Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: A recent classification for an old defined disorder

Autoimmunity Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 901-908

  D'Ippolito, Silvia ^a   Meroni, Pier Luigi ^b   Koike, Takao ^c   Veglia, Manuela ^a   Scambia, Giovanni ^a   Di Simone, Nicoletta ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^c HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

APS; Heparin; Miscarriage; Preeclampsia; Pregnancy; 2GPI

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AUTOANTIBODY; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MATERNAL ANTIBODY; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ECLAMPSIA; FEMALE; FEMALE INFERTILITY; FETUS DEATH; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; MATERNAL MORBIDITY; OBSTETRIC ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; OBSTETRIC PATIENT; PLACENTA DEVELOPMENT; PLACENTA INSUFFICIENCY; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURITY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; THROMBOSIS; IMMUNOLOGY; PREGNANCY;

ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; AUTOANTIBODIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84922623040     PISSN: 15689972     EISSN: 18730183     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.05.004     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Hughes G.R.V. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease, and the lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1983, 287:1088-1089.
2. Biggioggero M., Meroni P.L. The geoepidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A299-A304.
3. Gómez-Puerta J.A., Cervera R. Diagnosis and classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun 2014, 48-49:20-25.
4. Myakis S., Lockshin M.D., Atsumi T., Branch D.W., Brey R.L., Cervera R., et al. International classification consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2005, 4:295-306.
5. Cervera R., Rodríguez-Pintó I., Colafrancesco S., Conti F., Valesini G., et al. 14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force Report on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2014, 13:699-707.
6. Asherson R.A., Cervera R. Unusual manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2003, 25:61-78.
7. Meroni P.L., Raschi E., Grossi E., Pregnolato F., Traspidi L., Acaia B., et al. Obstetric and vascular APS: same autoantibodies but different diseases?. Lupus 2012, 21:708-710.
8. Galarza-Maldonado C., Kourilovitch M.R., Perez-Fernandez O.M., Gaybor M., Cordero C., Cabrera S., et al. Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2012, 11:288-295.
9. Pierangeli S.S., Chen P.P., Raschi E., Scurati S., Grossi C., Borghi M.O., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome: pathogenic mechanisms. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008, 34:236-250.
10. de Laat B., Mertens K., de Groot P.G. Mechanisms of disease: antiphospholipid antibodies - from clinical association to pathologic mechanism. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2004, 4:192-199.
11. Giannakopoulos B., Passam F., Rahgozar S., Krilis S.A. Current concepts on the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2007, 109:422-430.
12. Gris J.C., Bouvier S., Molinari N., Galanaud J.P., Cochery-Nouvellon E., Mercier E., et al. Comparative incidence of a first thrombotic event in purely obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome with pregnancy loss: the NOH-APS observational study. Blood 2012, 119:2624-2632.
13. Martínez-Zamora M.Á., Cervera R., Balasch J. Recurrent miscarriage, antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thromboembolic disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012, 43:265-274.
14. Pengo V., Tripodi A., Reber G., Rand J.H., Ortel T.L., Galli M., Groot P.G. Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. J Thromb Haemost 2009, 7:1737-1740.
15. de Laat B., De Groot P.G. Autoantibodies directed against domain I of beta2-glycoportein I. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2011, 13:70-76.
16. Matsuura E., Shen L., Matsunami Y., Quan N., Makarova M., Geske F.J., et al. Pathophysiology of beta 2-glycoprotein I in antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2010, 19:379-4.
17. Clark C.A., Laskin C.A., Spitzer K.A. Anticardiolipin antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss: a century of equivocal evidence. Hum Reprod Update 2012, 18:474-484.
18. Pierangeli S.S., Chen P.P., Raschi E., Scurati S., Grossi C., Borghi M.O., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome: pathogenic mechanisms. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008, 34:236-250.
19. Tozzoli R., Villalta D. Autoantibody profiling of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome using an automated multiplexed immunoassay system. Autoimmun Rev 2014, 13:59-63.
20. de Moerloose P., Reber G., Musial J., Arnout J. Analytical and clinical performance of a new, automated assay panel for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2010, 8:1540-1546.
21. Lakos G., Favaloro E.G., Harris E.N., Meroni P.L., Tincani A., Wong A., et al. International consensus guidelines on anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein I testing. Arthritis Rheum 2012, 64:1-10.
22. Roggenbuck D., Egerer K., von Landenberg P., Hiemann R., Feist E., Burmester G.R., et al. Antiphospholipid antibody profiling: time for a new technical approach?. Autoimmun Rev 2012, 11:821-826.
