Signaling molecules: Hydrogen sulfide and polysulfide

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 362-376

  Kimura, Hideo ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 MERCAPTOPYRUVATE SULFURTRANSFERASE; 3 MERCAPTOPYRUVIC ACID; AMINOTRANSFERASE; CYSTATHIONINE BETA SYNTHASE; CYSTATHIONINE GAMMA LYASE; CYSTEINE; CYSTEINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; GLUTATHIONE; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; NITRIC OXIDE; POLYSULFIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; SULFIDE; SULFURTRANSFERASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL A1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; 3-MERCAPTOPYRUVATE SULPHURTRANSFERASE; CALCIUM; DEXTRO AMINO ACID OXIDASE; GASOTRANSMITTER;

BLOOD VESSEL TONE; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CELL PROTECTION; CYTOPLASM; DISULFIDE BOND; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; HUMAN; MITOCHONDRION; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PEROXISOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; UPREGULATION; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; ANIMAL; BRAIN; KIDNEY; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CALCIUM; CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE; CYSTEINE; CYTOPLASM; D-AMINO-ACID OXIDASE; GASOTRANSMITTERS; HUMANS; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; KIDNEY; MITOCHONDRIA; PEROXISOMES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SULFIDES; SULFURTRANSFERASES;

EID: 84921904030     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: 15577716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5869     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Abe K and Kimura H. The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous neuromodulator. J Neurosci 16: 1066-1071, 1996.
2. Aizenman E, Lipton DA, and Loring RH. Selective modulation of NMDA responses by reduction and oxidation. Neuron 2: 1257-1263, 1989.
3. Ang SF, Moochhala SM, and Bhatia M. Hydrogen sulfide promotes transient receptor potential vanilloid 1-mediated neurogenic inflammation in polymicrobial sepsis. Crit Care Med 38: 619-628, 2010.
4. Bos EM, Leuvenink HGD, Snijder PM, Koosterhuis NJ, Hillebrands J-L, Leemans JC, Florquin S, and Goor H. Hydrogen sulfide-induced hypometabolism prevents renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 1901-1905, 2009.
5. Bredt DA and Snyder SH. Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87: 682-685, 1990.
6. Bryan S, Yang G, Wang R, and Khaper N. Cystathionine gamma-lyase-deficnet smooth muscle cells exhibit redox imbalance and apoptosis under hypoxic stress conditions. Exp Clin Cardiol 16:-36-41, 2011.
7. Burton K and Wilson TH. The free-energy changes for the reduction of diphosphopyridine nucleotide and the dehydrogenation of L-malate and L-glycerol 1-phosphate. Biochem J 54: 86-94, 1953.
8. Cai WJ, Wang MJ, Moore PK, Jin HM, Yao T, and Zhu YC. The novel proangiogenic effect of hydrogen sulfide is dependent on Akt phosphorylation. Cardiovasc Res 76: 29-40, 2007.
9. Calvert JW, Jha S, Gundewar S, Elrod JW, Ramachandran A, Pattillo CB, Kevil CG, and Lefer DJ. Hydrogen sulfide mediates cardioprotection through Nrf2 signaling. Circ Res 105, 365-374, 2009.
10. Chen X, Jhee KH, and Kruger WD. Production of the neuromodulator H2S by cystathionine beta-synthase via the condensation of cysteine and homocystein. J Biol Chem 279: 52082-52086, 2004.
11. Chiku T, Padovani D, Zhu W, Singh S, Vitvitsky V, and Banerjee R. H2S biogenesis by human cystathionine c-lyase leads to the novel sulfur metabolites lanthionine and homolanthionine and is responsive to the grade of hyperhomocysteinemia. J Biol Chem 284: 11601-11612, 2009.
12. Cleland WW. Dithiothreitol, a new protective reagent for SH groups. Biochemistry 3: 480-482, 1964.
13. Cooper AJL. Biochemistry of sulfur-containing amino acids. Annu Rev Biochem 52: 187-222, 1983.
14. Dickhout JG, Carlisle RE, Jerom DE, Mohammed-Ali Z, Jiang H, Yang G, Mani S, Garg SK, Banerjee R, Kaufman RJ, Maclean KN, Wang R, and Austin RC. Integrated stress response modulates cellular redox state via induction of cystathionine c-lyase. J Biol Chem 287: 7603-7614, 2012.
