Advancing Emotion Regulation Perspectives on Psychopathology: The Challenge of Distress Disorders

Psychological Inquiry

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 80-92

  Mennin, Douglas S ^a   Fresco, David M ^b  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923593419     PISSN: 1047840X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1047840X.2015.969624     Document Type: Note

References (115)

1. Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). Remembering the past and imagining the future: Common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration.
2. Aldao, A. (2013). The future of emotion regulation research: Capturing context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 155–172.
3. Aldao, A., & Mennin, D. S. (2012). Paradoxical cardiovascular effects of implementing adaptive emotion regulation strategies in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 122–130. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.12.004
4. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237.
5. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
6. Aupperle, R. L., & Paulus, M. P. (2010). Neural systems underlying approach and avoidance in anxiety disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 12, 517–531.
7. Badre, D., & D’Esposito, M. (2007). Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 2082–2099. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.2082
8. Bar, M. (2009). A cognitive neuroscience hypothesis of mood and depression. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 456–463. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.009
9. Barlow, D. H., Ellard, K. K., Sauer-Zavala, S., Bullis, J. R., & Carl, J. R. (2014). The Origins of Neuroticism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 481–496. doi:10.1177/1745691614544528
10. Berenbaum, H. (2010). An initiation-termination two-phase model of worrying. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 962–975. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.011
11. Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: ‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9, 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014
12. Blatt, S. J. (1995). The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression. American Psychologist, 50, 1003–1020.
13. Bogdan, R., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2006). Acute stress reduces reward responsiveness: Implications for depression. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1147–1154. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.037
14. Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 591–612.
15. Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). New York, NY: Guilford.
16. Borkovec, T. D., & Ruscio, A. M. (2001). Psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl. 11), 37–42.
17. Botvinick, M., Braver, T., Barch, D., Carter, C., & Cohen, J. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 624–652. doi:10.l037/0033.295X.108.3.624
18. Brewer, J. A., Worhunsky, P. D., Gray, J. R., Tang, Y.-Y., Weber, J., & Kober, H. (2011). Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 20254–20259. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112029108/-/DCSupplemental
19. Bultz, B. D., & Johansen, C. (2011). Screening for distress, the 6th vital sign: Where are we, and where are we going? Psycho-Oncology, 20, 569–571.
20. Campbell-Sills, L., Liverant, G. I., & Brown, T. A. (2004). Psychometric evaluation of the behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation scales in a large sample of outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders. Psychological Assessment, 16, 244–254. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.244
21. Carl, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Bentley, K. H., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). A preliminary investigation of the effects of the unified protocol on temperament. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 1426–1434. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.04.015
22. Carver, C. S., Avivi, Y. E., Laurenceau, J-P. (2008). Approach, avoidance, and emotional experiences. In A. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 385–397). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
23. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
24. Clasen, P. C., Wells, T. T., Ellis, A. J., & Beevers, C. G. (2013). Attentional biases and the persistence of sad mood in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 74–85. doi:10.1037/a0029211
25. Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975–990.
26. Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Andersson, G., & van Oppen, P. (2008). Psychotherapy for depression in adults: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 909–922.
27. Cuthbert, B., & Insel, T. (2010). The data of diagnosis: New approaches to psychiatric classification. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 73, 311–314. doi:10.1521/psyc.2010.73.4.311
28. Dobzhansky, T. (1970). Genetics of the evolutionary process. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
29. Dollard, J., & Miller, N. E. (1950). Personality and psychotherapy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
30. Dunning, J. P., & Hajcak, G. (2009). See no evil: Directed visual attention modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant images. Psychophysiology, 46, 28–33.
31. Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Hoeft, F., Menon, V., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Failure of anterior cingulate activation and connectivity with the amygdala during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 545–554. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09070931
32. Etkin, A., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2011). Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 968–978. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10091290
33. Ellard, K. K., Fairholme, C. P., Boisseau, C. L., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: protocol development and initial outcome data. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17, 88–101. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.06.002
34. Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach–avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 804–818. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.5.804
35. Farabaugh, A. H., Bitran, S., Witte, J., Alpert, J., Chuzi, S., Clain, A. J. … Papakostas, G. I. (2010). Anxious depression and early changes in the HAMD–17 anxiety-somatization factor items and antidepressant treatment outcome. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25, 214–217.
36. Farb, N., Anderson, A. K., Bloch, R. T., & Segal, Z. V. (2011). Mood linked responses in medial prefrontal cortex predict relapse in patients with recurrent unipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry, 70(4), 366–372.
37. Ferster, C. B. (1973). A functional analysis of depression. American Psychologist, 28, 857–870. doi:10.1037/h0035605
38. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.
39. Forbes, E. E., Shaw, D. S., Dahl, R. E. (2007). Alterations in reward-related decision making in boys with recent and future depression. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 633–639. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.026
40. Fresco, D. M., Mennin, D. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2013). Emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 282–300.
41. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
42. Gilbert, D., & Wilson, T. (2007). Prospection: Experiencing the future. Science, 351, 1351–1354.
43. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (2nd ed., Oxford Psychology Series No. 33). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
44. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
45. Gross, J. J. (2014). Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
46. Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 387–401. doi:10.1177/2167702614536164
47. Harmon-Jones, E., Price, T. F., & Gable, P. A. (2012). The influence of affective states on cognitive broadening/narrowing: Considering the importance of motivational intensity. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 314–327. 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00432.x
48. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
49. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300.
50. Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2012). Behaviour research and therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 636–646. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.06.007
51. Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169–183. doi:10.1037/a0018555
52. Jacobson, N. S., Martell, C. R., & Dimidjian, S. (2001). Behavioral activation treatment for depression: Returning to contextual roots. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 8, 255–270. doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.3.255
53. Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C. M., Urry, H. L., Kalin, N. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Failure to regulate: Counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8877–8884. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2063-07.2007
54. Joormann, J., Nee, D. E., Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Interference resolution in major depression. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 21–33.
55. Joormann, J., & Tran, T. (2009). Rumination and intentional forgetting of emotional material. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1233-1246.
56. Kleinginna, P. R., & Kleinginna, A. M. (1981). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation & Emotion, 5, 345–379. doi:10.1007/BF00992553
57. Klenk, M. M., Strauman, T. J., & Higgins, E. T. (2011). Regulatory focus and anxiety: A self-regulatory model of GAD-depression comorbidity. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 935–943. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.003
58. Koole, S. L., & Rothermund, K. (2011). “I feel better but I don't know why”: The psychology of implicit emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 389–399.
59. Kring, A. M. & Sloan, D. M. (2009). Emotion regulation in psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford.
60. Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2006). Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 111–133. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095213
61. Lang, P. J., & Bradley, M. M. (2008). Appetitive and defensive motivation as the substrate of emotion. In A. Elliott (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 51–65) New York, NY: Psychology Press.
62. Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Öhman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 137–159.
63. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
64. Leyro, T. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2010). Distress tolerance and psychopathological symptoms and disorders: A review of the empirical literature among adults. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 576–600. doi:10.1037/a0019712
65. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford.
66. Lissek, S. (2012). Toward an account of clinical anxiety predicated on basic, neurally mapped mechanisms of Pavlovian fear-learning: The case for conditioned overgeneralization. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 257–263. doi:10.1002/da.21922
67. Lissek, S., Pine, D. S., & Grillon, C. (2006). The strong situation: A potential impediment to studying the psychobiology and pharmacology of anxiety disorders. Biological Psychology, 72, 265–270.
68. Lohr, J. M., Olatunji, B., & Sawchuk, C. (2007). A functional analysis of danger and safety signals in anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 114–126. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.07.005
69. MacNamara, A., & Hajcak, G. (2010). Distinct electrocortical and behavioral evidence for increased attention to threat in generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 234–243.
70. Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2013). What, me worry and ruminate about DSM-5 and RDoC? The importance of targeting negative self-referential processing. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 20, 258–267.
71. Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2014). Emotion regulation therapy. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 469–490). New York, NY: Guilford.
72. Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2002). Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 85–90.
73. Michalak, J., Heidenreich, T., Meibert, P., & Schulte, D. (2008). Mindfulness predicts relapse/recurrence in major depressive disorder after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 630–633. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31817d0546
74. Michelson, S. E., Lee, J. K., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2011). The role of values-consistent behavior in generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 358–366. doi:10.1002/da.20793
75. Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Bar-On, N., & Ein-Dor, T. (2010). The pushes and pulls of close relationships: attachment insecurities and relational ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 450–468. doi:10.1037/a0017366
76. Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2005). Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 29–45. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-1646-y
77. Morin, A. (2011). Self-awareness Part 1: Definition, measures, effects, functions, and antecedents. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 807–823. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00387.x
78. Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Phillips, D. T., Baird, B., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychological Science, 24, 776–781. doi:10.1177/0956797612459659
