Regulatory Flexibility: An Individual Differences Perspective on Coping and Emotion Regulation

Perspectives on Psychological Science

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 591-612

  Bonanno, George A ^a   Burton, Charles L ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

coping; emotion; flexibility; individual differences; regulation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887185191     PISSN: 17456916     EISSN: 17456924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1745691613504116     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Aldao A.The future of emotion regulation research: Capturing context.Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2013;8:155-172.
2. Aldao A.,Nolen-Hoeksema S.One versus many: Capturing the use of multiple emotion regulation strategies in response to an emotion-eliciting stimulus.Cognition & Emotion. 2012a;27:753-760.
3. Aldao A.,Nolen-Hoeksema S.When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology?.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2012b;121:276-281.
4. AldaoA.Nolen-HoeksemaS.SchweizerS. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217-237. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735809001597.
5. Aspinwall L. G.,Taylor S. E.A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping.Psychological Bulletin. 1997;121:417-436.
6. AustenfeldJ. L.StantonA. L. (2004). Coping through emotional approach: A new look at emotion, coping, and health-related outcomes. Journal of Personality, 72, 1335-1364. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00299.x.
7. Baker J. P.,Berenbaum H.Emotional approach and problem-focused coping: A comparison of potentially adaptive strategies.Cognition & Emotion. 2007;21:95-118.
8. Barrett L. F.,Gross J. J.Emotions: Current issues and future directions emotions and social behavior. Mayne T. J.Bonanno G. A., ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2001:286-310.
9. Beer J. S.,Heerey E. A.,Keltner D.,Scabini D.,Knight R. T.The regulatory function of self-conscious emotion: Insights from patients with orbitofrontal damage.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;85:594-604.
10. Bernard C.De la diversité des animaux soumis à l'expérimentation. De la variabilité des conditions organiques dans lesquelles ils s'offrent à l'expérimentateur.Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 1865;2:497-506.
11. BinderJ.De QuervainD. J.-F.FrieseM.LuechingerR.BoesigerP.RaschB. (2012). Emotion suppression reduces hippocampal activity during successful memory encoding. NeuroImage, 63, 525-532. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811912007173.
12. Block J.Studying lives through time: Personality and development. Funder D. C.Parke R. D.Tomlinson-Keasey C.Widaman K., ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1993:9-41.
13. Block J. H.,Block J.The Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. Collins W. A., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1980:39-101.
14. Bonanno G. A.Emotions: Current issues and future directions. Mayne T. J.Bonanno G. A., ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2001:251-285.
15. Bonanno G. A.Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?.American Psychologist. 2004;59:20-28.
16. Bonanno G. A.Resilience in the face of loss and potential trauma.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2005;14:135-138.
17. Bonanno G. A.,Keltner D.Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997;106:126-137.
18. Bonanno G. A.,Keltner D.,Holen A.,Horowitz M. J.When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing: Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjugal bereavement.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995;69:975-989.
19. Bonanno G. A.,Papa A.,Lalande K.,Westphal M.,Coifman K.The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment.Psychological Science. 2004;15:482-487.
20. Bonanno G. A.,Pat-Horenczyk R.,Noll J.Coping flexibility and trauma: The Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) Scale.Psychological Trauma-Theory Re-search Practice and Policy. 2011;3:117-129.
21. BullockA. B.BonannoG. A. (2012). Complicated grief and context insensitivity in emotional expression. Unpublished manuscript.
22. Burns K. C.,Isbell L. M.,Tyler J. M.Suppressing emotions toward stereotyped targets: The impact on willingness to engage in contact.Social Cognition. 2008;26:276-287.
23. BurtonC. L.YanO. H.Pat-HorenczykR.ChanI. S. F.HoS.BonannoG. A. (2012). Coping flexibility and complicated grief: A comparison of American and Chinese samples. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 16-22. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20888.
24. Butler E. A.,Egloff B.,Wilhelm F. H.,Smith N. C.,Erickson E. A.,Gross J. J.The social consequences of expressive suppression.Emotion. 2003;3:48-67.
25. Butler E. A.,Lee T. L.,Gross J. J.Emotion regulation and culture: Are the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific?.Emotion. 2007;7:30-48.
26. BylsmaL. M.MorrisB. H.RottenbergJ. (2008). A meta-analysis of emotional reactivity in major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 676-691. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735807001626.