15. Du J, Huang Y, Yan H, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Zhu M, Liu J, Chen SX, Bu D, Tang C, and Jin H. Hydrogen sulfide suppresses ox-LDO-stimulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 generation from macrophages via NF-jB pathway. J Biol Chem 289: 9741-9753, 2014.
16. Elrod JW, Calvert JW, Morrison J, Doeller JE, Kraus DW, Tao L, Jiao X, Scalia R, Kiss L, Szabo C, et al. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by preservation of mitochondrial function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 15560-15565, 2007.
17. Finkelstein JD. Methionine metabolism in mammalos. J Nutr Biochem 1: 228-237, 1990.
18. Fiser B, Jojart B, Csizmadia IG, and Viskolcz B. Glutathionehydroxyl radical interaction: a theoretical study on radical recognition process. PLoS One 8:-73652, 2013.
19. Fu M, Zhang W, Wu L, Yang G, Li H, and Wang R. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism in mitochondria and its regulatory role in energy production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109, 2943-2948, 2012.
20. Furne J, Saeed A, and Levitt MD. Whole tissue hydrogen sulfide concentrations are orders of magnitude lower than presently accepted values. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295: R1479-R1498, 2008.
21. Gould SJ, Keller GA, and Subramani S. Identification of peroxisomal targeting signals located at the carboxy terminus of four peroxisomal proteins. J Cell Biol 107: 897-905, 1988.
22. Greiner R, Palinkas Z, Basell K, Becher D, Antelmann H, Nagy P, and Dick TP. Polysulfides link H2S to protein thiol oxidation. Antioxid Redox Signal 19: 1749-1765, 2013.
23. Holmgren A. Thioredoxin. 6. The amino acid sequence of the protein from Escherichia coli B. Eur J Biochem 6: 475-484, 1968.
24. Holmgren A. The thioredoxin system. In Redox Biochemistry, edited by Banerjee R. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008, pp. 68-74.
25. Hosoki R, Matsuki N, and Kimura H. The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous smooth muscle relaxant in synergy with nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 237: 527-531, 1997.
26. Ishigami M, Hiraki K, Umemura K, Ogasawara Y, Ishii K, and Kimura H. A source of hydrogen sulfide and a mechanism of its release in the brain. Antioxid Redox Signal 11: 205-214, 2009.
27. Ishii I, Akahoshi N, Yamada H, Nakano S, Izumi T, and Suematsu M. Cystathionine c-lyase-deficient mice require dietary cysteine to protect against acute lethal myopathy and oxidative injury. J BiolChem285: 26358-26368, 2010.
28. Ishii I, Akahoshi N, Yu X-N, Kobayashi Y, Namekata K, Komaki G, and Kimura H. Murine cystathionine c-lyase: complete cDNA and genomic sequences, promoter activity, tissue distribution and developmental expression. Biochem J 381:113-123, 2004.
29. Jocelyn PC. The standard redox potential of cysteinecystine from the thiol-disulphide exchange reaction with glutathione and lipoic acid. Eur J Biochem2: 327-331, 1967.
30. Kabil O and Banerjee R. Enzymology of H2S biogenesis, decay and signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 20: 770-782, 2014.
31. Kaneko Y, Kimura Y, Kimura H, and Niki I. L-cysteine inhibits insulin release fromthe pancreatic beta-cell: possible involvement of metabolic production of hydrogen sulfide, a novel gasotransmitter. Diabetes 55: 1391-1397, 2006.
32. Kataoka H, Hirabayashi N, and Makita M. Analysis of lipoic acid in biological samples by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. J Chromatogr 615: 197-202, 1993.
33. Kimura Y, Goto Y-I, and Kimura H. Hydrogen sulfide increases glutathione production and suppresses oxidative stress in mitochondria. Antioxid Redox Signal 12: 1-13, 2010.
34. Kimura Y and Kimura H. Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons from oxidative stress. FASEB J 18: 1165-1167, 2004.
35. Kimura Y, Mikami Y, Osumi K, Tsugane M, Oka J-I, and Kimura H. Polysulfides are possible H2S-derived signaling molecules in rat brain. FASEB J 27: 2451-2457, 2013.
36. King AL, Polhemus D, Bhushan S, Otsuka H, Kondo K, Nicholson CK, Bradley JM, Islam KN, Calvert JW, Tao Y-X, Dugas TR, Kelley EE, Elrod JW, Huang PL, Wang R, and Lefer DJ. Hydrogen sulfide cytoprotective signaling is endothelial nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide dependent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111: 3182-3187, 2014.