79. Muraven, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247–259.
80. Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 371–382. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008.
81. Newman, M. G., Przeworski, A., Fisher, A. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2010). Diagnostic comorbidity in adults with generalized anxiety disorder: Impact of comorbidity on psychotherapy outcome and impact of psychotherapy on comorbid diagnoses. Behavior Therapy, 41, 59–72.
82. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Watkins, E. R. (2011). A heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models of psychopathology: Explaining multifinality and divergent trajectories. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 589–609.
83. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400–424.
84. Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2014). The neural bases of emotion and emotion regulation: A valuation perspective. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 23–42). New York, NY: Guilford.
85. O’Doherty, J. P. (2004). Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: insights from neuroimaging. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 769–776. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.016
86. Okuda, J., Fujii, T., Ohtake, H., Tsukiura, T., Tanji, K., Suzuki, K., … Yamadori, A. (2003) Thinking of the future and past: The roles of the frontal pole and the medial temporal lobes. Neuroimage, 19, 1369–1380.
87. Olatunji, B. O., Naragon Gainey, K., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2013). Specificity of rumination in anxiety and depression: A multimodal meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 20, 225–257.
88. Ospina M. B., Bond K., Karkhaneh M., Tjosvold, L., Vandermeer, B., Liang, Y., …Klassen, T. P. (2007). Meditation practices for health: State of the research. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 155.)
89. Otto, M. W., Leyro, T. M., Christian, K., Deveney, C. M., Reese, H., Pollack, M. H., & Orr, S. P. (2007). Prediction of “fear” acquisition in healthy control participants in a de novo fear-conditioning paradigm. Behavior Modification, 31, 32–51. doi:10.1177/0145445506295054
90. Parrott, W. G. (2002). The functional utility of negative emotions. In L. Feldman Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence (pp. 341–359). New York, NY: Guilford.
91. Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2010). Interoception in anxiety and depression. Brain Structure and Function, 214, 451–463. doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0258-9
92. Ploubidis, G. B., & Frangou, S. (2011). Neuroticism and psychological distress: To what extent is their association due to person-environment correlation? European Psychiatry, 26, 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.003
93. Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 676–682.
94. Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M., & Salters-Pedneault, K. (2008). Efficacy of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 1083–1089. doi:10.1037/a0012720
95. Salters-Pedneault, K., Suvak, M., & Roemer, L. (2008). An experimental investigation of the effect of worry on responses to a discrimination learning task. Behavior Therapy, 39, 251–261.
96. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York, NY: Guilford.
97. Seligman, M. E. P., Railton, P., Baumeister, R. F., & Sripada, C. (2013). Navigating into the future or driven by the past. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 119–141. doi:10.1177/1745691612474317
98. Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Is timing everything? Temporal considerations in emotion regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 319–331. doi:10.1177/1088868310395778
99. Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion generation and emotion regulation: Moving beyond traditional dual-process accounts. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawrsonski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories of the social mind (pp. 483–493). New York, NY: Guilford.
100. Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2009). Imbalance of approach and avoidance: The yin and yang of anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 1072–1074. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.023
101. Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (2007). The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30, 299–345. doi:10.1017/S0140525×07001975
102. Szpunar, K. K., Watson, J. M., & McDermott, K. B. (2007). Neural substrates of envisioning the future. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 642–647.
103. Tamir, M. (2005). Don't worry, be happy? Neuroticism, trait-consistent affect regulation, and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 449–461. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.449
104. Tamir, M. (2009). What do people want to feel and why?: Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 101–105.
105. Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1–30. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296/abstract
106. Vinkers, C. H., Joëls, M., Milaneschi, Y., Kahn, R. S., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Boks, M. P. M. (2014). Stress exposure across the life span cumulatively increases depression risk and is moderated by neuroticism. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 737–745. doi:10.1002/da.22262
107. Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163–206. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163
108. Watkins, E. R., Mullan, E., Wingrove, J., Rimes, K., Steiner, H., Bathurst, N., … Scott, J. (2011). Rumination-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy for residual depression: Phase II randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 317–322. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.090282
109. Watson, D. (2000). Mood and temperament. New York, NY: Guilford.
110. Watson, D. (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 522–536.
111. Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 775–808. doi:10.1037/a0027600
112. Wells, A., Fisher, P., Myers, S., Wheatley, J., Patel, T., & Brewin, C. R. (2012). Metacognitive therapy in treatment-resistant depression: A platform trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 367–373. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.004
113. Whitmer, A. J., Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Switching and backward inhibition in major depressive disorder: The role of rumination. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0027474
114. Wilson, K. G., & Murrell, A. R. (2004). Values work in acceptance and commitment therapy. In S. C. Hayes, V. M. Follette, & M. Linehan (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition (pp. 120–151). New York, NY: Guilford.
115. Woody, S., & Rachman, S. (1994). Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as an unsuccessful search for safety. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 745–753.