23. Reynaud Q., Lega J.C., Mismetti P., Chapelle C., Wahl D., Cathébras P., et al. Risk of venous and arterial thrombosis according to type of antiphospholipid antibodies in adults without systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev Jun 2014, 13(6):595-608. [Epub 2014 Jan 11. Review]. c
24. Mahler M., Norman G.L., Meroni P.L., Khamashta M. Autoantibodies to domain 1 of beta 2 glycoprotein 1: a promising candidate biomarker for risk management in antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2012, 12:313-317.
25. Wahl D., Devignes J., Mohamed S., Zuily S., Lecompte T. Definition and significance of high positivity aCL ELISA. Lupus 2012, 21:725-726.
26. Ginsburg K.S., Liang M.H., Newcomer L., Goldhaber S.Z., Schur P.H., Hennekens C.H., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1992, 117:997-1002.
27. Ruffatti A., Calligaro A., Hoxha A., Trevisanuto D., Ruffatti A.T., Gervasi M.T., et al. Laboratory and clinical features of pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome and neonatal outcome. Arthritis Care Res 2010, 62:302-307.
28. Pengo V., Banzato A., Denas G., Jose S.P., Bison E., Hoxha A., et al. Correct laboratory approach to APS diagnosis and monitoring. Autoimmun Rev 2013, 12:832-834.
29. Bramham K., Hunt B.J., Germain S., Calatayud I., Khamashta M., Bewley S., et al. Pregnancy outcome in different clinical phenotypes of antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2010, 19:58-64.
30. Blank M., Shoenfeld Y. Antiphospholipid antibody-mediated reproductive failure in antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010, 38:141-147.
31. Ernest J.M., Marshburn P.B., Kutteh W.H. Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: an update on pathophysiology and management. Semin Reprod Med 2011, 29:522-539.
32. Kutteh W.H., Rote N.S., Silver R. Antiphospholipid antibodies and reproduction: the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999, 41:133-152.
33. Schust D.J., Hill J.A. Recurrent pregnancy loss 2002, Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
34. Branch D.W., Silver R.M., Porter T.F. Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: current uncertainties should guide our way. Lupus 2010, 19:446-452.
35. Rai R.S., Regan L., Clifford K., Pickering W., Dave M., Mackie I., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and beta 2-glycoprotein-I in 500 women with recurrent miscarriage: results of a comprehensive screening approach. Hum Reprod 1995, 10:2001-2005.
36. Cervera R., Khamashta M.A., Shoenfeld Y., Camps M.T., Jacobsen S., Kiss E., et al. Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 5-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:1428-1432.
37. Cervera R., Font J., Khamashta M.A., Shoenfeld Y., Camps M.T., Jacobsen S., et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:1019-1027.
38. Cervera R., Khamashta M.A., Shoenfeld Y., Camps M.T., Jacobsen S., Kiss E., et al. Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 5-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:1428-1432.
39. Costedoat-Chalumeau N., Guettrot-Imbert G., Leguern V., Leroux G., Le Thi Huong D., Wechsler B., et al. Pregnancy and antiphospholipid syndrome. Revue de Medecine Interne 2012, 33:209-216.
40. do Prado A.D., Piovesan D.M., Staub H.L., Horta B.L. Association of anticardiolipin antibodies with preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010, 116:1433-1443.
41. Gomez-Puerta J.A., Sanin-Blair J., Galarza-Maldonado C. Pregnancy and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009, 36:85-90.
42. De Wolf F., Carreras F.O., Moernan P., Vermylen P., Van Assche A., Renaer M. Decidual vasculopathy and extensive placental infarction in a patient with repeated thromboembolic accidents, recurrent fetal loss, and a lupus anticoagulant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982, 142:829-834.
43. Out H.J., Kooijman C.D., Bruinse H.W. Histopathological finding from patient with intrauterine fetal death and antiphospholipid antibodies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1991, 41:179-186.
44. Meroni P.L., Borghi M.O., Raschi E., Tedesco F. Pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome: understanding the antibodies. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011, 7:330-339.
45. Sebire N.J., Fox H., Backos M., Rai R., Paterson C., Regan L. Defective endovascular trophoblast invasion in primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome-associated early pregnancy failure. Hum Reprod 2002, 17:1067-1071.
46. Meroni P.L., Tedesco F., Locati M., Vecchi A., Di Simone N., Acaia B., et al. Anti-phospholipid antibody mediated fetal loss: still an open question from a pathogenic point of view. Lupus 2010, 19:453-456.
