메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 51-65

Appetitive and Defensive Motivation Is the Substrate of Emotion

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85145857173     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203888148-9     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (54)

References (81)
  • 2
    • 21544456076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love
    • Aron, A., Fisher, H., Mashek, D. J., Strong, G., Li. H., & Brown, L. L. (2005). Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94, 327-337.
    • (2005) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.94 , pp. 327-337
    • Aron, A.1    Fisher, H.2    Mashek, D.J.3    Strong, G.4    Li, H.5    Brown, L.L.6
  • 3
    • 0028101302 scopus 로고
    • Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: Modules for emotional expression?
    • Bandler, R., & Shipley, M. T. (1994). Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: Modules for emotional expression? Trends Neuroscience, 17, 379-389.
    • (1994) Trends Neuroscience , vol.17 , pp. 379-389
    • Bandler, R.1    Shipley, M.T.2
  • 5
    • 0001222630 scopus 로고
    • An ethoexperimental approach to the study of fear
    • Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1987). An ethoexperimental approach to the study of fear. Psychological Records, 37, 305-316.
    • (1987) Psychological Records , vol.37 , pp. 305-316
    • Blanchard, R.J.1    Blanchard, D.C.2
  • 7
    • 0003065717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotion and motivation
    • J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. Bernston (Eds.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Bradley, M. M. (2000). Emotion and motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. Bernston (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 602-642). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2000) Handbook of psychophysiology , pp. 602-642
    • Bradley, M.M.1
  • 8
    • 85145834761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotion and picture perception: Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing
    • Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Emotion and picture perception: Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1, 276-298.
    • (2000) Emotion , vol.1 , pp. 276-298
    • Bradley, M.M.1    Codispoti, M.2    Cuthbert, B.N.3    Lang, P.J.4
  • 9
    • 33748541953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multiprocess model of startle modulation during affective perception
    • Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., & Lang, P. J. (2006). A multiprocess model of startle modulation during affective perception. Psychophysiology, 43, 486-497.
    • (2006) Psychophysiology , vol.43 , pp. 486-497
    • Bradley, M.M.1    Codispoti, M.2    Lang, P.J.3
  • 10
    • 0027327137 scopus 로고
    • Pictures as prepulse: Attention and emotion in startle modification
    • Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1993). Pictures as prepulse: attention and emotion in startle modification. Psychophysiology, 30, 541-545.
    • (1993) Psychophysiology , vol.30 , pp. 541-545
    • Bradley, M.M.1    Cuthbert, B.N.2    Lang, P.J.3
  • 12
    • 20744439515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When good things go bad: The reflex physiology of defense
    • Bradley, M. M., Moulder, B., & Lang, P. J. (2005). When good things go bad: The reflex physiology of defense. Psychological Science, 16, 468-473.
    • (2005) Psychological Science , vol.16 , pp. 468-473
    • Bradley, M.M.1    Moulder, B.2    Lang, P.J.3
  • 14
    • 0028472784 scopus 로고
    • Bioelectrical echoes from evaluative categorizations:I. A late positive brain potential that varies as a function of trait negativity and extremity
    • Cacioppo, J. T., Crites, S. L. Jr., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1994). Bioelectrical echoes from evaluative categorizations:I. A late positive brain potential that varies as a function of trait negativity and extremity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 115-125.
    • (1994) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 115-125
    • Cacioppo, J.T.1    Crites, S.L.2    Gardner, W.L.3    Berntson, G.G.4
  • 15
    • 0002915782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origins of orienting and defense responses: An evolutionary perspective
    • P. J. Lang, R. F. Simmons, & M. T. Balaban (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Campbell, B. A., Wood, G., & McBride, T. (1997). Origins of orienting and defense responses: An evolutionary perspective. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simmons, & M. T. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 41-67). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1997) Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes , pp. 41-67
    • Campbell, B.A.1    Wood, G.2    McBride, T.3
  • 16
    • 0026490563 scopus 로고
    • Fearfulness and startle potentiation during aversive visual stimuli
    • Cook, E. W., Davis, T. L., Hawk, L. W., & Spence, E. L. (1992). Fearfulness and startle potentiation during aversive visual stimuli. Psychophysiology, 29(6), 633-645.
