14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force Report on Antiphospholipid Syndrome Treatment Trends

Autoimmunity Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 685-696

  Erkan, Doruk ^a   Aguiar, Cassyanne L ^a   Andrade, Danieli ^b   Cohen, Hannah ^c   Cuadrado, Maria J ^d   Danowski, Adriana ^e   Levy, Roger A ^f   Ortel, Thomas L ^g   Rahman, Anisur ^c   Salmon, Jane E ^a   Tektonidou, Maria G ^h   Willis, Rohan ⁱ   Lockshin, Michael D ^a  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

^d GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^e Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado   (Brazil)

^f STATE UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^g DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiphospholipid syndrome; Complement and B cell inhibition; Hydroxychloroquine; Oral direct thrombin inhibitors; Peptide therapy; Statins

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTEIN C; ALPHA INTERFERON; APIXABAN; ARGATROBAN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CD40 LIGAND; D DIMER; DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE; DANAPAROID; ECULIZUMAB; EDOXABAN; FLUINDOSTATIN; FONDAPARINUX; GAMMA INTERFERON INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 10; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; IDRABIOTAPARINUX; IDRAPARINUX; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIXIANA; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PRAVASTATIN; PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; RIVAROXABAN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VITAMIN D; WARFARIN;

ANTIBODY TITER; ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; B LYMPHOCYTE; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; COMPLEMENT INHIBITION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MORBIDITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PREGNANCY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROTHROMBIN TIME; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; STUDY DESIGN; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THROMBIN TIME; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; COMPLEMENT AND B-CELL INHIBITION; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; ORAL DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS; PEPTIDE THERAPY; STATINS;

ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID; ANTICOAGULANTS; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; FACTOR XA; HUMANS; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 84896544929     PISSN: 15689972     EISSN: 18730183     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.053     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Miyakis S., Lockshin M.D., Atsumi D., Branch D.W., Brey R.L., Cervera R., et al. International consensus statement on an update of the preliminary classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:295-306.
2. Tripodi A., Chantarangkul V., Clerici M., Negri B., Galli M., Mannucci P.M. Laboratory control of oral anticoagulant treatment by the INR system in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus anticoagulant. Br J Haematol 2001, 115:672-678.
3. Summary of product characteristics (SPC), EU Pradaxa 150mg hard capsules: Boehringer Ingelheim International GmBH, Date of first authorization: 08/01/2011. Date of latest renewal of authorization: 01/17/2013. Date of revision of text: 09/2013 Available from:. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24839/SPC/Pradaxa+150+mg+hard+capsules.
4. Summary of product characteristics (SPC), EU. Xarelto 10mg film-coated tablets. Bayer HealthCare AG. Date of first authorization: 09/30/2008. Date of renewal of authorization: 05/22/2013. Date of revision of text: 06/2013 Available from:. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/21265/SPC/Xarelto+10+mg+film-coated+tablets.
5. Summary of product characteristics (SPC), EU. Eliquis 5mg film-coated tablets: Bristol-Myers Squibb-Pfizer. Date of first authorization: 09/18/2011 Available from:. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/27220/SPC/Eliquis+5+mg+film-coated+tablets/.
6. Lixiana® (Edoxaban) 15mg and 30mg tablets: first marketing approval by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan 04/22/2011.
7. Agnelli G., Buller H.R., Cohen A., Curto M., Gallus A.S., Johnson M., et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013, 368:799-808.
8. EINSTEIN Investigators, Bauersachs R., Berkowitz S.D., Brenner B., Buller H.R., Decousus H., et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism (and supplementary appendix). N Engl J Med 2010, 363:2499-2510.
9. Investigators Hokusai-VTE, Büller H.R., Décousus H., Grosso M.A., Mercuri M., Middeldorp S., et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:1406-1415.
10. Schulman S., Kearon C., Kakkar A.K., Mismetti P., Schellong S., Eriksson H., et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl Med 2009, 361:2341-2352.