47. Rashid N.A., Lalitkumar S., Lalitkumar P.G., Gemzell-Danielsson K. Endometrial receptivity and human embryo implantation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011, 66:23-30.
48. Staun-Ram E., Shalev E. Human trophoblast function during the implantation process. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005, 3:56.
49. Girardi G., Yarilin D., Thurman J.M., Holers V.M., Salmon J.E. Complement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction. J Exp Med 2006, 203:2165-2175.
50. Torry D.S., Leavenworth J., Chang M., Maheshwari V., Groesch K., Ball E.R., et al. Angiogenesis in implantation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2007, 24:303-315.
51. Di Simone N., Meroni P.L., del Papa N., Raschi E., Caliandro D., De Carolis S., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies affect trophoblast gonadotropin secretion and invasiveness by binding directly and through adhered beta2-glycoprotein I. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:140-150.
52. Di Simone N., Raschi E., Testoni C., Castellani R., D'Asta M., Shi T., et al. Pathogenic role of anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I antibodies in antiphospholipid associated fetal loss: characterisation of beta 2-glycoprotein I binding to trophoblast cells and functional effects of anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I antibodies in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis 2005, 64:462-467.
53. Di Simone N., Castellani R., Caliandro D., Caruso A. Antiphospholid antibodies regulate the expression of trophoblast cell adhesion molecules. Fertil Steril 2002, 77:805-811.
54. Di Simone N., Di Nicuolo F., D'Ippolito S., Castellani R., Tersigni C., Caruso A., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies affect human endometrial angiogenesis. Biol Reprod 2010, 83:212-219.
55. Passam F.H., Qi J.C., Tanaka K., Matthaei K.I., Krilis S.A. In vivo modulation of angiogenesis by beta 2 glycoprotein I. J Autoimmun 2010, 35:232-240.
56. Nakagawa H., Yasuda S., Matsuura E., Kobayashi K., Ieko M., Kataoka H., et al. Nicked β2-glycoprotein binds angiostatin 4.5 (plasminogen kringle 1-5) and attenuates its antiangiogenic property. Blood 2009, 114:2553-2559.
57. Redecha P., Franzke C.W., Ruf W., Mackman N., Girardi G. Neutrophil activation by the tissue factor/Factor VIIa/PAR2 axis mediates fetal death in a mouse model of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest 2008, 118:3453-3461.
58. Staub H.L., Dal Ben E.R., Bauer M.E. The antiphospholipid syndrome and Tregs. Autoimmun Rev Jun 2014, 13(6):697-698. [Epub 2013 Aug 31]. 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.08.004.
59. Holers V.M., Girardi G., Mo L., Guthridge J.M., Molina H., Pierangeli S.S., et al. Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J Exp Med 2002, 195:211-220.
60. Tincani A., Cavazzana I., Ziglioli T., Lojacono A., De Angelis V., Meroni P.L. Complement activation and pregnancy failure. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010, 39:153-159.
61. de la Torre Y.M., Pregnolato F., D'Amelio F., Grossi C., Di Simone N., Pasqualini F., et al. Anti-phospholipid induced murine fetal loss: novel protective effect of a peptide targeting the β2 glycoprotein I phospholipid-binding site. Implications for human fetal loss. J Autoimmun 2012, 38:J209-J215.
62. Sater M.S., Finan R.R., Abu-Hijleh F.M., Abu-Hijleh T.M., Almawi M.Y. Anti-phosphatidylserine, anti-cardiolipin, anti-β2 glycoprotein I and anti-prothrombin antibodies in recurrent miscarriage at 8-12gestationalweeks. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012, 163:170-174.
63. Staub H.L., Bertolaccini M.L., Munther A., Khamashta M.A. Anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibody, thromboembolic events and the antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2012, 12:230-234.
64. Sater M.S., Finan R.R., Mustafa E., Al-Khateeb G.M. Anti-annexin V IgM and IgG autoantibodies and the risk of idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage. J Reprod Immunol 2011, 89:78-83.
65. Alessandri C., Conti F., Pendolino M., Mancini R., Valesini G. New autoantigens in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2011, 10:609-616.
66. Meroni P.L., Chighizola C.B., Rovelli F., Gerosa M. Antiphospholipid syndrome in 2014: more clinical manifestations, novel pathogenic players and emerging biomarkers. Arthritis Res Ther 2014, [in press].