    • (1992) Psychophysiology , vol.29 , Issue.6 , pp. 633-645
    • Cook, E.W.1    Davis, T.L.2    Hawk, L.W.3    Spence, E.L.4
  • 17
    • 0029967459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probing picture perception: Activation and emotion
    • Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1996). Probing picture perception: Activation and emotion. Psychophysiology, 33, 103-111.
    • (1996) Psychophysiology , vol.33 , pp. 103-111
    • Cuthbert, B.N.1    Bradley, M.M.2    Lang, P.J.3
  • 18
    • 0033997477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report
    • Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology, 52, 95-111.
    • (2000) Biological Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 95-111
    • Cuthbert, B.N.1    Schupp, H.T.2    Bradley, M.M.3    Birbaumer, N.4    Lang, P.J.5
  • 19
    • 25844518642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens activation to smoking-related pictorial cues in smokers and nonsmokers: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
    • David, S. P., Munafo, M. R., Johansen-Berg, H., Smith, S. M., Rogers, R. D., Matthews, P. M., et al. (2005). Ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens activation to smoking-related pictorial cues in smokers and nonsmokers: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 488-494.
    • (2005) Biological Psychiatry , vol.58 , pp. 488-494
    • David, S.P.1    Munafo, M.R.2    Johansen-Berg, H.3    Smith, S.M.4    Rogers, R.D.5    Matthews, P.M.6
  • 20
    • 0024397805 scopus 로고
    • Neural systems involved in fear-potentiated startle
    • Davis, M. (1989). Neural systems involved in fear-potentiated startle. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 563, 165-183.
    • (1989) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.563 , pp. 165-183
    • Davis, M.1
  • 21
    • 0001006885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear and anxiety
    • J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
    • Davis, M. (2000). The role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear and anxiety. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala (Vol. 2, pp. 213-287). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • (2000) The amygdala , vol.2 , pp. 213-287
    • Davis, M.1
  • 22
    • 77957071243 scopus 로고
    • Anxiety and the amygdala: Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of the fear potentiated startle paradigm
    • New York: Academic Press
    • Davis, M., Hitchcock, J., & Rosen, J. (1987). Anxiety and the amygdala: Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of the fear potentiated startle paradigm. Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 21). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1987) Psychology of learning and motivation , vol.21
    • Davis, M.1    Hitchcock, J.2    Rosen, J.3
  • 23
    • 0012704795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotion
    • M. Gallagher & R. J. Nelson (Eds.), Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
    • Davis, M., & Lang, P. J. (2003). Emotion. In M. Gallagher & R. J. Nelson (Eds.), Handbook of psychology (pp. 405-439). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
    • (2003) Handbook of psychology , pp. 405-439
    • Davis, M.1    Lang, P.J.2
  • 24
    • 0014873478 scopus 로고
    • Classical conditioning and instrumental learning of cardiac and gastrointestinal responses following removal of neocortex in the rat
    • DiCara, L., Braun, J. J., & Pappas, B. (1970). Classical conditioning and instrumental learning of cardiac and gastrointestinal responses following removal of neocortex in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 73, 208-216.
    • (1970) Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , vol.73 , pp. 208-216
    • DiCara, L.1    Braun, J.J.2    Pappas, B.3
  • 25
    • 2642582548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early-and late-onset startle modulation in unipolar depression
    • Dichter, G. S., Tomarken, A. J., Shelton, R. C., & Sutton, S. K. (2004). Early-and late-onset startle modulation in unipolar depression. Psychophysiology, 41, 433-440.