37. Koike S, Ogasawara Y, Shibuya N, Kimura H, and Ishii K. Polysulfide exerts a protective effect against cytotoxicity cuased by t-buthylhydroperoxide through Nrf2 signaling in neuroblastoma cells. FEBS Lett 587: 3548-3555, 2013.
38. Kondo K, Bhushan S, King AL, Prabhu SD, Hamid T, Koenig S, Murohara T, Predmore BL, Gojon GS, Gojon GJ, Wang R, Karusula N, Nicholson CK, Calvert JW, and Lefer DJ. H2S protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 127: 1116-1127, 2013.
39. Krijgsheld KR, Glazenburg EJ, Scholtens E, andMulder GJ. The oxidation of l-and d-cysteine to inorganic sulfate and taurine in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 677: 7-12, 1981.
40. Krizaj D and Copenhagen DR. Calcium regulation in photoreceptors. Front Biosci 7: d2023-d2044, 2002.
41. Liardon R and Ledermann S. Racemization kinetics of free and protein-bound amino acids under moderate alkaline treatment. J Agric Food Chem 34: 557-565, 1986.
42. Meister A, Fraser PE, and Tice SV. Enzymatic desulfuration of b-mercaptopyruvate to pyruvate. J Biol Chem 206: 561-575, 1954.
43. Mikami Y, Shibuya N, Kimura Y, Nagahara N, Ogasawara Y, and Kimura H. Thioredoxin and dihydrolipoic acid are required for 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase to produce hydrogen sulfide. Biochem J 439: 479-485, 2011.
44. Mikami Y, Shibuya N, Kimura Y, Nagahara N, Yamada M, and Kimura H. Hydrogen sulfide protects the retina from light-induced degeneration by the modulation of Ca2 + influx. J Biol Chem 286: 39379-39386, 2011.
45. Mikami Y, Shibuya N, Ogasawara Y, and Kimura H. Hydrogen sulfide is produced by cystathionine c-lyase at the steady-state low intracellular Ca2 + concentrations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 431: 131-135, 2013.
46. Miljkovic JL, Kenkel I, Ivanovic-Burmazovic I, and Filipovic MR. Generation of HNO and HSNO from nitrite by heme-iron-catalyzed metabolism with H2S. Angew Chem Int Ed 52: 12061-12064, 2013.
47. Minamishima S, Bougaki M, Sips PY, Yu JD, Minamishima YA, Elrod JW, Lefer DJ, Bloch KD, and Ichinose F. Hydrogen sulfide improves survival after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation via a nitric oxide synthase 3-dependent mechanism in mice. Circulation 120: 888-896, 2009.
48. Misra CH. Is a certain amount of cysteine prerequisite to produce brain damage in neonatal rats? Neurochem Res 14: 253-257, 1989.
49. Morikawa T, Kajimura M, Nakamura T, Hishiki T, Nakanishi T, Yukutake Y, Nagahata Y, Ishikawa M, Hattori K, Takenouchi T, Takahashi T, Ishii I, Matsubara K, Kabe Y, Uchiyama S, Nagata E, Gadalla MM, Snyder SH, and Suematsu M. Hypoxic regulation of the cerebral microcirculation is mediated by a carbon monoxide-sensitive hydrogen sulfide pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: 1293-1298, 2012.
50. Mudd SH, Levy HL, and Kraus JP. Disorders of transsulfuration. In The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, edited by Scriver CR, et al. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp. 2007-2056.
51. Mustafa AK, Gadalla MM, Sen N, Kim S, Mu W, Gazi SK, Barrow RK, Yang G, Wang R, and Snyder SH. H2S signals through protein S-sulfhydration. Sci Signal 2: ra72, 2009.
52. Mustafa AK, Sikka G,Gazi SK, Steppan J, Jung SM, Bhunia AK, Barodka VM, Gazi FK, Barrow RK, Wang R, Amzel LM, Berkowitz DE, and Snyder SH. Hydrogen sulfide as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor sulfhydrates potassium channels. Circ Res 109: 1259-1268, 2011.
53. Nagahara N, Yoshii T, Abe Y, and Matsumura T. Thioredoxin-dependent enzymatic activation of mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. An intersubunit disulfide bond serves as a redox switch for activation. J Biol Chem 282: 1561-1569, 2007.
