The curious feminist: Searching for women in a new age of empire

The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages

  Enloe, Cynthia ^a  

^a CLARK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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References (277)

1. Cynthia Enloe's "The Surprised Feminist" was originally published in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 25, no. 4 (2000). © 2000 by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission of the University of Chicago Press.
2. Cynthia Enloe's "Margins, Silences, and Bottom Rungs: How to Overcome the Underestimation of Power in the Study of International Relations" was originally published in Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski, eds., International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 186-202. Reprinted with permission of Cambridge University Press.
3. Sandra Harding, ed., The "Racial" Economy of Science (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993)
4. Nancy C. M. Hartsock, "Theoretical Bases for Coalition Building: An Assessment of Postmodernism," unpublished paper, Department of Women's Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, 1994.
5. Octavio Paz, The Other Mexico: Critique of the Pyramid (New York: Grove Press, 1972).
6. Marjorie Griffin Cohen, Free Trade and the Future of Women's Work (Toronto: Garamond Press, 1987).
7. Judith Adler Hellman, Crisis in Mexico (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983).
8. Rosario Castellanos, The Nine Guardians (London: Readers International, 1992).
9. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993).
10. Castellanos, The Nine Guardians, 46.
11. Maureen Ahern, Rosario Castellanos Reader (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1988).
12. Castellanos, The Nine Guardians, 99-100, 105.
13. Ronald Nigh, "Zapata Rose in 1994," Cultural Survival Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1994): 10.
14. Duncan Earle, "Indigenous Identity at the Margin: Zapatismo and Nationalism," Cultural Survival Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1994): 26-30.
15. Nigh, "Zapata Rose," 10.
16. Zapatista National Liberation Army, "Communiqué from the Clandestine Indigenous Revolutionary High Command of the Zapatista National Liberation Army (CCRI-CF del EZLN)." First published in La Jornada, February 27, 1994; reprinted in a translation by Ronald Nigh in Cultural Survival Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1994): 12.
17. Neil Harvey, Rebellion in Chiapas (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California at San Diego, 1994).
18. Americas Watch, Human Rights in Mexico: A Policy of Impunity (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1990).
19. Sara Lovera, "Se Constituye el Grupo Rosario Castellanos '23 de Marzo,'" Doble Jornada, February 7, 1994, 5.
20. Zapatista National Liberation Army, "Women's Revolutionary Law," trans. Mat Miscreant, distributed by Love and Rage, New York News Bureau, lnr@blythe.org (1994).
21. "Mexico," Ms. 4, no. 6 (May-June 1994): 16.
22. Anthony De Palma, "Rage Builds in Chiapas Village Where Land Is Life," New York Times, February 27, 1994.
23. Benedict J. Kerkvliet and Resil B. Mojares, eds., From Marcos to Aquino: Local Perspectives on Political Transition in the Philippines (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992).
24. Cynthia Enloe's "The Globetrotting Sneaker" was originally published in Ms., March-April 1995, 11-15. Reprinted by permission of Ms. Magazine, © 1995.
25. This essay draws from the work of South Korean scholars Hyun Sook Kim, Seung-kyung Kim, Katharine Moon, Seungsook Moon, and Jeong-Lim Nam.
26. Jeong-Lim Nam, "Reforming Economic Allocations in the Family: The Women's Movement and the Role of the State in South Korea," Women's Studies International Forum 18, no. 2 (1995): 113-23.
27. Donald Katz, Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World (New York: Random House, 1994): 191.
28. Vernon Loeb, "$75 Nikes, 15 Cents an Hour," Boston Globe, December 30, 1991.
29. M. Goozner, "Nike Manager Knows Abuses Do Happen," Chicago Tribune, November 7, 1994.
30. For more on Nike's operations, see Miguel Korzeniewicz, "Commodity Chains and Marketing Strategies: Nike and the Global Athletic Footwear Industry," in Gary Gereffi and Miguel Korzeniewicz, eds., Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993);
31. Katz, Just Do It;
32. Verité, "Workers Win Independent Union in Mexico," Monitor: Exploring the Dynamics of the Global Assembly Line, no. 6 (Fall 2002): 12-13.