    • (2004) Psychophysiology , vol.41 , pp. 433-440
    • Dichter, G.S.1    Tomarken, A.J.2    Shelton, R.C.3    Sutton, S.K.4
  • 26
    • 0000672947 scopus 로고
    • Appetitive-aversive interactions and inhibitory processes
    • A. B. Dickinson, R. A. Boakes (Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Dickinson, A., & Dearing, M. F. (1979). Appetitive-aversive interactions and inhibitory processes. In A. B. Dickinson, R. A. Boakes (Ed.), Mechanisms of learning and motivation (pp. 203-231). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1979) Mechanisms of learning and motivation , pp. 203-231
    • Dickinson, A.1    Dearing, M.F.2
  • 27
    • 0029966589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic activation of the electrocorticogram: An amygdaloid activating system
    • Dringenberg, H. C., & Vanderwolf, C. H. (1996). Cholinergic activation of the electrocorticogram: An amygdaloid activating system. Exp. Brain Res., 108, 285-296.
    • (1996) Exp. Brain Res , vol.108 , pp. 285-296
    • Dringenberg, H.C.1    Vanderwolf, C.H.2
  • 28
    • 85047673567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals
    • Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 804-818.
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 804-818
    • Elliot, A.J.1    Thrash, T.M.2
  • 29
    • 0001206718 scopus 로고
    • The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety
    • A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.), New York:Plenum Publishing Co
    • Fanselow, M. S. (1991). The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety. In A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.), The midbrain periaqueductal gray matter: Functional, anatomical and neurochemical organization (pp. 151-173). New York:Plenum Publishing Co.
    • (1991) The midbrain periaqueductal gray matter: Functional, anatomical and neurochemical organization , pp. 151-173
    • Fanselow, M.S.1
  • 30
    • 84864890590 scopus 로고
    • Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear
    • Fanselow, M. S. (1994). Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 1, 429-438.
    • (1994) Psychonomic Bulletin Review , vol.1 , pp. 429-438
    • Fanselow, M.S.1
  • 31
    • 0028896062 scopus 로고
    • Functional neuroanatomy of visually elicited simple phobic fear: Additional data and theoretical analysis
    • Fredrikson, M., Wik, G., Annas, P., Ericson, K. A. J., & Stone-Elander, S. (1995). Functional neuroanatomy of visually elicited simple phobic fear: Additional data and theoretical analysis. Psychophysiology, 32, 43-48.
    • (1995) Psychophysiology , vol.32 , pp. 43-48
    • Fredrikson, M.1    Wik, G.2    Annas, P.3    Ericson, K.A.J.4    Stone-Elander, S.5
  • 35
    • 0002452752 scopus 로고
    • Attention: The heartbeat, the blink, and the brain
    • B. A. Campbell, H. Hayne, & R. Richardson (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Graham, F. K. (1992). Attention: The heartbeat, the blink, and the brain. In B. A. Campbell, H. Hayne, & R. Richardson (Eds.), Attention and information processing in infants and adults (pp. 3-29). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1992) Attention and information processing in infants and adults , pp. 3-29
    • Graham, F.K.1
  • 36
    • 0024353968 scopus 로고
    • Affective judgment and psychophysiological response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli
    • Greenwald, M. K., Cook, E. W. III, & Lang, P. J. (1989). Affective judgment and psychophysiological response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 51-64.
    • (1989) Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.3 , pp. 51-64
    • Greenwald, M.K.1    Cook, E.W.2    Lang, P.J.3
  • 37
    • 0030853977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: Effects of explicit and contextual cue conditioning following paired vs. unpaired training
    • Grillon, C., & Davis, M. (1997). Fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: Effects of explicit and contextual cue conditioning following paired vs. unpaired training. Psychophysiology, 34, 451-458.
    • (1997) Psychophysiology , vol.34 , pp. 451-458
    • Grillon, C.1    Davis, M.2
  • 38
    • 0031038321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear and startle reflex: Blink modulation and autonomic response patterns in animal mutilation fearful subjects
    • Hamm, A. O., Cuthbert, B. N., Globisch, J., & Vaitl, D. (1997). Fear and startle reflex: Blink modulation and autonomic response patterns in animal mutilation fearful subjects. Psychophysiology, 34, 97-107.