54. Nagai Y, Tsugane M, Oka J, and Kimura H. Hydrogen sulfide induces calcium waves in astrocytes. FASEB J 18: 557-559, 2004.
55. Nagai Y, Tsugane M, Oka J-I, and Kimura H. Polysulfides induce calcium waves in rat hippocampal astrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 100: 200, 2006.
56. Nagy P and Winterbourn CC. Rapid reaction of hydrogen sulfide with the neutrophil oxidant hypochlorous acid to generate polysulfides. Chem Res Toxicol 23: 1541-1543, 2010.
57. Nishida M, Sawa T, Kitajima N, Ono K, Inoue H, Ihara H, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M, Suematsu M, Kurose H, Vliet A, Freeman BA, Shibata T, Uchida K, Kumagai Y, and Akaike T. Hydrogen sulfide anion regulates redox signaling via electrophile sulfhydration. Nat Chem Biol 8: 714-724, 2012.
58. Ogawa H, Takahashi K, Miura S, Imagawa T, Saito S, Tominaga M, and Ohta T. H2S functions as a nociceptive messenger throughtransient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) activation. Neuroscience 218: 335-343, 2012.
59. Oh G-S, Pae H-O, Lee B-S, Kim B-N, Kim J-M, Kim HR, Jeon SB, Jeon WK, Chae H-J, and Chung H-T. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits nitric oxide production and nuclear factor-jB via heme oxygenase-1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Free Rad Biol Med 41: 106-119, 2006.
60. Okamoto M, Yamaoka M, Takei M, Ando T, Taniguchi S, Ishii I, Tohya K, Ishizaki T, Niki I, and Kimura T. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide protects pancreatic beta-cells from a high-fat diet-induced glucotoxicity and prevents the development of type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 442: 227-233, 2013.
61. Olney JW, Zorumski C, Price MT, and Labruyere J. Lcysteine, a bicarbonate-sensitive endogenous excitotoxin. Science 248: 596-599, 1990.
62. Olson KR, Whitfield NL, Bearden SE, Leger JS, Nilson E, Gao Y, and Maddeen JA. Hypoxic pulmonary vasodilation: a paradigm shift with a hydrogen sulfide mechanism. Am J Physiol Regal Integr Comp Physiol 298: R51-R60, 2010.
63. Oosumi K, Tsugane M, Ishigami M, Nagai Y, Iwai T, Oka J-I, and Kimura H. Polysulfide activates TRP channels and increases intracellular Ca2 + in astrocytes. Bull Jpn Soc Neurochem 49: 517, 2010.
64. Papapetropoulos A, Pyriochou A, Altaany Z, Yang G, Marazioti A, Zhou Z, Jeschke MG, Branski LK, Herndon DN, Wang R, and Szabo C. Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous stimulator of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 21972-21977, 2009.
65. Patel P, Vatish M, Heptinstall J, Wang R, and Carson RJ. The endogenous production of hydrogen sulphide in intrauterine tissues. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 7: 10, 2009.
66. Paul BD and Snyder SH. H2S signaling through protein sulfhydration and beyond. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13: 499-507, 2012.
67. Petersen Shay K, Moreau R, Smith E, and Hagen T. Is a-lipoic acid a scavenger of reactive oxygen species in vivo Evidence for its initiation of stress signaling pathways that promote endogenous antioxidant capacity. IUBMB Life 60: 362-367, 2008.
68. Richie JP and Lang CA. The determination of glutathione, cyst(e)ine, and other thiols and disulfides in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with dual electrochemical detection. Anal Biochem 163: 9-15, 1987.
69. Schumann U and Subramani S. Special delivery from mitochondria to peroxisomes. Trends Cell Biol 18: 253-256, 2008.
70. Sen N, Paul BD, Gadalla MM, Mustafa AK, Sen T, Xu R, Kim S, and Snyder SH. Hydroen sulfide-linked sulfhydration of NF-jB mediates its intiapoptotic actions. Mol Cell 45: 13-24, 2012.
71. Sha L, Linden DR, Farrugia G, and Szurszewski JH. Effect of endogenous hydrogen sulfide on the transwall gradient of the mouse colon circular smooth muscle. J Physiol 592: 1077-1089, 2014.