33. Cynthia Enloe's "Daughters and Generals in the Politics of the Globalized Sneaker" was originally published in Preet S. Aulakh and Michael G. Schecter, eds., Rethinking Globalization(s): From Corporate Transnationalism to Local Interventions (London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000), 238-46. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan.
34. This chapter is based on an oral presentation delivered at Michigan State University on April 3, 1998, as part of the conference "Globalization and Its (Dis)Contents: Multiple Perspectives," later published in Preet S. Aulalsh and Michael G. Schecter, eds., Rethinking Globalizations (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000).
35. For an elaboration on this argument, see Cynthia Enloe, "Feminists Try on the Post-Cold War Global Sneaker," in Nancy Hewitt, Jean O'Barr, and Nancy Rosebaugh, eds., Talking Gender (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 176ff.
36. Seung-kyung Kim, Class Struggle or Family Struggle? The Lives of Women Factory Workers in South Korea (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
37. Insook Kwon, "'The New Women's Movement' in 1920's Korea: Rethinking the Relationship between Feminism, Imperialism, and Women," Gender and History 10, no. 3 (November 1998): 358-80.
38. For an elaboration on this phenomenon, see Indrasari Tjandraningshih, "Between Factory and Home: Problems of Women Workers," in Jeff Ballinger and Claes Olsson, eds., Behind the Swoosh (Uppsala, Sweden: International Coalition for Development Action, 1997), 145-59.
39. Choi Soung-ai, "Whose Honor, Whose Humiliation? Women, Men, and the Economic Crisis," Asian Women Workers Newsletter (Hong Kong) 17, no. 2 (1998): 6-7.
40. On this and related points, see Ballinger and Ollson, Behind the Swoosh.
41. Ines Smyth and Mies Grijns, "Unjuk Rasa or Conscious Protest? Resistance Strategies of Indonesian Women Workers," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 29, no. 4 (1997): 13-22.
42. Diane Lauren Wolf, Factory Daughters: Gender, Household Dynamics, and Rural Industrialization in Java (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
43. This essay was originally presented at the "Conference on Convergence and Diversity: Pacific Asia in the 2000s" at Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, March 1-2, 1997.
44. Peggy Orenstein, Schoolgirls: Young Women, Self-Esteem, and the Confidence Gap (New York: Doubleday, 1994)
45. Although not myself a formal political theorist, ever since reading-and hearing-Hannah Arendt when I was an undergraduate, I have been deeply affected by her ideas. On the distinctiveness and value of public speech
46. Arendt's "Lying in Politics," "Civil Disobedience," and "On Violence," all collected in her Crises of the Republic (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972).
47. For an assessment of Hannah Arendt and of listening as a political act, see Susan Bickford, The Dissonance of Democracy: Listening, Conflict and Citizenship (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996).
48. For a collection of essays by feminist theorists coming to grips with Arendt, see Bonnie Honig, ed., Feminist Interpretations of Hannah Arendt (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995).
49. One collection of comparative studies of suffragist movements, which includes chapters on New Zealand, Australia, and several other Pacific societies, is Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan, eds., Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (New York: New York University Press, 1994).
50. For a worldwide mapping of women's refuges and shelters established to provide women with alternatives to remaining in abusive situations, a mapping that makes Fiji's Women's Crisis Center visible
51. Joni Seager, The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World, 3rd ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 2003).
52. For Okinawan feminists' ongoing critiques and mobilizing against U.S. military personnel's abusive acts and those of Japanese men, see the newsletter Okinawa: Peace, Human Rights, Women, Environment, published in the 1990s by the Okinawa Christian Center (Okinawa, Japan);
53. its third issue was published in January 1997. Regarding the public discussion sparked by a major 1993 press exposé of the "epidemic" of violence against women in Melbourne
54. Adian Howe, "'The War against Women': Media Representations of Men's Violence against Women in Australia," Violence against Women: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal 3, no. 1 (February 1997): 59-75.
55. For a nuanced, detailed account of the dynamic politics of the early English gendered textile industry
56. Judy Lown, Women and Industrialization: Gender at Work in Nineteenth-Century England (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990).