    • (1997) Psychophysiology , vol.34 , pp. 97-107
    • Hamm, A.O.1    Cuthbert, B.N.2    Globisch, J.3    Vaitl, D.4
  • 40
    • 0023686564 scopus 로고
    • Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat
    • Iwata, J., & LeDoux, J. E. (1988). Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 66-76.
    • (1988) Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.102 , pp. 66-76
    • Iwata, J.1    LeDoux, J.E.2
  • 41
    • 58149420997 scopus 로고
    • The physical basis of emotion
    • James, W. J. (1894). The physical basis of emotion. Psychological Review, 1, 516-529.
    • (1894) Psychological Review , vol.1 , pp. 516-529
    • James, W.J.1
  • 47
    • 0002648712 scopus 로고
    • Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct
    • J. M. Schlien (Ed.), Washington, DC:American Psychological Association
    • Lang, P. J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In J. M. Schlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (Vol. 3, pp. 90-103). Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
    • (1968) Research in psychotherapy , vol.3 , pp. 90-103
    • Lang, P.J.1
  • 48
    • 0018698064 scopus 로고
    • Presidential address, 1978: A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery
    • Lang, P. J. (1979). Presidential address, 1978: A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495-512.
    • (1979) Psychophysiology , vol.16 , pp. 495-512
    • Lang, P.J.1
  • 49
    • 0002000659 scopus 로고
    • Cognition in emotion: Concept and action
    • C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), New York:Cambridge
    • Lang, P. J. (1984). Cognition in emotion: Concept and action. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognitions, and behavior (pp. 192-228). New York:Cambridge.
    • (1984) Emotions, cognitions, and behavior , pp. 192-228
    • Lang, P.J.1
  • 50
    • 0000879439 scopus 로고
    • The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion:Fear and anxiety
    • A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), 3-62, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Lang, P. J. (1985). The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion:Fear and anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (Vol. 3, No. 2, 3-62, pp. 131-170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1985) Anxiety and the anxiety disorders , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-170
    • Lang, P.J.1
  • 51
    • 85121303085 scopus 로고
    • The motivational organization of emotion:Affect-reflex connections
    • S. VanGoozen, N. E. Van De Poll, & J. A. Sargeant (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Lang, P. J. (1994a). The motivational organization of emotion:Affect-reflex connections. In S. VanGoozen, N. E. Van De Poll, & J. A. Sargeant (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 61-93). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1994) Emotions: Essays on emotion theory , pp. 61-93
    • Lang, P.J.1
  • 52
    • 0028411041 scopus 로고
    • The varieties of emotional experience:A meditation on James-Lange theory
    • Lang, P. J. (1994b). The varieties of emotional experience:A meditation on James-Lange theory. Psychological Review, 101, 211-221.
    • (1994) Psychological Review , vol.101 , pp. 211-221
    • Lang, P.J.1
  • 53
    • 0029304079 scopus 로고
    • The emotion probe
    • Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe. American Psychologist, 50, 372-385.
    • (1995) American Psychologist , vol.50 , pp. 372-385
    • Lang, P.J.1
  • 55
    • 0002308482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivated attention: Affect, activation and action
    • P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons, & M. F. Balaban (Eds.), Inc, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). Motivated attention: Affect, activation and action. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons, & M. F. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting:Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 97-135). Inc, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1997) Attention and orienting:Sensory and motivational processes , pp. 97-135
    • Lang, P.J.1    Bradley, M.M.2    Cuthbert, B.N.3
  • 56
    • 0004311807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of picture and technical manual
    • University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
    • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of picture and technical manual. Technical Report A-6, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
    • (2005) Technical Report A-6
    • Lang, P.J.1    Bradley, M.M.2    Cuthbert, B.N.3
  • 58
    • 0027523286 scopus 로고
    • Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral and behavioral reactions
    • Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261-273.
    • (1993) Psychophysiology , vol.30 , pp. 261-273
    • Lang, P.J.1    Greenwald, M.K.2    Bradley, M.M.3    Hamm, A.O.4
  • 59
    • 0033049388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summation between acoustic and trigeminal stimuli evoking startle
    • Li, L., & Yeomans, J. S. (1999). Summation between acoustic and trigeminal stimuli evoking startle. Neuroscience, 90, 139-152.