72. Shan X, Dunbrack RLJ, Christopher SA, and Kruger WD. Mutation in the regulatory domain of cystathionine b-synthase can functionally suppress patient-derived mutations in cis. Hum Mol Genet 10: 635-643, 2001.
73. Shatalin K, Shatalina E, Mironov A, and Nudler E. H2S: A universal defense against antibiotics in bacteria. Science 334: 986-990, 2011.
74. Shibuya N, Koike S, Tanaka M, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Kimura Y, Ogasawara Y, Fukui K, Nagahara N, and Kimura H. A novel pathway for the production of hydrogen sulfide from D-cysteine in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 4: 1366, 2013.
75. Shibuya N, Mikami Y, Kimura Y, Nagahara N, and Kimura H. Vascular endothelium exresses 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and produces hydrogen sulfide. J Biochem 146: 623-626, 2009.
76. ShibuyaN, TanakaM,Yoshida M, OgasawaraY, Togawa T, Ishii K, and Kimura H. 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferease produces hydrogen sulfide and bound sulfane sulfur in the brain. Antioxid Redox Signal 11: 703-714, 2009.
77. Shigetomi E, Jackson-Weaver O, Huckstepp RT, O'Dell TJ, and Khakh BS. TRPA1 channels are regulators of astrocyte basal calcium levels and long-term potentiation via constitutive D-serine release. J Neurosci 33: 10143-10153, 2013.
78. Shigetomi E, Tong X, Kwan KY, Corey DP, and Khakh BS. TRPA1 channels regulate astrocyte resting calcium and inhibitory synapse efficacy through GAT-3. Nat Neurosci 15: 70-80, 2012.
79. Shirozu K, Tokuda K, Marutani E, Lefer D, Wang R, and Ichinose F. Cystathionine c-lyase deficiency protects mice from galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure. Antioxid Red Signal 20: 204-216, 2014.
80. Singh S, Padovani D, Leslie RA, Chiku T, and Banerjee R. Relative contributions of cystathionine beta-synthase and gamma-cystathionase to H2S biogenesis via alternative transsulfuration reactions. J BiolChem 284: 22457-22466, 2009.
81. Spyrou G, Enmark E, Miranda-Vizuete A, and Gustafsson JA. Cloning and expression of a novel mammalian thioredoxin. J Biol Chem 272: 2936-2941, 1997.
82. Stipanuk MH and Beck PW. Characterization of the enzymic capacity for cysteine desulphhydration in liver and kidney of the rat. Biochem J 206: 267-277, 1982.
83. Streng T, Axelsson HE, Hedlund P, Andersson DA, Jordt SE, Bevan S, Andersson KE, Hogestatt ED, and Zygmunt PM. Distribution and function of the hydrogen sulfidesensitive TRPA1 ion channel in rat urinary bladder. Eur Urol 53: 391-399, 2008.
84. Sun Q, Collins R, Huang S, Holmberg-Schiavone L, Anand GS, Tan CH, van-den-Berg S, Deng LW, Moore PK, Karlberg T, and Sivaraman J. Structural basis for the inhibition mechanism of human cystathionine gammalyase, an enzyme responsible for the production of H2S. J Biol Chem 284: 3076-3085, 2009.
85. Taoka S and Banerjee R. Characterization of NO binding to human cystathionine beta-synthase: Possible implications of the effects of CO and NO binding to the human enzyme. J Inorg Biochem 87: 245-251, 2001.
86. Teague B, Asiedu S, and Moore PK The smooth muscle relaxant effect of hydrogen sulphide in vitro: evidence for a physiological role to control intestinal contractility. Br J Pharmacol 137: 139-145, 2002.
87. Toa BB, Liu SY, Zhang CC, Fu W, Cai WJ, Wang Y, Shen Q, Wang MJ, Chen Y, Zhang LJ, and Zhu YZ. VEGFR2 functions as an H2S-targeting receptor protein kinase with its novel Cys1045-Cys1024 disulfide bond serving as a specific molecular switch for hydrogen sulfide actions in vascular endothelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 19: 448-464, 2013.
88. Tokuda K, Kida K, Marutani E, Crimi E, Bougaki M, Khatri A, Kimura H, and Ichinose F. Inhaled hydrogen sulfide prevents endotoxin-induced systemic inflammation and improves survival by altering sulfide metabolism in mice. Antioxid Redox signal 17: 11-21, 2012.