57. I have explored military personnel planners' attempts-sometimes confused-to recruit women in three of my books: Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pandora/HarperCollins, 1988)
58. The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993)
59. Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
60. Among recent investigations of women factory workers' own strategizing is the work of Seung-kyung Kim, Class Struggle or Family Struggle: The Lives of Women Factory Workers in South Korea (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
61. For a fuller bibliography of works analyzing women factory workers' aspirations, coping strategies, and organizing efforts, see my Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
62. Asian Women Workers Newsletter is a quarterly published in Hong Kong by the Committee for Asian Women. The July 1996 issue (p. 17) carried a New Zealand women's group's definition of sexual harassment.
63. I am indebted to several scholars who have been investigating the ways in which rapes have been politically constructed by nationalists: on China in the 1940s, historian Robert Shaffer, and on South Korea in the 1990s, women's studies researcher Insook Kwon.
64. Among the women who have thought especially hard about this form of silencing are those who themselves were raped during the 1991-95 war in the former Yugoslavia and those who sought to support them. See, for instance, Alexandra Stiglemeyer, ed., Mass Rape (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995);
65. Beverly Allen, Rape Warfare (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
66. Among the several valuable collections of articles on feminism and human rights is Rebecca J. Cook, ed., Human Rights and Women (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994).
67. "Feminist Theorizing from Bananas to Maneuvers: A Conversation with Cynthia Enloe (Interviewed by Marysia Zalewski, 9 September 1998)" was originally published in International Feminist Journal of Politics 1, no. 1 (1999): 138-46. Reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Group (http://www.tandf.co.uk).
68. Cynthia Enloe's "All the Men Are in the Militias, All the Women Are Victims: The Politics of Masculinity and Femininity in Nationalist Wars" was originally published in Lois Ann Lorentzen and Jennifer Turpin, eds., The Women and War Reader (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 50-62. Reprinted by permission of New York University Press.
69. The following material on Borislav Herak is derived from two journalists' interviews with Herak after he was captured and imprisoned by the Bosnian authorities. While awaiting trial on charges of murder and rape he was permitted to talk to a variety of foreign journalists;
70. John Burns, "A Serbian Fighter's Trail of Brutality," New York Times, November 17, 1991;
71. George Rodriguez, transcript of interview with Borislav Herak conducted for the Dallas Morning News at the Viktor Buban military prison, Sarajevo, in January 1993, reprinted in Alexandra Stiglmayer, ed., Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).
72. John Burns, "Bosnia War Crime Trial Hears Serb's Confession," New York Times, March 14, 1993.
73. For detailed reporting on the rapes of women that occurred from 1992 to 1995 in Bosnia, see Stiglmayer, Mass Rape;
74. "Serbia's War against Bosnia and Croatia," off our backs, special supplement (May 1993);
75. Ivana Balen, "Responding to War-time Rapes," Helsinki Citizens Assembly Newsletter, no. 6 (Winter 1993): 12-13;
76. Cornelia Sorabji, "War Crimes: Crimes against Gender or Nation?" War Report (February-March 1993): 16-17;
77. the United Nations War Crimes Commission report as described in Paul Lewis, "Rape Was a Weapon of Serbs, U.N. Says," New York Times, October 20, 1993;
78. "Correction: Report on Rape in Bosnia," New York Times, October 23, 1993.
79. For those wishing to become acquainted with this literature, here are some starting places: Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, eds., Woman-Nation-State (London: Macmillan, 1989);
80. Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis, with Harriet Cain, eds., Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge, 1993);
81. Roberta Hamilton and Michele Barrett, eds., The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism and Nationalism (London: Verso, 1987);
82. Constance Sutton, ed., Feminism, Nationalism and Militarism (Fairfax, Va.: American Association of Anthropology, 1993);
83. Feminist Review, special issues on "Nationalisms and National Identities" (Summer 1993)
84. "Thinking through Ethnicities" (Autumn 1993);
85. Nanette Funk and Magda Mueller, eds., Gender Politics and Post-Communism (New York: Routledge, 1993);
86. Jan Pettman, Living in the Margins: Racism, Sexism and Feminism in Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1992);
87. Angela V. John, Our Mother's Land: Chapters in Welsh Women's History, 1830-1939 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991);
88. Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991);
89. Andrew Parker et al., eds., Nationalisms and Sexuality (New York: Routledge, 1991);
90. Gender and History, special issue, "Gender, Nationalism and History" (Summer 1993).
91. My own efforts to use feminist analysis to think freshly about nationalism include The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993)
92. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
93. Women in Black, Compilation of Information on Crimes of War against Women in Ex-Yugoslavia-Actions and Initiatives in Their Defence (Belgrade: Women in Black, 1993).
