Western Political Quarterly , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 437-448
    • Rule, W.1
  • 264
    • 0002309312 scopus 로고
    • Why Women Don’t Run: The Critical Contextual Factors in Women’s Legislative Recruitment
    • 34 (March)
    • Rule, Wilma. 1981. “Why Women Don’t Run: The Critical Contextual Factors in Women’s Legislative Recruitment.” Western Political Quarterly 34 (March): 60–77.
    • (1981) Western Political Quarterly , pp. 60-77
    • Rule, W.1
  • 266
    • 0000943843 scopus 로고
    • Does Their Difference Make a Difference? The Impact of Women on Public Policy in the Arizona State Legislature
    • Saint-Germain, Michelle A. 1989. “Does Their Difference Make a Difference? The Impact of Women on Public Policy in the Arizona State Legislature.” Social Science Quarterly 70(4):956–68.
    • (1989) Social Science Quarterly , vol.70 , Issue.4 , pp. 956-968
    • Saint-Germain, M.A.1
  • 268
    • 33744906811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Role of Group Consciousness in Political Participation Among Latinos in the United States
    • Sanchez, Gabriel R. 2006. “The Role of Group Consciousness in Political Participation Among Latinos in the United States.” American Politics Research 34(4):427–50.
    • (2006) American Politics Research , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 427-450
    • Sanchez, G.R.1
  • 269
    • 84925976260 scopus 로고
    • Private Costs of Public Commitments or Public Costs of Private Commitments? Family Roles versus Political Ambition
    • Sapiro, Virginia. 1982. “Private Costs of Public Commitments or Public Costs of Private Commitments? Family Roles versus Political Ambition.” American Journal of Political Science 26(2):265–79.
    • (1982) American Journal of Political Science , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 265-279
    • Sapiro, V.1
  • 270
    • 77952659616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why Is There No Partisan Competition in City Council Elections: The Role of Election Law
    • Schleicher, David. 2007. “Why Is There No Partisan Competition in City Council Elections: The Role of Election Law.” Journal of Law and Politics 23(4):419–73.
    • (2007) Journal of Law and Politics , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 419-473
    • Schleicher, D.1
  • 272
    • 25844460605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Turnover and Roll-Call Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives
    • Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. and Renato Corbetta. 2004. “Gender Turnover and Roll-Call Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 29(2):215–29.
    • (2004) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 215-229
    • Schwindt-Bayer, L.A.1    Corbetta, R.2
  • 273
    • 27844601085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Integrated Model of Women’s Representation
    • Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. and William Mishler. 2005. “An Integrated Model of Women’s Representation.” Journal of Politics 67(2):407–28.
    • (2005) Journal of Politics , vol.67 , Issue.2 , pp. 407-428
    • Schwindt-Bayer, L.A.1    Mishler, W.2
  • 276
    • 84971178569 scopus 로고
    • Black Consciousness and Political Participation: The Missing Link
    • Shingles, Richard D. 1981. “Black Consciousness and Political Participation: The Missing Link.” American Political Science Review 75(1):76–91.
    • (1981) American Political Science Review , vol.75 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-91
    • Shingles, R.D.1
  • 277
    • 57049111426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the Gender Gap in Support for a Woman for President
    • Simon, Stefanie and Crystal L. Hoyt. 2008. “Exploring the Gender Gap in Support for a Woman for President.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 8(1):157–81.
    • (2008) Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 157-181
    • Simon, S.1    Hoyt, C.L.2
  • 278
    • 0041027153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Research Note: The Electoral Fortunes of Women Candidates for Congress
    • Smith, Eric R.A.N. and Richard L. Fox. 2001. “A Research Note: The Electoral Fortunes of Women Candidates for Congress.” Political Research Quarterly 54(1):205–21.
    • (2001) Political Research Quarterly , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 205-221
    • Smith, E.R.A.N.1    Fox, R.L.2
  • 279
    • 84927600602 scopus 로고
    • Can Black Candidates Win Statewide Elections?
    • Sonenshein, Raphael J. 1990. “Can Black Candidates Win Statewide Elections?” Political Science Quarterly 105(2):219–41.
    • (1990) Political Science Quarterly , vol.105 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-241
    • Sonenshein, R.J.1
  • 280
    • 85050714372 scopus 로고
    • Future Political Ambitions and the Behavior of Incumbent State Legislators
    • Soule, John W. 1969. “Future Political Ambitions and the Behavior of Incumbent State Legislators.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 13(3):439–54.
    • (1969) Midwest Journal of Political Science , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 439-454
    • Soule, J.W.1
  • 281
    • 84935975724 scopus 로고
    • Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures
    • Squire, Peverill. 1988. “Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 13(1):65–80.
    • (1988) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-80
    • Squire, P.1
  • 282
    • 0038313321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncontested Seats in State Legislative Elections
    • Squire, Peverill. 2000. “Uncontested Seats in State Legislative Elections.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 25(1):131–46.