89. Toohey JI. Sulfur signaling: is the agent sulfide or sulfane? Anal Biochem 413: 1-7, 2011.
90. Tripatara P, Patel NSA, Collino M, Gallicchio M, Kieswich J, Castiglia S, Benetti E, Stewart KN, Brown PAJ, Yaqoob MM, Fantozzi R, and Thiemermann C. Generation of endogenous hydrogen sulfide by cystathionine c-lyase limits renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and dysfunction. Lab Invest 88: 1038-1048, 2008.
91. Tsugane M, Nagai Y, Kimura Y, Oka J-I, and Kimura H. Differentiated astrocytes acquire sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide that is diminished by the transformation into reactive astrocytes. Antioxid Redox Signal 9: 257-269, 2007.
92. Vitvitsky V, Kabil O, and Banerjee R. High turnover rates for hydrogen sulfide allow for rapid regulation of its tissue concentrations. Antioxid Red Signal 17: 22-31, 2012.
93. Volini M and Westley J. The mechanism of the rhodanese-catalyzed thiosulfate-lipoate reaction. Kinetic analysis. J Biol Chem 241: 5168-5176, 1966.
94. Wakabayashi N, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Holtzclaw WD, Kang MI, Kobayashi A, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, and Talalay P. Protection against electrophile and oxidant stress by induction of the phase 2 response:fate of cysteines of the Keap1 sensor modified by inducers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 2040-2045, 2004.
95. Whiteman M, Armstrong JS, Chu SH, Jia-Ling S, Wong BS, Hheung NS, Halliwell B, and Moore PK. The novel neuromodulator hydrogen sulfide: an endogenous peroxynitrite 'scavenger'? J Neurochem 90: 765-768, 2004.
96. Whiteman M, Cheung NS, Zhu YZ, Chu SH, Siau JL, Wong BS, Armstrong JS, and Moore PK. Hydrogen sulphide: a novel inhibitor of hypochlorous acid-mediated oxidative damage in the brain Biochem Biophys Res Commun 326: 794-798, 2005.
97. Wintner EA, Deckwerth TL, Langston W, Bengtsson A, Leviten D, Hill P, Insko MA, Dumpit R, VandenEkart E, Toombs CF, and Szabo C. A monobromobimane-based assay to measure the pharmacokinetic profile of reactive sulphide species in blood. Br J Pharmacol 160: 941-957, 2010.
98. Yadav PK, Yamada K, Chiku T, Koutmos M, and Banerjee R. Structure and kinetic analysis of H2S production by human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. J Biol Chem 288: 20002-20013, 2013.
99. Yang G, Pei Y, Teng H, Cao Q, and Wang R. Specificity protein-1 as a critical regulator of human cystathionine clyase in smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 286: 26450-26460, 2011.
100. Yang G, Wu L, Bryan S, Khaper N, Mani S, and Wang R. Cystathionine gamma-lyase deficiency and overproliferation of smooth muscle cells. Cardiovascular Res 86: 487-495, 2010.
101. Yang G, Wu L, Jiang B, Yang W, Qi J, Cao K, Meng Q, Mustafa AK, Mu W, Zhang S, Snyder SH, and Wang R. H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: Hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine c-lyase. Science 322: 587-590, 2008.
102. Yang G, Zhao K, Ju Y,Mani S, Cao Q, Puukila S, Khaper N, Wu L, and Wang R. Hydrogen sulfide protects against cellular senescence via S-sulfhydration of Keap1 and activation of Nrf2. Antioxid Redox Signal 18: 1906-1919, 2013.
103. Yang W, Yang G, Jia X, Wu L, and Wang R. Activation of KATP channels by H2S in rat insulin-secreting cells and the underlying mechanisms. J Physiol 569: 519-531, 2005.
104. Zhao W, Zhang J, Lu Y, and Wang R. The vasorelaxant effect of H2S as a novel endogenous gaseous KATP channel opener. EMBO J 20: 6008-6016, 2001.
105. Zhu JXG, Kalbfleisch M, Yang YX, Bihari R, Lobb I, Davison M, Mok A, Cepinskas G, Lawendy A-R, and Sener A. Detrimental effects of prolonged warm renal ischaemiareperfusion injury are abrogated by supplemental hydrogen sulphide: an analysis using real-time intravital microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Br J Urol Int 110: E1218-E1227, 2012.