94. Women's presence in some militias on all sides was confirmed by Yugoslav scholars participating in the Conference on Gender, Nationalism and Democratization: Policy Initiatives for Central and Eastern Europe, sponsored by the Network of East-West Women, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1993.
95. Karl Kaser, "Ex-Yugoslavia, a Case Study,"
96. Zarana Papic, "Ex-Yugoslavia, a Case Study," two papers presented at the Conference on Gender, Nationalism and Democratization: Policy Initiatives for Central and Eastern Europe, sponsored by the Network of East-West Women, Washington D.C., October 26, 1993.
97. See Women in Black, Compilation of Information. My own genderignorant examination of the ethnic politics shaping the Yugoslav military is included as part of Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (London: Penguin, 1980).
98. My brief attempt to understand the Yugoslav women's postwar meaning of having served in what they saw as a war of liberation is contained in Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London and San Francisco: Pandora/HarperCollins, 1988).
99. Shireen Hassim, "Family, Motherhood and Zulu Nationalism: The Politics of the Inkatha Women's Brigade," Feminist Review, no. 43 (Spring 1993): 5-12.
100. For an exploration of white and black South African men's and women's attitudes toward soldiering during the 1980s, a period of intense militarization, see Jacklyn Cock, Women and War in South Africa (London: Open Letters Press, 1992).
101. Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).
102. United States Department of Defense, Tailhook Report (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993). A more extensive discussion of the "Tailhook affair" is included in Enloe, The Morning After.
103. Reprinted in Stiglmayer, Mass Rape.
104. A report of the United Nations War Crimes Commission is summarized in Lewis, "Rape Was Weapon of Serbs, UN Says." A clarifying afternote was added by the New York Times three days later: "Correction: Report on Rapes in Bosnia."
105. A Danish psychologist's study of how Middle Eastern and Latin American refugee women reacted to the traumas-including rape-of civil conflict is Inger Agger's The Blue Room: Trauma and Testimony among Refugee Women (London: Zed Books, 1994).
106. Cynthia Enloe's "Spoils of War" was originally published in Ms., March-April 1996, 15. Reprinted by permission of Ms. Magazine, ©1996.
107. Cynthia Enloe's "Masculinity as a Foreign Policy Issue" was originally published in Foreign Policy in Focus 5, no. 36 (October 2000): 254-59. Reprinted by permission of Foreign Policy In Focus (Silver City, NM, and Washington, DC, http://www.fpif.org).
108. Holly Burkhalter, "The Mine Ban Treaty," Foreign Policy in Focus 5 (July 2000): 21;
109. Shannon McManimon and Rachel Stohl, "Use of Children as Soldiers," Foreign Policy in Focus 6 (October 2001): 6;
110. Joe Stork, "International Criminal Court," Foreign Policy in Focus 3 (April 1998): 4.
111. Carlos Salinas, "Colombia in Crisis," Foreign Policy in Focus 5 (March 2000): 5.
112. Cynthia Enloe, Vivian Stromberg, and the Editors of Ms., "'What If They Gave a War . . .': A Conversation about Militarism, Women, Men, and the Superfluity of War" was originally published in Ms., August-September 1999, 14-18, 21-22. Reprinted by permission of Ms. Magazine, © 1999.
113. Cynthia Enloe's "Sneak Attack: The Militarization of U.S. Culture" was originally published in Ms., December 2001-January 2002, 15. Reprinted by permission of Ms. Magazine, © 2001.
114. This essay was originally published in Japanese in Associe (Tokyo), April 2003.
115. This essay was circulated in Okinawa in February 2003 by Okinawan Women Act Against Military Violence.
116. Elizabeth Bumiller and David M. Halbfinger, "Military Service Becomes Issue in Bush-Kerry Race," New York Times, February 4, 2004;
117. Mimi Schwartz, "In Search of the President's Missing Years," op-ed, New York Times, February 27, 2004.
118. This interview with Cynthia Enloe by Ken Booth, Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, and Michael Cox was originally published in the Review of International Studies 27, no. 4 (October 2001): 649-66. Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press.