11. EINSTEIN-PE Investigators, Büller H.R., Prins M.H., Lensin A.W., Decousus H., Jacobson B.F., et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2012, 366:1287-1297.
12. Ageno W., Crowther M., Baglin T., Falanga A., Buller H., Palareti G., et al. Selection and assessment of patients treated with the novel oral anticoagulant drugs: a recommendation from the subcommittee on control of anticoagulation of the scientific and standardization committee of the international society on thrombosis and haemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2013, 11:177-179.
13. Baglin T., Keeling D., Kitchen S., British Committee for Standards in Haematology Effects on routine coagulation screens and assessment of anticoagulant intensity in patients taking oral dabigatran or rivaroxaban: guidance from British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol 2012, 159:427-429.
14. Merriman E., Kaplan Z., Butler J., Malan E., Gan E., Tran H. Rivaroxaban and false positive lupus anticoagulant testing. Thromb Haemost 2011, 105:385-386.
15. van Os G.M., de Laat B., Kamphuisen P.W., Meijers J.C., de Groot P.G. Detection of lupus anticoagulants in the presence of rivaroxaban using Taipan snake venom time. J Thromb Haemost 2011, 9:1657-1659.
16. Castellone D.D., Van Cott E.M. Laboratory monitoring of new anticoagulants. Am J Haematol 2010, 85:185-187.
17. Samama M.M., Guinet C. Laboratory assessments of new anticoagulants. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011, 49:761-772.
18. Samama M.M., Martinoli J.L., LeFlem, Guinet C., Plu-Bureau G., Depasse F., et al. Assessment of laboratory assays to measure rivaroxaban - an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Thromb Haemost 2010, 103:815-825.
19. Martinuzzo M.E., Barrera L.H., D 'adamo M.A., Otaso J.C., Gimenez M.I., Oyhamburu J. Frequent false-positive results of lupus anticoagulant tests in plasmas of patients receiving the new oral anticoagulants and enoxaparin. Int J Lab Hematol 2013, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1111/ijlh.12138.
20. Eerenberg E.S., Kamphuisen P.W., Sijpkens M.K., Meijers J.C., Buller H.R., Levi M. Reversal of rivaroxaban and dabigatran by prothrombin complex concentrate: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy subjects. Circulation 2011, 124:1573-1579.
21. Eikelboom J.W., Connolly S.J., Brueckmann M., Granger C.B., Kappetein A.P., Mack M.J., et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:1206-1214.
22. Linkins L.A., Dans A.L., Moores L.K., Bona R., Davidson B.L., Schulman S., et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. American College of Chest Physicians. Chest 2012, 141(2 Suppl.):e495S-e530S.
23. Girardi G., Redecha P., Salmon J. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med 2004, 10:1222-1226.
24. Holtan S.G., Knox S.K., Tefferi A. Use of fondaparinux in a patient with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:1632-1634.
25. Lauvao L.S., Goshima K.R., Leon L.R., Nolan P.E., Hughes J.D. Superficial femoral artery thrombosis as a cause for distal embolism in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Vasc Surg 2008, 48:472-477.
26. Watson H., Davidson S., Keeling D. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: second edition. Br J Haematol 2012 Dec, 159(5):528-540.
27. Elalamy I., Tribout B. Can heparin-induced thrombocytopenia be associated with fondaparinux use? A rebuttal. J Thromb Haemost 2008, 6:1242-1243.
28. Warkentin T.E., Maurer B.T., Aster R.H. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated with fondaparinux. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:2653-2654.
29. Warkentin T.E., Lim W. Can heparin-induced thrombocytopenia be associated with fondaparinux use? Reply to a rebuttal. J Thromb Haemost 2008, 6:1243-1246.
30. Rota E., Bazzan M., Fantino G. Fondaparinux-related thrombocytopenia in a previous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)-induced heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Thromb Haemost 2008, 99:779-781.
31. Salem M., Elrefai S., Shrit M.A., Warkentin T.E. Fondaparinux thromboprophylaxis-associated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome complicated by arterial thrombotic stroke. Thromb Haemost 2010, 104:1071-1072.