    • (1999) Neuroscience , vol.90 , pp. 139-152
    • Li, L.1    Yeomans, J.S.2
  • 62
    • 0013515159 scopus 로고
    • The response to threat: Relations among verbal and physiological indices
    • Whole No. 513
    • Mandler, G., Mandler, J. M., Kremen, I., & Sholiton, R. (1961). The response to threat: Relations among verbal and physiological indices. Psychological Monographs, 75, Whole No. 513.
    • (1961) Psychological Monographs , vol.75
    • Mandler, G.1    Mandler, J.M.2    Kremen, I.3    Sholiton, R.4
  • 63
    • 0020393677 scopus 로고
    • The defense motivation system: A theory of avoidance behavior
    • Masterson, F. A., & Crawford, M. (1982). The defense motivation system: A theory of avoidance behavior. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 661-696.
    • (1982) The Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.5 , pp. 661-696
    • Masterson, F.A.1    Crawford, M.2
  • 67
    • 0004281531 scopus 로고
    • Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
    • Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • (1927) Conditioned Reflexes
    • Pavlov, I.P.1
  • 70
    • 12844280014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel amygdala and inferotemporal activation reflect emotional intensity and fear relevance
    • Sabatinelli, D., Bradley, M. M., Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Lang, P. J. (2005). Parallel amygdala and inferotemporal activation reflect emotional intensity and fear relevance. Neuro-Image, 24, 1265-1270.
    • (2005) Neuro-Image , vol.24 , pp. 1265-1270
    • Sabatinelli, D.1    Bradley, M.M.2    Fitzsimmons, J.R.3    Lang, P.J.4
  • 71
    • 34548809134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pleasure rather than salience activates human nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex
    • Sabatinelli, D., Costa, V. D., Versace, F., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). Pleasure rather than salience activates human nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 98, 1374-1379.
    • (2007) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.98 , pp. 1374-1379
    • Sabatinelli, D.1    Costa, V.D.2    Versace, F.3    Bradley, M.M.4    Lang, P.J.5
  • 72
    • 45149103740 scopus 로고
    • The description of facial expression in terms of two dimensions
    • Schlosberg, J. (1952). The description of facial expression in terms of two dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 229-237.
    • (1952) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 229-237
    • Schlosberg, J.1
  • 73
    • 0002122249 scopus 로고
    • An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal
    • M. Jones (Ed.), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
    • Schneirla, T. (1959). An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In M. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 1-42). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
    • (1959) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , pp. 1-42
    • Schneirla, T.1
  • 76
    • 0002348036 scopus 로고
    • Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report
    • A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681-706). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1985) Anxiety and the anxiety disorders , pp. 681-706
    • Tellegen, A.1
  • 77
    • 0027633718 scopus 로고
    • Behavior systems and reinforcement:An integrative approach
    • Timberlake, W. (1993). Behavior systems and reinforcement:An integrative approach. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 105-128.
    • (1993) Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.60 , pp. 105-128
    • Timberlake, W.1
  • 78
    • 50549201713 scopus 로고
    • Effect of amygdaloid lesions on avoidance behavior and visual discrimination in cats
    • Ursin, H. (1965). Effect of amygdaloid lesions on avoidance behavior and visual discrimination in cats. Experimental Neurology, 11, 298-317.
    • (1965) Experimental Neurology , vol.11 , pp. 298-317
    • Ursin, H.1
  • 80
    • 0029963432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The varying time courses of attentional and affective modulation of the startle blink reflex
    • Vanman, E. J., Boehmelt, A. H., Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M. (1996). The varying time courses of attentional and affective modulation of the startle blink reflex. Psychophysiology, 33, 691-697.
    • (1996) Psychophysiology , vol.33 , pp. 691-697
    • Vanman, E.J.1    Boehmelt, A.H.2    Dawson, M.E.3    Schell, A.M.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.