119. Cynthia Enloe, Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
120. Cynthia Enloe, Ethnic Conflict and Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973)
121. Comparative Politics of Pollution (New York: Longmans, 1975).
122. Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1983; 2nd ed., London: Pandora Press, 1988).
123. Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (London: Pandora Press, 1989; 2nd ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
124. Cynthia Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (London: Penguin Books, 1980).
125. Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases;
126. The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Maneuvers.
127. Christine Chin, In Service and Servitude: Foreign Female Domestic Workers and the Malaysian "Modernity" Project (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
128. Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Militarized Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
129. Judy Lown, Women and Industrialization: Gender at Work in Nineteenth-Century England (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990);
130. Sheila Rowbotham, Hidden from History (New York: Vintage Books, 1974);
131. Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, eds., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies (New York: Feminist Press, 1982);
132. Kate Rushin, The Black Back-ups (Ithaca, N.Y.: Firebrand Books, 1993);
133. Adrienne Rich, On Lies, Secrets, and Silences: Selected Prose, 1966-1978 (New York: Norton, 1979).
134. Sandra Whitworth, Men, Militarism and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2004).
135. Cynthia Enloe's "Women after Wars: Puzzles and Warnings" was originally published in Kathleen Barry, ed., Vietnam's Women in Transition (London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1996), 299-315. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan.
136. I had the good fortune to be part of a small group guided through the South Vietnamese Women's Museum in January 1993, thanks to arrangements made by Dr. Kim Quy, director of the Women's Studies Research Center of the Ho Chi Minh City Social Science Research Institute.
137. I have tried to think more about what adding a brothel display would do to a military museum's message about women's relationships to soldiers in "It Takes Two," in Saundra Sturdevant and Brenda Stoltzfus, eds., Let the Good Times Roll: Prostitution and the U.S. Military in Asia (New York: New Press, 1992), 22-29.
138. Among the most detailed and interesting accounts of efforts to weave prewar conventions of femininity into women's new wartime roles are Lois Browne, Girls of Summer: In Their Own League (New York: HarperCollins, 1992);
139. Maureen Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender and Propaganda during World War II (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984);
140. Leisa D. Meyer, "Creating G.I. Jane: The Regulation of Sexuality and Sexual Behavior in the Women's Army Corps during World War II," Feminist Studies 18, no. 2 (Fall 1992): 581-602;
141. Allan Berube, Coming Out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Lesbians in World War II (New York: Plume, 1991);
142. Ruth Roach Pierson, 'They're Still Women After All': The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986);
143. Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987);
144. Irene Staunton, ed., Mothers of the Revolution: The War Experiences of Thirty Zimbabwean Women (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991);
145. Sita Ranchod-Nilsson, "Women and Democratization in Southern Africa: The Legacy of Zimbabwe's Liberation War for Women's Politics after Independence," presented at the International Studies Association-Midwest Meeting, Michigan State University, November 20-21, 1992;
146. Karen Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements: Nicaragua, Guatemala, Chiapas, Cuba (State College: Penn State University Press, 2002);
147. Mary Ann Tétreault, Stories of Democracy in Politics and Society in Contemporary Kuwait (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000);
148. Haya al-Mughni, Women in Kuwait (London: Seqi Books, 2001).
149. I am grateful to Duke University historian Sarah Deutsch, herself a researcher on women of several racial groups whose actions together helped create what is now thought of as the American West, for sharing with me some of the ideas that were discussed in the planning for this museum.
150. For a description of the debates about the nature of the family among Vietnamese male and female nationalists during the 1920s and 1930s
151. Hue-Tam Ho-Tai, Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).
152. D'Ann Campbell, Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984);
153. Sarah Fishman, We Will Wait: Wives of French Prisoners of War, 1940-1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).
154. Judy Barrett Litoff and David C. Smith, Since You Went Away: World War II Letters from American Women on the Home Front (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
155. Thai Thi Ngoc Du, "The Situation of Divorce and Its Influences on Women and Families in Ho Chi Minh City," presented at the Seminar on Women and the Family, Ho Chi Minh City, January 1993.
156. A revised version of this paper appears in Kathleen Barry, ed., Vietnam's Women in Transition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996).
157. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 185.