32. Edwards M.H., Pierangeli S., Liu X., Barker J.H., Anderson G., Harris E.N. Hydroxychloroquine reverses thrombogenic properties of antiphospholipid antibodies in mice. Circulation 1997, 96:4380-4384.
33. Rand J.H., Wu X.X., Quinn A.S., Chen P.P., Hathcock J.J., Taatjes D.J. Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibody-beta2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers. Blood 2008, 112:1687-1695.
34. Rand J.H., Wu X.X., Quinn A.S., Ashton A.W., Chen P.P., Hathcock J.J., et al. Hydroxychloroquine protects the annexin A5 anticoagulant shield from disruption by antiphospholipid antibodies: evidence for a novel effect for an old antimalarial drug. Blood 2010, 115:2292-2299.
35. Wu X.X., Guller S., Rand J.H. Hydroxychloroquine reduces binding of antiphospholipid antibodies to syncytiotrophoblasts and restores annexin A5 expression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011, 205(576):e7-e14.
36. Sacre K., Criswell L.A., Mc Cune J.M. Hydroxychloroquine is associated with impaired interferon-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2012, 14:R155.
37. Johnson R., Charnley J. Hydroxychloroquine in prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism following hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979, 144:174-177.
38. Ruiz-Irastorza G., Ramos-Casals M., Brito-Zeron P., Khamashta M.A. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69:20-28.
39. Wallace D. Does hydroxychloroquine sulfate prevent clot formation in systemic lupus erythematosus? [letter]. Arthritis Rheum 1987, 30:1435-1436.
40. Jung H., Bobba R., Su J., Shariati-Sarabi Z., Gladman D.D., Urowitz M., et al. The protective effect of antimalarial drugs on thrombovascular events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2010, 62:863-868.
41. Kaiser R., Cleveland C.M., Criswell L.A. Risk and protective factors for thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a large, multi-ethnic cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:238-241.
42. Petri M., Hellmann D., Hochberg M., et al. Arterial thrombotic events (TE) in SLE: the Baltimore Lupus Cohort study [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37(Suppl. 9):S297.
43. Tektonidou M.G., Laskari K., Panagiotakos D.B., Moutsopoulos H.M. Risk factors for thrombosis and primary thrombosis prevention in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with or without antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 61:29-36.
44. de Leeuw K., Freire B., Smit A.J., Bootsma H., Kallenberg C.G., Bijl M. Traditional and non-traditional risk factors contribute to the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006, 15:675-682.
45. Mok M.Y., Chan E.Y., Fong D.Y., Leung K.F., Wong W.S., Lau C.S. Antiphospholipid antibody profiles and their clinical associations in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:622-628.
46. Ruiz-Irastorza G., Egurbide M.V., Pijoan J.I., Garmendia M., Villar I., Martinez-Berriotxoa A., et al. Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006, 15:577-583.
47. Ho K.T., Ahn C.W., Alarcon G.S., Baethge B.A., Tan F.K., Roseman J., et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic cohort (LUMINA): XXVIII. Factors predictive of thrombotic events. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005, 44:1303-1307.
48. Mok C.C., Tang S.S., To C.H., Petri M. Incidence and risk factors of thromboembolism in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of three ethnic groups. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:2774-2782.
49. Petri M., Law G., Fang H., Magder L. Hydroxychloroquine reduces thrombosis (both arterial and venous) in systemic lupus erythematosus, but only in antiphospholipid positive patients. APLA-LACA 2013, [Abstract].
50. Erkan D., Yazici Y., Peterson M.G., Sammaritano L., Lockshin M.D. A cross-sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002, 41:924-929.
51. Schmidt-Tanguy A., Voswinkel J., Henrion D., Subra J., Loufrani L., Rohmer V., et al. Anti-thrombotic effects of hydroxychloroquine in primary antiphospholipid syndrome patients. J Thromb Haemost 2013, 11:1927-1929.