27. Cannon W. B.The wisdom of the body. New York, NY: W.W. Norton; 1932:.
28. Carver C. S.,Connor-Smith J.Personality and coping.Annual Review of Psychology. 2010;61:679-704.
29. Carver C. S.,Scheier M. F.Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology.Psychological Bulletin. 1982;92:111-135.
30. ChengC. (2001). Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 814-833. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11374752.
31. Cheng C.Cognitive and motivational processes underlying coping flexibility: A dual-process model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;84:425-438.
32. ChengC.CheungM. W. L. (2005). Cognitive processes underlying coping flexibility: Differentiation and integration. Journal of Personality, 73, 859-886. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00331.x.
33. ChengC.ChiuC.HongY.CheungJ. S. (2001). Discriminative facility and its role in the perceived quality of interactional experiences. Journal of Personality, 69, 765-786. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=5487078&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
34. Cheng C.,Hui W.,Lam S.Perceptual style and behavioral pattern of individuals with functional gastrointestinal disorders.Health Psychology. 2000;19:146-154.
35. Chiu C.-Y.,Hong Y.-Y.,Mischel W.,Shoda Y.Discriminative facility in social competence: Conditional versus dispositional encoding and monitoring-blunting of information.Social Cognition. 1995;13:49-70.
36. Clark M. S.,Finkel E. J.The social life of emotions. Leach L. Z. T. C. W., ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2004:105-126.
37. Coan J. A.,Schaefer H. S.,Davidson R. J.Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural response to threat.Psychological Science. 2006;17:1032-1039.
38. Coifman K. G,Bonanno G. A.Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. Kring A. M.Sloan D. M., ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2009:157-173.
39. Coifman K. G,Bonanno G. A.When distress does not become depression: Emotion context sensitivity and adjustment to bereavement.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2010;119:479-490.
40. ColeP. M.MichelM. K.TetiL. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 73-102. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01278.x.
41. Cole P. M.,Zahn-Waxler C.Developmental perspectives on depression. Toth D. C. S. L., ed. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press; 1992:173-209.
42. Compas B. E.,Forsythe C. J.,Wagner B. M.Consistency and variability in causal attributions and coping with stress.Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1988;12:305-320.
43. Consedine N. S.,Magai C.,Bonanno G. A.Moderators of the emotion inhibition-health relationship: A review and research agenda.Review of General Psychology. 2002;6:204-228.
44. Conway V. J.,Terry D. J.Appraised controllability as a moderator of the effectiveness of different coping strategies: A test of the goodness of fit hypothesis.Australian Journal of Psychology. 1992;44:1-7.
45. Côté S.A social interaction model of the effects of emotion regulation on work strain.Academy of Management Review. 2005;30:509-530.
46. Cuthbert B. N.,Schupp H. T.,Bradley M. M.,Birbaumer N.,Lang P. J.Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report.Biological Psychology. 2000;52:95-111.
47. Davidson R. J.Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity.American Psychologist. 2000;55:1196-1214.
48. Decety J.,Chaminade T.Neural correlates of feeling sympathy.Neuropsychologia. 2003;41:127-138.
49. DeCiccoJ.HajcakG.BonannoG. A.DennisT. A. (2010). Neurophysiological and behavioral measures of emotion regulation: Coherence between measures and the role of gender. Unpublished manuscript.
50. Dennis T. A.,Hajcak G.The late positive potential: A neurophysiological marker for emotion regulation in children.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2009;50:1373-1383.
51. De QuervainD. J.-F.AerniA.SchellingG.RoozendaalB. (2009). Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory in health and disease. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30, 358-370. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009130220900003X.
52. DeveneyC. M.PizzagalliD. A. (2008). The cognitive consequences of emotion regulation: An ERP investigation. Psychophysiology, 45, 435-444. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00641.x.
53. Eisenberg N.,Fabes R. A.Emotion and social behavior. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1992:119-150.
54. Eisenberger N. I.,Lieberman M. D.,Williams K. D.Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion.Science. 2003;302:290-292.
55. Ellsworth P. C.,Scherer K. R.Handbook of affective sciences. Davidson R. JScherer K. R.Goldsmith H. H., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2003:572-595.
56. Emery L.,Hess T. M.Cognitive consequences of expressive regulation in older adults.Psychology and Aging. 2011;26:388-396.