67. Yetman D.L., Kutteh W.H. Antiphospholipid antibody panels and recurrent pregnancy loss: prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies compared with other antiphospholipid antibodies. Fertil Steril 1996, 66:540-546.
68. Matsubayashi H., Sugi T., Arai T., Kondo A., Suzuki T., Izumi S., et al. Different antiphospholipid antibody specificities are found in association with early repeated pregnancy loss versus recurrent IVF-failure patients. Am J Reprod Immunol 2001, 46:323-329.
69. Sugi T., Matsubayashi H., Inomo A., Dan L., Makino T. Antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies in recurrent early pregnancy loss and mid-to-late pregnancy loss. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2004, 30:326-332.
70. Sanmarco M., Bardin N., Camoin L., Beziane A., Dignat-George F., Gamerre M., et al. Antigenic profile, prevalence, and clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in women referred for in vitro fertilization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1108:457-465.
71. Yamada H., Atsumi T., Kobashi G., Ota C., Kato E.H., Tsuruga N., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies increase the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Reprod Immunol 2009, 79:188-195.
72. Pregnolato F., Chighizola C. Phospholipid autoantibodies (non-anticardiolipin)-anti-prothrombin antibodies. The autoantibodies 2014, 741-749. Elsevier, New York. 3rd ed. Y. Shoenfeld, E. 10 Gershwin, P.L. Meroni (Eds.).
73. Galli M., Luciani D., Bertolini G., Barbui T. Anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I, antiprothrombin antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2003, 102:2717-2723.
74. Shoenfeld Y., Carp H.J.A., Molina V., Blank M., Cervera R., Balasch J., et al. Autoantibodies and prediction of reproductive failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006, 56:337-344.
75. Rao L.V., Hoang A.D., Rapaport S.I. Mechanisms and effects of the binding of lupus anticoagulant IgG and prothrombin to surface phospholipid. Blood 1996, 88:4173-4182.
76. von Landerberg P., Matthias T., Zaech J., Schuls M., Lorber M., Blank M., Shoenfeld Y. Antiprothrombin antibodies are associated with pregnancy loss in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003, 49:51-56.
77. Sabatini L., Torricelli M., Scaccia V., Fineschi D., Pescaglini M., Gasparri L., et al. Increased plasma concentrations of anti-prothrombin antibodies in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Clin Chem 2007, 53:228-232.
78. Sater M.S., Ramzi R.F., Farah M.A., Tala M.A., Wassim Y.A. Anti-phosphatidylserine, anti-cardiolipin, anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I and anti-prothrombin antibodies in recurrent miscarriage at 8-12gestationalweeks. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012, 163:170-174.
79. Marozio L., Curti A., Botta G., Canuto E.M., Salton L., Tavella A.M., Benedetto C. Antipropthrombin antibodies are associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011, 66:404-409.
80. Gris J.C., Quéré I., Sanmarco M., Buotiere B., Mercier E., Amiral J., et al. Antiphospholipid and antiprotein syndromes in non-thrombotic, non-autoimmune women with unexplained recurrent early foetal loss. Thromb Haemost 2000, 84:28-36.
81. Matsubayashi H., Arai T., Izumi S., Sugi T., McIntyre J.A., Tsunehisha M. Antiannexin V antibodies in patients with early pregnancy loss of implantation failure. Fertil Steril 2001, 26:694-699.
82. Sater M.S., Finanb R.R., Mustafa F.E., Ghada M.A.K., Almawi M.Y. Anti-annexin V IgM and IgG autoantibodies and the risk of idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage. J Reprod Immunol 2011, 89:78-83.
83. Bizzaro N., Antico A., Musso M., Platzgummer S., Camogliano L., Tozzoli R., et al. A prospective study of 1038 pregnancies on the predictive value of anti-annexin V antibodies for foetal loss. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1050:348-356.
84. Alijotas-Reig J., Ferrer-Oliveras R., Rodrigo-Anoro M.J., Farrn-Codina I., Llura-Olivé E., Vilardell-Tarres M., et al. Anti-annexin A5 antibodies in women with spontaneous pregnancy loss. Med Clin (Barc) 2010, 134:433-438.
85. Rand J.H., Wu X.X., Quinn A.S., Taatjes D.J. The annexin A5-mediated pathogenic mechanism in the antiphospholipid syndrome: role in pregnancy losses and thrombosis. Lupus 2010, 19:460-469.
86. Hunt B.J., Wu X.X., De Laat B., Arslan A.A., Stuart-Smith S., Rand J.H. Resistance to annexin A5 anticoagulant activity in women with histories for obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011, 205:485e17-485e23.