158. The following discussion is based on a number of feminist studies of World War II women industrial workers: Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter;
159. Miriam Frank, Marilyn Ziebarth, and Connie Field, The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (Emeryville, Calif.: Clarity Educational Productions, 1982);
160. Sherna Berger Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Women, the War, and Social Change (New York: Penguin Books, 1988);
161. Studs Terkel, "The Good War": An Oral History of World War Two (New York: Ballantine Books, 1984).
162. One example of research so motivated, but focusing on American women who went into more professionalized, white-collar war jobs
163. Adelaide Sherer Bennett, "'War Stories': Upper Middle Class Women in Worcester, Massachusetts," unpublished master's thesis, College of Professional and Continuing Education, Clark University, 1992.
164. I have discussed this practice of ethnically defined mobilization at length in Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (London and Athens, Ga.: Penguin Books and University of Georgia Press, 1980).
165. Staunton, Mothers of the Revolution;
166. Sita Ranchod-Nilsson, "Gender Politics and National Liberation: Women's Participation in the Liberation of Zimbabwe," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1992.
167. I have discussed this process at greater length in The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
168. Murray Hiebert and Susumu Awanohara, "Ready to Help: Agencies Prepare Their Menus of Projects," Far Eastern Economic Review, April 22, 1993, 71.
169. Cynthia Enloe's "Demilitarization-or More of the Same? Feminist Questions to Ask in the Postwar Moment" was originally published in Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zurkov, The Postwar Moment (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2002), 22-32. Reprinted by permission of Lawrence and Wishart.
170. For tutoring me on the subtle genderings of political life and the ongoing processes of militarization in postconflict societies, I am especially grateful to Dyan Mazurana, Suzanne Williams, Cynthia Cockburn, Venessa Farr, Angela Raven-Roberts, Sandra Whitworth, Wenona Giles, and Maja Korac.
171. This essay was originally presented at the a conference of the National Council for Research on Women, New York, May 30, 2002.
172. Carol Cohn and Cynthia Enloe's "A Conversation with Cynthia Enloe: When Feminists Look at Terrorists, 'Boring Men,' and International Politics" was originally published in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28, no. 4 (2003). © 2003 by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission of the University of Chicago Press.
173. We would like to thank Sandra Harding and Kate Norberg, editors of Signs, for inviting us to have this conversation and for offering such good ideas along the way.
174. Some of the papers from the forum were collected in Eva Isaksson, ed., Women and the Military System (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988).
175. Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pandora, 1983).
176. For Enloe's more recent work on women and the military, see her Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
177. Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
178. Enloe's The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993)
179. "Sneak Attack: The Militarization of U.S. Culture" (chap. 11 in this volume).
180. There is now a Feminist Theory and Gender Section in the International Studies Association. The journal launched in 1999 by its members, the International Feminist Journal of Politics, is an excellent location for exploring some of this new scholarship.
181. Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 12, no. 4 (1987): 687-718
182. "Wars, Wimps, and Women: Talking Gender and Thinking War," in Gendering War Talk, ed. Miriam Cooke and Angela Woollacott (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), 227-46.
183. The other five committees of the General Assembly are the First Committee (disarmament and international security), the Second (economic and financial), the Fourth (special political and decolonization), the Fifth (administrative and budgetary), and the Sixth (legal). The web site http://www.peacewomen.org has a very useful guide to the UN system. This web site is maintained by the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
184. Cynthia Enloe proposed these at "A Dialogue between Academics, Activists, and UN Officials" on women, peace, and security, held at the UN on April 11, 2002.
185. The event was part of a larger, continuing NGO-academic-UN dialogue project organized by Sheri Gibbing at the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), which Carol Cohn has worked on.
186. Other participants in the April 11 session on Security Council Resolution 1325 included Jennifer Klot (then senior governance advisor at UNIFEM [UN Development Fund for Women])
187. Ann Tickner (professor, School of International Studies, University of Southern California)
188. Maha Muna (then at the Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, now at UNIFEM)
189. Iris Marion Young (professor of political science, University of Chicago).
190. Enloe's "Demilitarization-or More of the Same? Feminist Questions to Ask in the Postwar Moment" (chap. 16 in this volume).