57. Field T.The effects of mother's physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1994;59:208-227.
58. Folkman S.Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1984;46:839-852.
59. Folkman S.,Lazarus R. S.If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985;48:150-170.
60. Folkman S.,Lazarus R. S.,Dunkel-Schetter C.,DeLongis A.,Gruen R. J.Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;50:992-1003.
61. Folkman S.,Moskowitz J. T.Positive affect and the other side of coping.American Psychologist. 2000;55:647-654.
62. Folkman S.,Moskowitz J. T.Coping: Pitfalls and promise.Annual Review of Psychology. 2004;55:745-774.
63. Fredrickson B. L.The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.American Psychologist. 2001;56:218-226.
64. Fredrickson B. L,Cohn M. A.Positive emotions.Handbook of Emotions. 2008;3:777-796.
65. Frijda N. H.,Zeelenberg M.Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Scherer K. R.Schorr A.Johnstone T., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001:141-155.
66. Füstös J.,Gramann K.,Herbert B. M.,Pollatos O.On the embodiment of emotion regulation: Interoceptive awareness facilitates reappraisal.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2012;:.
67. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Burton C. L.,Bonanno G. A.Coping flexibility, potentially traumatic life events, and resilience: A prospective study of college student adjustment.Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology. 2012;31:542-567.
68. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Mazursky H.,Mancini A. D.,Bonanno G. A.What we don't expect when expecting: Evidence for heterogeneity in subjective well-being in response to parenthood.Journal of Family Psychology. 2011;25:384-392.
69. Gall T. L,Evans D. R.,Bellerose S.Transition to first-year university: Patterns of change in adjustment across life domains and time.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2000;19:544-567.
70. Gall T. L.,Guirguis-Younger M.,Charbonneau C.,Florack P.The trajectory of religious coping across time in response to the diagnosis of breast cancer.Psycho-Oncology. 2009;18:1165-1178.
71. GehrickeJ.-G.ShapiroD. (2000). Reduced facial expression and social context in major depression: Discrepancies between facial muscle activity and self-reported emotion. Psychiatry Research, 95, 157-167. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178100001682.
72. Gintner G. G.,West J. D.,Zarski J. J.Learned resourcefulness and situation-specific coping with stress.Journal of Psychology. 1989;123:295-304.
73. Goldsmith H. H.,Davidson R. J.Disambiguating the components of emotion regulation.Child Development. 2004;75:361-365.
74. Gross J. J.Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74:224-237.
75. Gross J. J.Emotion regulation: Past, present, future.Cognition & Emotion. 1999;13:551-573.
76. Gross J. J.Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences.Psychophysiology. 2002;39:281-291.
77. Gross J. J.,Barrett L. F.Emotion generation and emotion regulation: One or two depends on your point of view.Emotion Review. 2011;3:8-16.
78. Gross J. J.,Levenson R. W.Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997;106:95-103.
79. Gross J. J.,Sheppes G.,Urry H. L.Cognition and emotion lecture at the 2010 SPSP emotion preconference.Cognition & Emotion. 2011a;25:765-781.
80. GrossJ. J.SheppesG.UrryH. L. (2011b). Emotion generation and emotion regulation: A distinction we should make (carefully). Cognition & Emotion, 25, 765-781. Retrieved from http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=24496672.
81. Gross J. J.,Thompson R. A.Handbook of emotion regulation. Gross J. J., ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2007:3-24.
82. Gruber J.,Johnson S. L.,Oveis C.,Keltner D.Risk for mania and positive emotional responding: Too much of a good thing?.Emotion. 2008;8:23-33.
83. Gruber J.,Mauss I. B.,Tamir M.A dark side of happiness? How, when, and why happiness is not always good.Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2011;6:222-233.
84. Gruber J.,Oveis C.,Keltner D.,Johnson S. L.A discrete emotions approach to positive emotion disturbance in depression.Cognition & Emotion. 2010;25:40-52.
85. Gupta S.,Bonanno G. A.Complicated grief and deficits in emotional expressive flexibility.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2011;120:635-643.
86. Hajcak G,Dennis T. A.Brain potentials during affective picture processing in children.Biological Psychology. 2009;80:333-338.
87. Hajcak G.,Moser J. S.,Simons R. F.Attending to affect: Appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures.Emotion. 2006;6:517-522.