52. Broder A., Putterman C. The effects of hydroxychloroquine on antiphospholipid antibodies in SLE Patients [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60(Suppl. 10):279.
53. Broder A., Putterman C. Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with lower odds of persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies and/or lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2013, 40:30-33.
54. Erkan D., Derksen W.J., Kaplan V., Sammaritano L., Pierangeli S.S., Roubey R., et al. Real world experience with antiphospholipid antibody tests: how stable are results over time?. Ann Rheum Dis 2005, 64:1321-1325.
55. Levine A.B., Vega J., Ramon G., Lyman S.L., Erkan D., Lockshin M.D. Effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on the annexin A5 resistance assay (AnxA5-RA) in antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)-positive patients: preliminary results of an ongoing prospective study. ACR 2012, [Abstract].
56. Costedoat-Chalumeau N., Amoura Z., Hulot J.S., Aymard G., Leroux G., Marra D., et al. Very low blood hydroxychloroquine concentration as an objective marker of poor adherence to treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2007, 66:821-824.
57. Francès C., Cosnes A., Duhaut P., Zahr N., Soutou B., Ingen-Housz-Oro S., et al. Low blood concentration of hydroxychloroquine in patients with refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a French multicenter prospective study. Arch Dermatol 2012, 148:479-484.
58. Marmor M.F., Kellner U., Lai T.Y., Lyons J.S., Mieler W.F., American Academy of Ophthalmology Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011, 118:415-422.
59. Costedoat-Chalumeau N., Hulot J.S., Amoura Z., Leroux G., Lechat P., Funck-Brentano C., et al. Heart conduction disorders related to antimalarials toxicity: an analysis of electrocardiograms in 85 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine for connective tissue diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007, 46:808-810.
60. Danesh F.R., Anel R.L., Zeng L., Lomasney J., Sahai A., Kanwar Y.S. Immunomodulatory effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2003, 51:139-148.
61. Ferrara D.E., Swerlick R., Casper K., Meroni P.L., Vega-Ostertag M.E., Harris E.N., et al. Fluvastatin inhibits up-regulation of tissue factor expression by antiphospholipid antibodies on endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2004, 2:1558-1563.
62. Martinez-Martinez L.A., Amigo M.C., Orozco A., et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on VCAM-1 expression by HIVEC exposed to APS serum in an in vitro model. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007, 25:18-19.
63. Meroni P.L., Raschi E., Testoni C., Tincani A., Balestrieri G., Molteni R., et al. Statins prevent endothelial cell activation induced by antiphospholipid (anti-beta2-glycoprotein I) antibodies: effect on the proadhesive and proinflammatory phenotype. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 44:2870-2878.
64. Redecha P., Franzke C.W., Ruf W., Mackman N., Girardi G. Neutrophil activation by the tissue factor/Factor VIIa/PAR2 axis mediates fetal death in a mouse model of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest 2008, 118:3453-3461.
65. Ferrara D.E., Liu X., Espinola R.G., Meroni P.L., Abukhalaf I., Harris E.N., et al. Inhibition of the thrombogenic and inflammatory properties of antiphospholipid antibodies by fluvastatin in an in vivo animal model. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:3272-3279.
66. Odiari E.A., Mulla M.J., Sfakianaki A.K., Paidas M.J., Stanwood N.L., Gariepy A., et al. Pravastatin does not prevent antiphospholipid antibody-mediated changes in human first trimester trophoblast function. Hum Reprod 2012, 27:2933-2940.
67. Majka D.S., Liu K., Pope R.M., Karlson E.W., Vu T.H., Teodorescu M., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and sub-clinical atherosclerosis in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort. Inflamm Res 2013, 62:919-927.
68. Urowitz M.B., Gladman D., Ibanez D., Bae SC, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Gordon C, et al. Atherosclerotic vascular events in a multinational inception cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 2010, 62:881-887.