    • (2000) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 131-146
    • Squire, P.1
  • 283
    • 84974281217 scopus 로고
    • Life-Cycle Transitions and Political Participation: The Case of Marriage
    • Stoker, Laura and M. Kent Jennings. 1995. “Life-Cycle Transitions and Political Participation: The Case of Marriage.” American Political Science Review 89(2):421–33.
    • (1995) American Political Science Review , vol.89 , Issue.2 , pp. 421-433
    • Stoker, L.1    Jennings, M.K.2
  • 284
    • 0037830118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latino Group Consciousness and Political Participation
    • Stokes, Atiya Kai. 2003. “Latino Group Consciousness and Political Participation.” American Politics Research 31(4):361–78.
    • (2003) American Politics Research , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 361-378
    • Stokes, A.K.1
  • 285
    • 33746377284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Identity and Latino Vote Choice
    • Stokes-Brown, Atiya Kai. 2006. “Racial Identity and Latino Vote Choice.” American Politics Research 34(5):627–52.
    • (2006) American Politics Research , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 627-652
    • Stokes-Brown, A.K.1
  • 286
    • 85050415996 scopus 로고
    • Ambition Theory and the Black Politician
    • Stone, Pauline Terrelonge. 1980. “Ambition Theory and the Black Politician.” Western Political Quarterly 33(1):94–107.
    • (1980) Western Political Quarterly , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 94-107
    • Stone, P.T.1
  • 287
    • 0242511083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Not-So-Simple Calculus of Winning: Potential U.S. House Candidates’ Nominations and General Election Prospects
    • Stone, Walter J. and L. Sandy Maisel. 2003. “The Not-So-Simple Calculus of Winning: Potential U.S. House Candidates’ Nominations and General Election Prospects.” Journal of Politics 65(4):951–77.
    • (2003) Journal of Politics , vol.65 , Issue.4 , pp. 951-977
    • Stone, W.J.1    Maisel, L.S.2
  • 288
    • 3242766851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality Counts: Extending the Strategic Competition Model of Incumbent Deterrence
    • Stone, Walter J., L. Sandy Maisel. and Cherie D. Maestas. 2004. “Quality Counts: Extending the Strategic Competition Model of Incumbent Deterrence.” American Journal of Political Science 48(3):479–95.
    • (2004) American Journal of Political Science , vol.48 , Issue.3 , pp. 479-495
    • Stone, W.J.1    Maisel, L.S.2    Maestas, C.D.3
  • 289
    • 84971960672 scopus 로고
    • Multi-Member Districts and the Representation of Women: Evidence from Britain and the United States
    • Studlar, Donley T. and Susan Welch. 1990. “Multi-Member Districts and the Representation of Women: Evidence from Britain and the United States.” Journal of Politics 52(2):391–412.
    • (1990) Journal of Politics , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 391-412
    • Studlar, D.T.1    Welch, S.2
  • 290
    • 33749326922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Media Scrutiny and the Quality of Public Officials
    • Sutter, Daniel. 2006. “Media Scrutiny and the Quality of Public Officials.” Public Choice 129(1–2):25–40.
    • (2006) Public Choice , vol.129 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 25-40
    • Sutter, D.1
  • 292
    • 0001114894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Congresswomen More Likely to Vote for Women’s Issue Bills Than Their Male Colleagues?
    • Swers, Michele L. 1998. “Are Congresswomen More Likely to Vote for Women’s Issue Bills Than Their Male Colleagues?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23(3):435–48.
    • (1998) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 435-448
    • Swers, M.L.1
  • 293
    • 1942458077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
    • Swers, Michele L. 2002. The Difference Women Make. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • (2002) The Difference Women Make
    • Swers, M.L.1
  • 294
    • 0345218251 scopus 로고
    • Ambition and American State Executives
    • Swinerton, E. Nelson. 1968. “Ambition and American State Executives.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 12(4):538–49.
    • (1968) Midwest Journal of Political Science , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 538-549
    • Swinerton, E.N.1
  • 297
    • 85050785470 scopus 로고
    • When White Voters Evaluate Black Candidates: The Processing Implications of Candidate Skin Color, Prejudice, and Self-Monitoring
    • Terkildsen, Nayda. 1993. “When White Voters Evaluate Black Candidates: The Processing Implications of Candidate Skin Color, Prejudice, and Self-Monitoring.” American Journal of Political Science 37(4):1032–53.
    • (1993) American Journal of Political Science , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 1032-1053
    • Terkildsen, N.1
  • 298
    • 0348194735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moving Up or Moving Out: Career Ceilings and Congressional Retirement
    • Theriault, Sean M. 1998. “Moving Up or Moving Out: Career Ceilings and Congressional Retirement.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23(3):419–33.
    • (1998) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 419-433
    • Theriault, S.M.1
  • 299
    • 0003622219 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Thomas, Sue. 1994. How Women Legislate. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (1994) How Women Legislate
    • Thomas, S.1
  • 300
    • 0000179827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Women and Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future
    • eds. S. Thomas and C. Wilcox. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Thomas, Sue. 1998. “Introduction: Women and Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future.” In Women and Elective Office, eds. S. Thomas and C. Wilcox. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (1998) Women and Elective Office
    • Thomas, S.1
  • 301
    • 0036963580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Personal is the Political: Antecedents of Gendered Choices of Elected Representatives
    • Thomas, Sue. 2002. “The Personal is the Political: Antecedents of Gendered Choices of Elected Representatives.” Sex Roles 47(7–8):343–53.