87. Rand J.H., Arslan A.A., Wu X.X., Wein R., Mulholland J., Shah M., et al. Reduction of circulating annexin A5 levels and resistance to annexin A5 anticoagulant activity in women with recurrent spontaneous pregnancy losses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 194:182-188.
88. Carp H.J., Shoenfeld Y. Anti-phospholipid antibodies and infertility. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007, 32:159-161.
89. Sauer R., Roussev R., Jeyendran R.S., Coulam C.B. Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies among women experiencing unexplained infertility and recurrent implantation failure. Fertil Steril 2010, 93:2441-2443.
90. Kaider B.D., Coulam C.B., Roussev R.G. Murine embryos as a direct target for some human autoantibodies. Hum Reprod 1999, 14:2556-2561.
91. Azem F., Geva E., Amit A., Lerner-Geva L., Schwartz T., Ben-Yosef T., et al. High levels of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with abnormal embryo morphology who attended an in vitro fertilization program. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998, 39:161-163.
92. Tartakowsky V., Bermos B.L., Sthoeger Z., Shearer G.M., Mozes E. Defective maternal-fetal interaction in a murine autoimmune model. Hum Reprod 1996, 11:2408-2411.
93. Smith S.K. Angiogenesis and reproduction. BJOG 2001, 108:777-783.
94. Hornstein M.D., Davis O.K., Massey J.B., Paulson R.J., Collins J.A. Antiphospholipid antibodies and in vitro fertilization success: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2000, 73:330-333.
95. Sanmarco M., Bardin N., Camoin L., Beziane A., Dignat-George F., Gamerre M., et al. Antigenic profile, prevalence, and clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in women referred for in vitro fertilization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1108:457-465.
96. de Jesus G.R., Agmon-Levin N., Andrade C.A., Andreoli L., Chighizola C.B., Porter T.F., et al. 14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force report on obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2014, 13:795-813.
97. Mekinian A., Lachassinne E., Nicaise-Roland P., Carbillon L., Motta M., Vicaut E., et al. European registry of babies born to mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2013, 72:217-222.
98. Brewster J.A., Shaw N.J., Farquharson R.G. Neonatal and pediatric outcome of infants born to mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Perinat Med 1999, 27:183-187.
99. Nacinovich R., Galli J., Bomba M., Filippini E., Parrinello G., Nuzzo M., et al. Neuropsychological development of children born to patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 59:345-351.
100. Mahler M., Norman G.L., Meroni P.L., Khamashta M. Autoantibodies to domain 1 of beta 2 glycoprotein 1: a promising candidate biomarker for risk management in antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2012, 12:313-317.
101. Pinto-Martin J.A., Levy S.E., Feldman J.F., Lorenz J.M., Paneth N., Whitaker A.H. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in adolescents born weighing <2000grams. Pediatrics 2011, 128:883-891.
102. Sanna G., Bertolaccini M.L., Hughes G.R. Hughes syndrome, the antiphospholipid syndrome: a new chapter in neurology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1051:465-486.
103. Lai J.Y., Wu P.C., Chen H.C., Lee M.B. Early neuropsychiatric involvement in antiphospholipid syndrome. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012, 34:579e1-579e3.
104. Katzav A., Chapman J., Shoenfeld Y. CNS dysfunction in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2003, 12:903-907.
105. Chapman J., Rand J.H., Brey R.L., Levine S.R., Blatt I., Khamashta M.A., et al. Non-stroke neurological syndromes associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: evaluation of clinical and experimental studies. Lupus 2003, 12:514-517.
106. Barros S., De Carvalho J. Pathological gambling and primary antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome: a unique neuropsychiatric association. Lupus 2011, 20:1086-1089.
107. Myones B.L. Update on antiphospholipid syndrome in children. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2011, 13:86-89.
108. Arnaud L., Mathian A., Ruffatti A., Erkan D., Tektonidou M., Cervera R., et al. Efficacy of aspirin for the primary prevention of thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: an international and collaborative meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev Mar 2014, 13(3):281-291. [Epub 2013 Nov 2. Review]. 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.014.
109. Branch W., Obstetric Task Force Report of the Obstetric APS Task Force: 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies, 13th April 2010. Lupus 2011, 20:158-164.
110. Hoppe B., Burmester G.R., Dörner T. Heparin or aspirin or both in the treatment of recurrent abortions in women with antiphospholipid antibody (syndrome). Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011, 23:299-304.