69. Medina G., Gutierrez-Moreno A.L., Vera-Lastra A., Saavedra M.A., Jara J.L. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in primary antiphospholipid syndrome patients. Autoimmune Rev 2011, 10:214-217.
70. Ames P.R., Matsuura E., Batuca J.R., Ciampa A., Lopez L.L., Ferrara F., et al. High-density lipoprotein inversely relates to its specific autoantibody favoring oxidation in thrombotic primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2010, 19:711-716.
71. López-Pedrera C., Ruiz-Limón P., Aguirre M.Á., Barbarroja N., Perez-Sanchez C., Buendia P., et al. Global effects of fluvastatin on the prothrombotic status of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2011, 70:675-682.
72. Cuadrado M.J., Lopez-Pedrera Ch., Khamashta M.A., Camps M.T., Tinahones F., Torres A., et al. Thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a pivotal role for monocyte tissue factor expression. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:834-841.
73. Gharavi A.E., Wilson W., Pierangeli S. The molecular basis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2003, 12:579-583.
74. Erkan D., Willis R., Murthy V.L., Basra G., Vega J., Ruiz-Limon P., et al. A prospective open-label pilot study of fluvastatin on proinflammatory and prothrombotic biomarkers in antiphospholipid antibody positive patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2013, [Epub ahead of print]. 10:1136/annrheumdis-2013-203622.
75. Lockshin M.D., Pierangeli S.S. Statins for the treatment of obstetric complications in antiphospholipid syndrome?. J Reprod Immunol 2010, 84:206. [author reply-7].
76. Glynn R.J., Danielson E., Fonseca F.A., Genest J., Gotto AM, Kastelein J.J., et al. A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2009, 350:1851-1861.
77. Ridker P.M., Danielson E., Fonseca F.A., Genest J., Gotto A.M., Kastelein J.J., et al. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet 2009, 373:1175-1182.
78. Hindler K., Shaw A.D., Samuels J., Fulton S., Collard C.D., Riedel B. Improved postoperative outcomes associated with preoperative statin therapy. Anesthesiology 2006, 105:1260-1272.
79. Fleisher L.A., Beckman J.A., Brown K.A., et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery; executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). Anesth Analg 2008, 106:685-712.
80. Youinou P., Reneaudineau Y. The antiphospholipid syndrome as a model for B cell-induced autoimmune diseases. Thromb Res 2004, 114:363-369.
81. Khattri S., Zandman-Goddard G., Peeva E. B-cell directed therapies in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome-new directions based on murine and human data. Autoimmun Rev 2012, 11:717-722.
82. Kahn P., Ramanujman M., Bethunaickan R., Huang W., Tao H., Madaio M.P., et al. Prevention of murine antiphospholipid syndrome by BAFF blockade. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:2824-2834.
83. Akkerman A., Huang W., Wang X., Ramanujam M., Schiffer L., Madaio M., et al. CTLA4Ig prevents initiation but not evolution of anti-phospholipid syndrome in NZW/BXSB mice. Autoimmunity 2004, 37:445-451.
84. Huang H., Benoist C., Mathis D. Rituximab specifically depletes short-lived autoreactive plasma cells in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:4658-4663.
85. Aguiar C.L., Erkan D. The effect of rituximab on the antiphospholipid antibody profile. APLA-LACA 2013, [Abstract].
86. Erdozain J.G., Ruiz-Irastorza G., Egurbide M.V., Aguirre C. Sustained response to rituximab of autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Haematologica 2004, 89:ECR34. [Abstract].
87. Erre G.L., Pardini S., Faedda R., Passiu G. Effect of rituximab on clinical and laboratory features of antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report and a review of literature. Lupus 2008, 17:50-55.
88. Kumar D., Roubey R.A.S. Use of rituximab in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2010, 12:40-44.
89. Rubenstein E., Arkfeld D.G., Metyas S., Shinada S., Ehresmann S., Liebman H.A. Rituximab treatment for resistant antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 2006, 33:355-357.