191. Cynthia Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in a Divided Society (London: Penguin, 1980).
192. Adrienne Rich, Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution (New York: Bantam, 1977).
193. Seung-Kyung Kim, Class Struggle or Family Struggle: The Lives of Women Factory Workers in South Korea (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997);
194. Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996);
195. Anne Allison, Nightwork (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994);
196. Purnima Mankekar, Screening Culture, Viewing Politics (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999).
197. Catherine Lutz, Home Front: A Military City and the American Twentieth Century (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001);
198. Jennifer L. Pierce, Gender Trials: Emotional Lives in Contemporary Law Firms (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995);
199. Hugh Gusterson, Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
200. Joni Seager, The Penguin Atlas of Women, 3rd ed. (New York: Penguin, 2003).
201. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Har-court Brace, 1951), On Revolution (New York: Viking, 1963)
202. Men in Dark Times (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1968)
203. Crises of the Republic (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1972).
204. Amy Waldman, "Kabul Brides Married Taliban for Better, Then for Worse," New York Times, December 31, 2001.
205. Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zarkov, eds., The Postwar Moment: Militaries, Masculinities, and International Peacekeeping (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2002);
206. Dyan Mazurana and Angela Raven-Roberts, "Gender Perspectives in Effective Peace Operations"
207. "Integrating the Human Rights Perspective," both in Challenges of Peacekeeping and Peace Support: Into the Twenty-first Century, ed. Annika Hilding-Norberg (Stockholm: Elanders Gotab, 2002);
208. Dyan Mazurana, Susan McKay, Khristopher Carlson, and Janel Kasper, "Girls in Fighting Forces and Groups: Their Recruitment, Participation, Demobilization, and Reintegration," Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 8, no. 2 (2002): 97-123;
209. Sandra Whitworth, Men, Militarism and UN Peacekeeping (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2004);
210. Julie A. Mertus, War's Offensive on Women: The Humanitarian Challenge in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan (Bloomfield, Conn.: Kumarian, 2000);
211. Suzanne Williams, "Conflicts of Interest: Gender in Oxfam's Emergency Response," in The Postwar Moment, ed. Cockburn and Zarkov, 85-102;
212. Wenona Giles and Jennifer Hyman, eds., Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
213. Carol Cohn and Sara Ruddick, "A Feminist Ethical Perspective on Weapons of Mass Destruction," in Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction, ed. Sohail Hashmi and Phillip Valera (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
214. Among the most talked about have been Niall Ferguson, Empire (New York: Basic Books, 2003);
215. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers (New York: Vintage, 1989);
216. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1987);
217. Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches (New York: Vintage, 1987).
218. Philippa Levine, Prostitution, Race and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire (New York: Routledge, 2003);
219. Piya Chatterjee, A Time for Tea: Women, Labor, and Post/Colonial Politics on an Indian Plantation (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001);
220. Kumari Jayawardena, The White Women's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia during British Rule (New York: Routledge, 1995).
221. Insook Kwon, "'The New Women's Movement' in 1920s Korea: Rethinking the Relationship between Imperialism and Women," Gender and History 10, no. 3 (November 1998): 358-80;
222. Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism and History (London: Verso, 1991);
223. Laura Wexler, Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000);
224. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993);
225. Lora Wildenthal, German Women for Empire, 1884-1945 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001);
226. Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998);
227. Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel, eds., Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992);
228. Louise Young, Japan's Total Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998);
229. Mona Etienne and Eleanor Leacock, eds., Women and Colonization (New York: Praeger, 1980);
230. Clare Midgley, ed., Gender and Imperialism (New York: Manchester University Press, 1998).
231. See also two critically insightful novels by the pre-World War II Dutch writer Madelon H. Lulofs, set in 1930s colonial Indonesia: Rubber (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987)
232. Coolie (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
233. Anne E. Brodsky, With All Our Strength: The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (New York: Routledge, 2003).
234. Saba Gul Khattak, "In/Security: Afghan Refugees and Politics in Pakistan," Critical Asian Studies 35, no. 2 (June 2003): 195-208.
235. A detailed account of Ismail Khan's mode of provincial rule is contained in Barry Bearak, "Unreconstructed," New York Times Magazine, June 1, 2003, 40-47, 62-101.
236. For information on the abuse of women and girls in Herat, see "We Want to Live as Humans: Repression of Women and Girls in Western Afghanistan," report by Human Rights Watch, New York, December 2002;
237. "Afghanistan Report," by Amnesty International, Washington, D.C., October 5, 2003.