88. Harker L.,Keltner D.Expressions of positive emotion in women's college yearbook pictures and their relationship to personality and life outcomes across adulthood.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;80:112-124.
89. HerbertB. M.PollatosO.SchandryR. (2007). Interoceptive sensitivity and emotion processing: An EEG study. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 65, 214-227. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.04.007.
90. Houle D.,Kondrashov A. S.Coevolution of costly mate choice and condition-dependent display of good genes.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 2002;269:97-104.
91. JacksonD. C.MalmstadtJ. R.LarsonC. L.DavidsonR. J. (2000). Suppression and enhancement of emotional responses to unpleasant pictures. Psychophysiology, 37, 515-522. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3740515.
92. John O. P.,Gross J. J.Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development.Journal of Personality. 2004;72:1301-1333.
93. Johnson S. L.Mania and dysregulation in goal pursuit: A review.Clinical Psychology Review. 2005;25:241-262.
94. KalischR. (2009). The functional neuroanatomy of reappraisal: Time matters. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 1215-1226. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.06.003.
95. Kalisky T.,Dekel E.,Alon U.Cost-benefit theory and optimal design of gene regulation functions.Physical Biology. 2007;4:229-245.
96. Kaloupek D. G.,White H.,Wong M.Multiple assessment of coping strategies used by volunteer blood donors: Implications for preparatory training.Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1984;7:35-60.
97. Kashdan T. B.,Rottenberg J.Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health.Clinical Psychology Review. 2010;30:865-878.
98. Kato T.Development of the Coping Flexibility Scale: Evidence for the coping flexibility hypothesis.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2012;59:262-273.
99. Keltner D.,Bonanno G. A.A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;73:687-702.
100. Keltner D.,Ellsworth P. C.,Edwards K.Beyond simple pessimism: Effects of sadness and anger on social perception.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993;64:740-752.
101. Keltner D.,Haidt J.Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis.Cognition & Emotion. 1999;13:505-521.
102. Kim S. H.,Hamann S.Neural correlates of positive and negative emotion regulation.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2007;19:776-798.
103. Kring A. M.Handbook of emotions. 2008). Emotion disturbances as transdiagnostic processes in psychopathology. In LewisM.Haviland-JonesJ. M.BarrettL. F. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 691-705). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Lewis M.Haviland-Jones J. M.Barrett L. F., ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2008:691-705.
104. Kross E.,Ayduk O.Making meaning out of negative experiences by self-distancing.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2011;20:187-191.
105. Kross E.,Berman M. G.,Mischel W.,Smith E. E.,Wager T. D.Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 2011;108:6270-6275.
106. Lam C.,McBride-Chang C.Resilience in young adulthood: The moderating influences of gender-related personality traits and coping flexibility.Sex Roles. 2007;56:159-172.
107. Larson C. L.,Nitschke J. B.,Davidson R. J.Common and distinct patterns of affective response in dimensions of anxiety and depression.Emotion. 2007;7:182-191.
108. LatzmanR. D.MasudaA. (2013). Examining mindfulness and psychological inflexibility within the framework of Big Five personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 129-134. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.019.
109. Lazarus R. S.Psychological stress and the coping process. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1966:.
110. Lazarus R. S.Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1991:.
111. Lazarus R. S.,Folkman S.Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer; 1984:.
112. Lerner J. S.,Goldberg J. H.,Tetlock P. E.Sober second thought: The effects of accountability, anger, and authoritarianism on attributions of responsibility.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1998;24:563-574.
113. LougheedJ. P.HollensteinT. (2012). A limited repertoire of emotion regulation strategies is associated with internalizing problems in adolescence. Social Development. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00663.x.
114. Masuda T.,Ellsworth P. C.,Mesquita B.,Leu J.,Tanida S.,Veerdonk E.Placing the face in context: Cultural differences in the perception of facial emotion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;94:365-381.
115. Matsumoto D.,Yoo S. H.,Nakagawa S.Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;94:925-937.
116. MaussI. B.ButlerE. A. (2010). Cultural context moderates the relationship between emotion control values and cardiovascular challenge versus threat responses. Biological Psychology, 84, 521-530. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051109001963.
117. McCrae R. R.Situational determinants of coping responses: Loss, threat, and challenge.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1984;46:919-928.