    • (2002) Sex Roles , vol.47 , Issue.7-8 , pp. 343-353
    • Thomas, S.1
  • 302
    • 0001172314 scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Gender on Activities and Priorities of State Legislators
    • Thomas, Sue. and Susan Welch. 1991. “The Impact of Gender on Activities and Priorities of State Legislators.” Western Political Quarterly 44(2):445–56.
    • (1991) Western Political Quarterly , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 445-456
    • Thomas, S.1    Welch, S.2
  • 304
    • 72749107279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Nature of Political Ideology in the Contemporary Electorate
    • Treier, Shawn and D. Sunshine Hillygus. 2009. “The Nature of Political Ideology in the Contemporary Electorate.” Public Opinion Quarterly 73(4):679–703.
    • (2009) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.73 , Issue.4 , pp. 679-703
    • Treier, S.1    Hillygus, D.S.2
  • 305
    • 47149094082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Context Matters: The Effects of Single-Member versus At-Large Districts on City Council Diversity
    • Trounstine, Jessica and Melody E. Valdini. 2008. “The Context Matters: The Effects of Single-Member versus At-Large Districts on City Council Diversity.” American Journal of Political Science 52(3):554–69.
    • (2008) American Journal of Political Science , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 554-569
    • Trounstine, J.1    Valdini, M.E.2
  • 306
    • 40949118732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (July 18, 2010)
    • United States Census Bureau. 2010. “State and County Quick Facts.” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html (July 18, 2010).
    • (2010) State and County Quick Facts
  • 307
    • 0033197096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crime and the Priming of Racial Attitudes During Evaluations of the President
    • Valentino, Nicholas. 1999. “Crime and the Priming of Racial Attitudes During Evaluations of the President.” Public Opinion Quarterly 63(3):293–320.
    • (1999) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 293-320
    • Valentino, N.1
  • 310
    • 85048149927 scopus 로고
    • Recruitment of Women to Office
    • Welch, Susan. 1978. “Recruitment of Women to Office.” Western Political Quarterly 31(2):372–80.
    • (1978) Western Political Quarterly , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 372-380
    • Welch, S.1
  • 311
    • 84974441159 scopus 로고
    • Correlates of Female Office Holding in City Politics
    • Welch, Susan. and Albert K. Karnig. 1979. “Correlates of Female Office Holding in City Politics.” Journal of Politics 41(2):478–91.
    • (1979) Journal of Politics , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 478-491
    • Welch, S.1    Karnig, A.K.2
  • 312
    • 84894789622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press
    • Whitaker, Lois Duke. 2008. Voting the Gender Gap. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
    • (2008) Voting the Gender Gap
    • Whitaker, L.D.1
  • 313
    • 0000469442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development Between the Ages of 11 and 25
    • eds. D.C. Berliner and R.C. Calfee. New York, NY: Macmillan
    • Wigfield, Allan, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, and Paul R. Pintrich. 1996. “Development Between the Ages of 11 and 25.” In Handbook of Educational Psychology, eds. D.C. Berliner and R.C. Calfee. New York, NY: Macmillan.
    • (1996) Handbook of Educational Psychology
    • Wigfield, A.1    Eccles, J.S.2    Pintrich, P.R.3
  • 314
    • 0001952542 scopus 로고
    • Why Was 1992 the ‘Year of the Woman?’ Explaining Women’s Gains in 1992
    • eds. E. A. Cook, S. Thomas, and C. Wilcox. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
    • Wilcox, Clyde. 1994. “Why Was 1992 the ‘Year of the Woman?’ Explaining Women’s Gains in 1992.” In The Year of the Woman: Myths and Realities, eds. E. A. Cook, S. Thomas, and C. Wilcox. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
    • (1994) The Year of the Woman: Myths and Realities
    • Wilcox, C.1
  • 315
    • 0004147708 scopus 로고
    • Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
    • Wilson, James Q. 1962. The Amateur Democrat. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1962) The Amateur Democrat
    • Wilson, J.Q.1
  • 316
    • 0001957436 scopus 로고
    • Public Policy Research and the Truly Disadvantaged
    • eds. C. Jencks and P.E. Peterson. Washington, DC: Brookings
    • Wilson, William J. 1991. “Public Policy Research and the Truly Disadvantaged.” In The Urban Underclass, eds. C. Jencks and P.E. Peterson. Washington, DC: Brookings.
    • (1991) The Urban Underclass
    • Wilson, W.J.1
  • 318
    • 46449135415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family Structure and Voter Turnout
    • Wolfinger, Nicholas H. and Raymond E. Wolfinger. 2008. “Family Structure and Voter Turnout.” Social Forces 86(4):1513–28.
    • (2008) Social Forces , vol.86 , Issue.4 , pp. 1513-1528
    • Wolfinger, N.H.1    Wolfinger, R.E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.