90. Tenedios F., Erkan D., Lockshin M.D. Rituximab in the Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome (PAPS). Arthritis & Rheumatism 2005, 52:4078.
91. Ames P.R., Tommasino C., Fossati G., Scenna G., Brancaccio V., Ferrara F. Limited effect of rituximab on thrombocytopaenia and anticardiolipin antibodies in a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Hematol 2007, 86:227-228.
92. Tommasino C., Fossati G., Saulino A., Margarita A., Ferrara F., Iannaccone L., et al. Short-term lack of efficacy of rituximab in a thrombocytopaenic patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome [abstract]. Thromb Res 2004, 114:652.
93. Sciascia S., Naretto C., Rossi D., Bazzan M., Roccatello D. Treatment-induced downregulation of antiphospholipid antibodies: effect of rituximab alone on clinical and laboratory features of antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2011, 20:1106-1108.
94. Trappe R., Loew A., Thuss-Patience P., Dorken B., Riess H. Successful treatment of thrombocytopenia in primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab-monitoring of antiphospholipid and anti-GP antibodies: a case report. Ann Hematol 2006, 85:134-135.
95. Costa R., Fazal S., Kaplan R.B., Spero J., Costa R. Successful plasma exchange combined with rituximab therapy in aggressive APS-related cutaneous necrosis. Clin Rheumatol 2013, 32(Suppl. 1):S79-S82. 10.1007/s10067-010-1506-3.
96. Tsagalis G., Psimenou E., Nakopoulou L., Laggouranis A. Combination treatment with plasmapheresis and rituximab for recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after renal transplantation. Artif Organs 2011, 35:420-425.
97. Berman H., Rodríguez-Pintó I., Cervera R., Morel N., Costedoat-Chalumeau N., Erkan D., et al. Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (CAPS) Registry Project Group (European Forum on Antiphospholipid Antibodies). Rituximab use in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Descriptive analysis of the CAPS registry patients receiving rituximab. Autoimmun Rev 2013, 12:1085-1090. [Epub 2013 Jun 15]. 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.05.004.
98. Erkan D., Vega J., Ramon G., Kozora E., Lockshin M.D. Rituximab in antiphospholipid syndrome (RITAPS) - a pilot open-label phase II prospective trial for non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2013, 65:464-471.
99. Summary of product characteristics (SPC), EU. Benlysta 120mg and 400mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion. GlaxoSmithKline UK. Date of first authorization/renewal of authorization: 7/13/2011. Date of revision of text: 7/15/2013 Available from:. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24769/SPC/Benlysta+120+mg+and+400+mg+powder+for+concentrate+for+solution+for+infusion.
100. Stohl W., Hiepe F., Latinis K.M., Thomas M., Scheinberg M.A., Clarke A., et al. Belimumab reduces autoantibodies, normalizes low complement levels and reduces select B cell populations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2012, 64:2328-2337.
101. Girardi G., Berman J., Redecha P., Spruce L., Thurman J.M., Kraus D., et al. Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:1644-1654.
102. Pierangeli S.S., Colden-Stanfield M., Liu X., Barker J.H., Anderson G.L., Harris E.N. Antiphospholipid antibodies from antiphospholipid syndrome patients activate endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Circulation 1999, 99:1997-2002.
103. Simantov E., LaSala J., Lo S.K., Gharavi A.E., Sammaritano L.R., Salmon J.E., et al. Activation of cultured vascular endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:2211-2219.
104. Bulla R., Bossi F., Fischetti F., De Seta F., Tedesco F. The complement system at the fetomaternal interface. Chem Immunol Allergy 2005, 89:149-157. [Review].
105. Giannakopoulos B., Passam F., Rahgozar S., Krilis S.A. Current concepts on the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2007, 109:422-430.
106. Peerschke E.I., Yin W., Ghebrehiwet B. Complement activation on platelets: implications for vascular inflammation and thrombosis. Mol Immunol 2010, 47:2170-2175.