111. Girardi G., Redecha P., Salmon J.E. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med 2004, 10:1222-1226.
112. Di Simone N., Caliandro D., Castellani R., Ferrazzani S., De Carolis S., Caruso A. Low-molecular weight heparin restores in-vitro trophoblast invasiveness and differentiation in presence of immunoglobulin G fractions obtained from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Hum Reprod 1999, 14:489-495.
113. Guerin J., Sheng Y., Reddel S., Iverson G.M., Chapman M.G., Krilis S.A. Heparin inhibits the binding of beta 2-glycoprotein I to phospholipids and promotes the plasmin-mediated inactivation of this blood protein. Elucidation of the consequences of the two biological events in patients with the anti-phospholipid syndrome. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:2644-2649.
114. D'Ippolito S., Marana R., Di Nicuolo F., Castellani R., Veglia M., Stinson J., Scambia G., Di Simone N. Effect of Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) on antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) - mediated inhibition of endometrial angiogenesis. PLoS One 2012, 7:e29660.
115. Ziakas P.D., Pavlou M., Voulgarelis M. Heparin treatment in antiphospholipid syndrome with recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010, 1256-1252.
116. Ruffatti A., Tonello M., Visentin M.S., Bontadi A., Hoxha A., De Carolis S., et al. Risk factors for pregnancy failure in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome treated with conventional therapies: a multicentre, case-control study. Rheumatol 2011, 50:1684-1689.
117. Lockshin M.D., Drunzin M., Qamar T. Prednisone does not prevent recurrent fetal death in women with antiphospholipid antibody. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989, 160:439-443.
118. Silver R.K., MacGregor S.N. Comparative trial of prednisone plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of anticardiolipin antibody-positive obstetric patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993, 169:1411-1417.
119. Cowchock F.S., Reece E.A., Balaban D. Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992, 166:1318-1323.
120. Bramham K., Thomas M., Nelson-Piercy C., Khamashta M., Hunt B.J. First-trimester low-dose prednisolone in refractory antiphospholipid antibody-related pregnancy loss. Blood 2011, 117:6948-6951.
121. Dendrinos S., Sakkas E., Makrakis E. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus intravenous immunoglobulin for recurrent abortion associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009, 104:223-225.
122. Carp H.J., Sapir T., Shoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin and recurrent pregnancy loss. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005, 29:327-332.
123. Erkan D., Aguiar C.L., Andrade D., Cohen H., Cuadrado M.J., Danowski A., et al. 14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies: task force report on antiphospholipid syndrome treatment trends. Autoimmun Rev 2014, 13:685-696.
124. Ostertag M.V., Liu X., Henderson V., Pierangeli S.S. A peptide that mimics the Vth region of beta-2-glycoprotein I reverses antiphospholipid-mediated thrombosis in mice. Lupus 2006, 15:358-365.
125. de la Torre Y.M., Pregnolato F., D'Amelio F., Grossi C., Di Simone N., Pasqualini F., et al. Anti-phospholipid induced murine fetal loss: novel protective effect of a peptide targeting the β2 glycoprotein I phospholipid-binding site. Implications for human fetal loss. J Autoimmun 2012, 38:J209-J215.
126. Di Simone N., D'Ippolito S., Marana R., Di Nicuolo F., Castellani R., Pierangeli S.S., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies affect human endometrial angiogenesis: protective effect of a synthetic peptide (TIFI) mimicking the phospholipid binding site of β2 glycoprotein I. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013, 70:299-308.
127. Miyakis S., Robertson S.A., Krilis S.A. Beta-2 glycoprotein I and its role in antiphospholipid syndrome-lessons from knockout mice. Clin Immunol 2004, 112:136-143.
128. Comarmond C., Cacoub P. Antiphospholipid syndrome: from pathogenesis to novel immunomodulatory therapies. Autoimmun Rev 2013, 12:752-757.
129. Berman H., Rodríguez-Pintó I., Cervera R., Morel N., Costedoat-Chalumeau N., Erkan D., Shoenfeld Y., Espinosa G., Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (CAPS) Registry Project Group (European Forum on Antiphospholipid Antibodies) Rituximab use in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: descriptive analysis of the CAPS registry patients receiving rituximab. Autoimmun Rev Sep 2013, 12(11):1085-1090. [Epub 2013 Jun 15]. 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.05.004.
130. Agostinis C., Durigutto P., Sblattero D., Borghi M.O., Grossi G., Guida F., et al. A non complement-fixing antibody to β2 glycoprotein I as a novel therapy to control abortions and thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood Mar 18 2014, [Epub ahead of print].