118. Mendes W. B.,Reis H. T.,Seery M. D.,Blascovich J.Cardiovascular correlates of emotional expression and suppression: Do content and gender context matter?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;84:771-792.
119. Mesquita B.,Albert D.The handbook of emotion regulation. Gross J. J., ed. New York City, NY: Guilford Press; 2007:486-503.
120. Mischel W.Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality.Psychological Review. 1973;80:252-283.
121. Mischel W.,Shoda Y.A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure.Psychological Review. 1995;102:246-268.
122. Moser J. S.,Hajcak G.,Bukay E.,Simons R. F.Intentional modulation of emotional responding to unpleasant pictures: An ERP study.Psychophysiology. 2006;43:292-296.
123. Ochsner K. N.,Ray R. D.,Cooper J. C.,Robertson E. R.,Chopra S.,Gabrieli J. D. E.,Gross J. J.For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down-and up-regulation of negative emotion.NeuroImage. 2004;23:483-499.
124. Ong A. D.Pathways linking positive emotion and health in later life.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2010;19:358-362.
125. Ong A. D.,Fuller-Rowell T. E.,Bonanno G. A.,Almeida D. M.Spousal loss predicts alterations in diurnal cortisol activity through prospective changes in positive emotion.Health Psychology. 2011;30:220-227.
126. OpitzP. C.RauchL. C.TerryD. P.UrryH. L. (2012). Prefrontal mediation of age differences in cognitive reappraisal. Neurobiology of Aging, 33, 645-655. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.004.
127. OrcuttH. K.BonannoG. A.HannanS. M.MironL. R. (2013). Prospective trajectories of posttraumatic stress following a campus mass shooting. Unpublished manuscript.
128. Ormel J.,Wohlfarth T.How neuroticism, long-term difficulties, and life situation change influence psychological distress: A longitudinal model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;60:744-755.
129. Orr H. A.The genetic theory of adaptation: A brief history.Nature Reviews Genetics. 2005;6:119-127.
130. Papa A.,Bonanno G. A.Smiling in the face of adversity: The interpersonal and intrapersonal functions of smiling.Emotion. 2008;8:1-12.
131. Paret C.,Brenninkmeyer J.,Meyer B.,Yuen K. S. L.,Gartmann N.,Mechias M. L.,Kalisch R.A test for the implementation-maintenance model of reappraisal.Frontiers in Psychology. 2011;2:.
132. Petrie M.,Halliday T.Experimental and natural changes in the peacock's (Pavo cristatus) train can affect mating success.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 1994;35:213-217.
133. Richards J. M.,Gross J. J.Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;79:410-424.
134. RobertsN. A.LevensonR. W.GrossJ. J. (2008). Cardiovascular costs of emotion suppression cross ethnic lines. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 70, 82-87. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167876008007009.
135. Roseman I. J.Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions.Cognition & Emotion. 1991;5:161-200.
136. Rosenbaum M.Individual differences in self-control behaviors and tolerance of painful stimulation.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1980;89:581-590.
137. Roth S.,Cohen L. J.Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress.American Psychologist. 1986;41:813-819.
138. Rottenberg J.Mood and emotion in major depression.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2005;14:167-170.
139. RottenbergJ.GotlibI. H. (2004). Socioemotional functioning in depression. In Mood disorders (pp. 61-77). John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470696385.ch4.
140. Rottenberg J.,Gross J. J.,Gotlib I. H.Emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2005;114:627-639.
141. Rottenberg J.,Kasch K. L.,Gross J. J.,Gotlib I. H.Sadness and amusement reactivity differentially predict concurrent and prospective functioning in major depressive disorder.Emotion. 2002;2:135-146.
142. Russell J. A.,Barrett L. F.Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;76:805-819.
143. Ryan R. M.,Deci E. L.Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.American Psychologist. 2000;55:68-78.
144. Sanchez R.Preparing for an uncertain future: Managing organizations for strategic flexibility.International Studies of Management & Organization. 1997;27:71-94.
145. Schaefer A.,Nils F.,Sanchez X.,Philippot P.Assessing the effectiveness of a large database of emotion-eliciting films: A new tool for emotion researchers.Cognition & Emotion. 2010;24:1153-1172.
146. Scherer K. R.Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Scherer K. R.Schorr A.Johnston T., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001:91-120.