107. Ritis K., Doumas M., Mastellos D., Micheli A., Giaglis S., Magotti P., et al. A novel C5a receptor-tissue factor crosstalk in neutrophils links innate immunity to coagulation pathways. J Immunol 2006, 177:4794-4802.
108. Redecha P., Tiley R., Tencati M., Salmon J.E., Kirchhofer D., Mackman N., et al. Tissue factor: a link between C5a and neutrophil activation in antiphospholipid antibody induced fetal injury. Blood 2007, 110:2423-2431.
109. Pickering M.C., de Jorge E.G., Martinez-Barricarte R., Recalde S., Garcia-Layana A., Rose K.L., et al. Spontaneous hemolytic uremic syndrome triggered by complement surface recognition domains. J Exp Med 2007, 204:1249-1256.
110. Salmon J.E., Heuser C., Triebwasser M., Liszewski M.K., Kavanagh D., Roumenina L., et al. Mutations in complement regulatory proteins predispose to preeclampsia: a genetic analysis of the PROMISSE cohort. PLoS Med Mar 8 2011, e1001013. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001013.
111. Xu C., Mao D., Holers V.M., Palanca B., Cheng A.M., Molina H. A critical role for murine complement regulator crry in fetomaternal tolerance. Science 2000, 287:498-501.
112. Hillmen P., Young N.S., Schubert J., Brodsky R.A., Socie G., Muus P., et al. The complement inhibitor eculizumab in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1233-1243.
113. Lonze B.E., Singer A.L., Montgomery R.A. Eculizumab and renal transplantation in a patient with CAPS. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:1744-1745.
114. Shapira I., Andrade D., Allen S.L., Salmon J.E. Brief report: induction of sustained remission in recurrent catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome via inhibition of terminal complement with eculizumab. Arthritis Rheum 2012, 64:2719-2723.
115. Khianey R., Mushin S., Erkan D. Discordant aPTT and anti-FXa values in a catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome patient receiving intravenous unfractionated heparin. APLA-LACA 2013, [Abstract].
116. Hillmen P., Hall C., Marsh J.C., Elebute M., Bombara M.P., Petro B.E., et al. Effect of eculizumab on hemolysis and transfusion requirements in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:552-559.
117. DeZern A.E., Dorr D., Brodsky R.A. Predictors of hemoglobin response to eculizumab therapy in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Eur J Haematol 2013, 90:16-24.
118. Legendre C.M., Licht C., Muus P., Greenbaum L.A., Babu S., Bedrosian C., et al. Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2013, 368:2169-2181.
119. Nürnberger J., Philipp T., Witzke O., Opazo Saez A, Vester U, Baba HA, et al. Eculizumab for atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:542-544.
120. Sinibaldi S., Guzzo I., Piras R., Bresin E., Emma F., Dello Strologo L. Post-transplant recurrence of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in a patient with thrombomodulin mutation. Pediatr Transplant 2013, 17:E177-E181. 10/1111/petr.12151.
121. Bouma B., de Groot P.G., van den Elsen J.M., Ravelli R.B., Schouten A., Simmelink M.J., et al. Adhesion mechanism of human beta(2)-glycoprotein I to phospholipids based on its crystal structure. Embo J 1999, 18:5166-5174.
122. Hunt J., Krilis S. The fifth domain of beta 2-glycoprotein I contains a phospholipid binding site (Cys281-Cys288) and a region recognized by anticardiolipin antibodies. J Immunol 1994, 152:653-659.
123. Iverson G.M., Victoria E.J., Marquis D.M. Anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) autoantibodies recognize an epitope on the first domain of beta2GPI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95:15542-15546.
124. Iverson G.M., Reddel S., Victoria E.J., Cockerill K.A., Wang Y.X., Marti-Renom M.A., et al. Use of single point mutations in domain I of beta 2-glycoprotein I to determine fine antigenic specificity of antiphospholipid autoantibodies. J Immunol 2002, 169:7097-7103.