238. For a detailed journalistic account of the Taliban's and Al Qaeda's marriage politics
239. Amy Waldman, "Kabul Brides Married Taliban for Better, Then for Worse," New York Times, December 31, 2001.
240. Bearak, "Unreconstructed," 62.
241. This account is derived from Carlotta Gall's article "Women Gather in Afghanistan to Compose a Bill of Rights," New York Times, September 28, 2003.
242. (Joni Seager, The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World [New York: Penguin Books, 2003], 113).
243. Preeta D. Bansal and Felice D. Gaer, "Silenced Again in Kabul," New York Times, October 1, 2003.
244. Gall, "Women Gather in Afghanistan."
245. Sonali Kolhatkar describes the Afghan loya jerga's constitutional debates and its gendered dynamics and outcome in her article
246. "Afghan Women Continue to Fend for Themselves," Foreign Policy in Action, March 2004, 1-9.
247. Patrick E. Tyler, "Attackers Wound an Iraqi Official in a Baghdad Raid," New York Times, September 21, 2003. Akila al-Hashimi died of her wounds.
248. Alex Berenson, "U.N. Chief Orders Further Reduction of Staff in Baghdad," New York Times, September 26, 2003.
249. Just two months before being assassinated and shortly after being appointed to the Governing Council, Akila al-Hashimi had been one of three Council members to represent the interim government on a trip to New York to lobby members of the United Nations (Felicity Barringer
250. "U.N. Gives Iraqi Governing Council Qualified Welcome," New York Times, July 23, 2003).
251. Zainab Al-Suwaij, "Iraq's Silenced Majority," New York Times, May 23, 2003.
252. Patrick Tyler, "Iraqi Groups Badly Divided over How to Draft a Charter," New York Times, September 30, 2003.
253. Much of the following derives from Sabrina Tavernise, "Iraqi Women Wary of New Upheavals," New York Times, May 5, 2003.
254. Amy Waldman, "U.S. Struggles to Transform a Tainted Iraqi Police Force," New York Times, June 30, 2003.
255. Human Rights Watch, Report on Women's Rights in Iraq (New York: Human Rights Watch, July 2003);
256. Neela Banerjee, "Rape (and Silence about It) Haunts Baghdad," New York Times, July 16, 2003.
257. Seager, Penguin Atlas of Women, 114-15.
258. Tavernise, "Iraqi Women Wary of New Upheavals."
259. Most of the following is derived from Sharon Waxman
260. "Facing the Future," Washington Post, June 17, 2003.
261. Lauren Sandler, "Veiled Interests," Boston Globe, August 31, 2003.
262. Elisabeth Rehnand and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, World Progress of Women 2002, vol. 1, Women, War, and Peace (Bloomfield, Conn.: Kumarian Press, 2003).
263. Sandler, "Veiled Interests."
264. www.peacewomen.org, September 12, 2003.
265. E-mail announcement circulated by the New York-headquartered National Council for Research on Women (www.ncrw.org), October 10, 2003.
266. Lauren Sandler, "Veiled and Worried in Baghdad," New York Times, September 16, 2003.
267. For a feminist discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of UN Security Council Resolution 1325
268. Carol Cohn, Helen Kinsella, and Sheri Gibbings, "Women, Peace and Security: Resolution 1325," International Feminist Journal of Politics 6, no. 1 (March 2004): 130-40.
269. E-mail from National Council for Research on Women.
270. Claire Midgley, Women against Slavery: The British Campaigns 1780-1870 (New York: Routledge, 1992);
271. Lila Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997);
272. Margot Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995).
273. For case studies of contemporary efforts at creating genuine alliances of women across national boundaries
274. Felicity Hill, Mikele Abotiz, and Sara Poehlman-Doumbouya, "Non-governmental Organizations' Role in the Buildup and Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1325," Signs 28, no. 4 (Summer 2003): 1255-70;
275. Pam Spees, "Women's Advocacy in the Creation of the International Criminal Court," Signs 28, no. 4 (Summer 2003): 1233-54;
276. Sherrill Whittington, "Gender and Peacekeeping: The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor," Signs 28, no. 4 (Summer 2003): 1283-88;
277. Mrinalini Sinha, Donna J. Guy, and Angela Woolacott, eds., "Feminisms and Internationalism" (special issue), Gender and History 10, no. 3 (November 1998).