147. Scherer K. R.Emotions are emergent processes: They require a dynamic computational architecture.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009;364:3459-3474.
148. Schupp H. T.,Cuthbert B. N.,Bradley M. M.,Cacioppo J. T.,Ito T.,Lang P. J.Affective picture processing: The late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance.Psychophysiology. 2000;37:257-261.
149. Sheppes G.,Scheibe S.,Suri G.,Gross J. J.Emotion-regulation choice.Psychological Science. 2011;22:1391-1396.
150. Sheppes G.,Scheibe S.,Suri G.,Radu P.,Blechert J.,Gross J. J.Emotion Regulation choice: A conceptual framework and supporting evidence.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2012;:.
151. Skinner E. A.,Edge K.,Altman J.,Sherwood H.Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping.Psychological Bulletin. 2003;129:216-269.
152. Skinner E. A.,Zimmer-Gembeck M. J.The development of coping.Annual Review of Psychology. 2006;58:119-144.
153. Smith C. A.,Ellsworth P. C.Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985;48:813-838.
154. Smyth J.,Lepore S. J.The writing cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional wellbeing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2002:.
155. Srivastava S.,Tamir M.,McGonigal K. M.,John O. P.,Gross J. J.The social costs of emotional suppression: A prospective study of the transition to college.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009;96:883-897.
156. Stroebe M.,Schut H.The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description.Death Studies. 1999;23:197-224.
157. Suls J.,Green P.,Hillis S.Emotional reactivity to everyday problems, affective inertia, and neuroticism.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1998;24:127-136.
158. Tamir M.Don't worry, be happy? Neuroticism, trait-consistent affect regulation, and performance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;89:449-461.
159. Tamir M.Differential preferences for happiness: Extraversion and trait-consistent emotion regulation.Journal of Personality. 2009;77:447-470.
160. Tamir M.,Mitchell C.,Gross J. J.Hedonic and instrumental motives in anger regulation.Psychological Science. 2008;19:324-328.
161. Taylor S. E.,Armor D. A.Positive illusions and coping with adversity.Journal of Personality. 1996;64:873-898.
162. Taylor S. E.,Wayment H. A.,Carrillo M.Handbook of motivation and cognition, vol. 3: The interpersonal context. Higgins R. M. S. E. T., ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1996:3-27.
163. ThayerJ. F.LaneR. D. (2000). A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 201-216. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4.
164. Thiruchselvam R.,Hajcak G.,Gross J. J.Looking inward: Shifting attention within working memory representations alters emotional responses.Psychological Science. 2012;23:1461-1466.
165. Thoits P. A.Social support as coping assistance.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1986;54:416-423.
166. ToobyJ.CosmidesL. (1990). The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11, 375-424. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016230959090017Z.
167. Troy A. S.,Shallcross A. J.,Mauss I. B.A person-by-situation approach to emotion regulation: Cognitive reappraisal can either help or hurt, depending on the context.Psychological Science. in press;:.
168. Troy A. S.,Wilhelm F. H.,Shallcross A. J.,Mauss I. B.Seeing the silver lining: Cognitive reappraisal ability moderates the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms.Emotion. 2010;10:783-795.
169. Urry H. L.Seeing, thinking, and feeling: Emotion-regulating effects of gaze-directed cognitive reappraisal.Emotion. 2010;10:125-135.
170. Vaillant G.Adaptation to life. Boston, MA: Little, Brown; 1977:.
171. Van Reekum C. M.,Urry H. L.,Johnstone T.,Thurow M. E.,Frye C. J.,Jackson C. A., Davidson R. J.Individual differences in amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity are associated with evaluation speed and psychological well-being.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2007;19:237-248.
172. Webb T. L.,Miles E.,Sheeran P.Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation.Psychological Bulletin. 2012;138:775-808.
173. Webb T. L.,Gallo I. S.,Miles E.,Gollwitzer P. M.,Sheeran P.Effective regulation of affect: An action control perspective on emotion regulation.European Review of Social Psychology. 2012;23:143-186.
174. Westphal M.,Seivert N. H.,Bonanno G. A.Expressive flexibility.Emotion. 2010;10:92-100.
175. Williams L. E.,Bargh J. A.,Nocera C. C.,Gray J. R.Emotion. Washington, DC:; 2009:847-854.