125. Ioannou Y., Pericleous C., Giles I., Latchman D.S., Isenberg D.A., Rahman A. Binding of antiphospholipid antibodies to discontinuous epitopes on domain I of human beta(2)-glycoprotein I: mutation studies including residues R39 to R43. Arthritis Rheum 2007, 56:280-290.
126. Ioannou Y., Romay-Penabad Z., Pericleous C., Giles I., Papalardo E., Vargas G., et al. In vivo inhibition of antiphospholipid antibody-induced pathogenicity utilizing the antigenic target peptide domain I of beta2-glycoprotein I: proof of concept. J Thromb Haemost 2009, 7:833-842.
127. Pericleous C., Miles J., Esposito D., Garza-Garcia A., Driscoll P.C., Lambrianides A., et al. Evaluating the conformation of recombinant domain I of beta(2)-glycoprotein I and its interaction with human monoclonal antibodies. Mol Immunol 2011, 49:56-63.
128. Pericleous C., Disu T., Miles J., Esposito D., Garza-Garcia A., Driscoll P., et al. Peptide and NMR spectroscopy studies of recombinant domain I confirm conformationally correct domain I and non-linear epitope binding to anti-domain I antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2010, 62:S563-S564.
129. Gharavi A.E., Pierangeli S.S., Espinola R.G., Liu X., Colden-Stanfield M., Harris E.N. Antiphospholipid antibodies induced in mice by immunization with a cytomegalovirus-derived peptide cause thrombosis and activation of endothelial cells in vivo. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:545-552.
130. Ostertag M.V., Liu X., Henderson V., Pierangeli S.S. A peptide that mimics the Vth region of beta-2-glycoprotein I reverses antiphospholipid-mediated thrombosis in mice. Lupus 2006, 15:358-365.
131. de la Torre Y.M., Pregnolato F., D'Amelio F., Grossi C., Di Simone N., Pasqualini F., et al. Anti-phospholipid induced murine fetal loss: novel protective effect of a peptide targeting the beta2 glycoprotein I phospholipid-binding site. Implications for human fetal loss. J Autoimmun 2012, 38:J209-J215.
132. Blank M., Shoenfeld Y., Cabilly S., Heldman Y., Fridkin M., Katchalski-Katzir E. Prevention of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome and endothelial cell activation by synthetic peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96:5164-5168.
133. Pierangeli S.S., Blank M., Liu X., Espinola R., Fridkin M., Ostertag M.V., et al. A peptide that shares similarity with bacterial antigens reverses thrombogenic properties of antiphospholipid antibodies in vivo. J Autoimmun 2004, 22:217-225.
134. Agmon-Levin N., Theodor E., Segal R.M., Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013, 45:256-266.
135. Agmon-Levin N., Blank M., Zandman-Goddard G., Orbach H., Meroni P.L., Tincani A., et al. Vitamin D: an instrumental factor in the anti-phospholipid syndrome by inhibition of tissue factor expression. Ann Rheum Dis 2011, 70:145-150.
136. Andreoli L., Piantoni S., Dall'Ara F., Allegri F., Meroni P.L., Tincani A., et al. Vitamin D and antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2012, 21:736-740.
137. Klack K., Carvalho J.F. High frequency of vitamin D insufficiency in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Joint Bone Spine 2010, 77:489-490.
138. Paupitz J.A., Freire de Carvalho J., Caparbo V.F., Klack K., Pereira R.M. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome in premenopausal women: low vitamin D, high fat mass and maintained bone mineral mass. Lupus 2010, 19:1302-1306.
139. Piantoni S., Andreoli L., Allegri F., Meroni P.L., Tincani A. Low levels of vitamin D are common in primary antiphospholipid syndrome with thrombotic disease. Reumatismo 2012, 64:307-313.
140. Ota K., Dambaeva S., Han A.R., Beaman K., Gilman-Sachs A., Kwak-Kim J. Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for recurrent pregnancy losses by increasing cellular immunity and autoimmunity. Hum Reprod Nov 24 2013, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1093/humrep/det424.