Epigenetics of prostate cancer

Methods in Molecular Biology

Volumn 1238, Issue , 2015, Pages 217-234

  McKee, Tawnya C ^a   Tricoli, James V ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Methylome; Epigenetics; Methylation; MicroRNA; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1; HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2; HISTONE DEACETYLASE 4; MICRORNA;

ARTICLE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA MODIFICATION; EPIGENETICS; GENE CONTROL; HISTONE ACETYLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATE CANCER CELL LINE;

EID: 84921741922     PISSN: 10643745     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_11     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Bock C, Tomazou EM, Brinkman AB, Müller F, Simmer F, Gu H, Jäger N, Gnirke A, Stunnenberg HG, Meissner A (2010) Quantitative comparison of genome-wide DNA methylation mapping technologies. Nat Biotechnol 28:1106–1114
2. Harris RA, Wang T, Coarfa C, Nagarajan RP, Hong C, Downey SL, Johnson BE, Fouse SD, Delaney A, Zhao Y, Olshen A, Ballinger T, Zhou X, Forsberg KJ, Gu J, Echipare L, O’Geen H, Lister R, Pelizzola M, Xi Y, Epstein CB, Bernstein BE, Hawkins RD, Ren B, Chung W-Y, Gu H, Bock C, Gnirke A, Zhang MQ, Haussler D, Ecker JR, Li W, Farnham PJ, Waterland RA, Meissner A, Marra MA, Hirst M, Milosavljevic A, Costello JF (2010) Comparison of sequencing-based methods to profi le DNA methylation and identification of monoallelic epigenetic modifi cations. Nat Biotechnol 28:1097–1105
3. Stein R, Gruebaum Y, Pollack Y, Razin A, Cedar H (1982) Clonal inheritance of the pattern of DNA methylation in mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 79:61–65
4. Leu Y-W, Rahmatpanah F, Shi H, Wei SH, Liu JC, Yan PS, Huang TH-M (2003) Double RNA interference of DNMT3b and DNMT1 enhances DNA demethylation and gene reactivation. Cancer Res 63:6110–6115
5. Rhee I, Bachman KE, Park BH, Jair K-W, Yen R-WC, Schuebel KE, Cui H, Feinberg AP, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Baylin SB, Vogelstein B (2002) DNMT1 and DNMT3b cooperate to silence genes in human cancer cells. Nature 416:552–556
6. Lee W, Morton R, Epstein J, Brooks J, Campbell P, Bova G, Hsieh W, Isaacs W, Nelson W (1994) Cytidine methylation of regulatory sequences near the pi-class glutathione S-transferase gene accompanies human prostatic carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 91:11733–11737
7. Brothman AR, Swanson G, Maxwell TM, Cui J, Murphy KJ, Herrick J, Speights VO, Isaac J, Rohr LR (2005) Global hypomethylation is common in prostate cancer cells: a quantitative predictor for clinical outcome? Cancer Genet Cytogenet 156:31–36
8. Yegnasubramanian S, Haffner MC, Zhang Y, Gurel B, Cornish TC, Wu Z, Irizarry RA, Morgan J, Hicks J, DeWeese TL, Isaacs WB, Bova GS, Marzo AMD, Nelson WG (2008) DNA Hypomethylation arises later in prostate cancer progression than CpG island hypermethylation and contributes to metastatic tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Res 68:8954–8967
9. Florl AR, Steinhoff C, Müller M, Seifert H-H, Hader C, Engers R, Ackermann R, Schulz WA (2004) Coordinate hypermethylation at specifi c genes in prostate carcinoma precedes LINE-1 hypomethylation. Br J Cancer 91:985–994
10. Kang GH, Lee S, Lee HJ, Aberrant HKS (2004) Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation of multiple genes in prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. J Pathol 202: 233–240
11. Perry AS, Watson RWG, Lawler M, Hollywood D (2010) The epigenome as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 7:668–680
12. Abbas A, Gupta S (2008) The role of histone deacetylases in prostate cancer. Epigenetics 3:300–309
13. Gryder B, Akbashev M, Rood M, Raftery E, Meyers W, Dillard P, Khan S, Oyelere A (2013) Selectively targeting prostate cancer with antiandrogen equipped histone deacetylase inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 8:2550–2560
14. Dai Y, Ngo D, Forman LW, Qin DC, Jacob J, Faller DV (2007) Sirtuin 1 is required for antagonist-induced transcriptional repression of androgen-responsive genes by the androgen receptor. Mol Endocrinol 21:1807–1821
15. Gaughan L, Logan I, Cook S, Neal D, Robson C (2002) Tip60 and histone deacetylase 1 regulate androgen receptor activity through changes to the acetylation status of the receptor. J Biol Chem 277:25904–25913
16. Nagy L, Kao H-Y, Chakravarti D, Lin RJ, Hassig CA, Ayer DE, Schreiber SL, Evans RM (1997) Nuclear receptor repression mediated by a complex containing SMRT, mSin3A, and histone deacetylase. Cell 89:373–380
17. Shang Y, Myers M, Brown M (2002) Formation of the androgen receptor transcription complex. Mol Cell 9:601–610
18. Welsbie DS, Xu J, Chen Y, Borsu L, Scher HI, Rosen N, Sawyers CL (2009) Histone deacetylases are required for androgen receptor function in hormone-sensitive and castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 69:958–966
19. Ellinger J, Kahl P, von der Gathen J, Rogenhofer S, Heukamp LC, Gütgemann I, Walter B, Hofstädter F, Büttner R, Müller SC, Bastian PJ, von Ruecker A (2010) Global levels of histone modifi cations predict prostate cancer recurrence. Prostate 70:61–69
20. Seligson DB, Horvath S, Shi T, Yu H, Tze S, Grunstein M, Kurdistani SK (2005) Global histone modifi cation patterns predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence. Nature 435: 1262–1266
21. Kahl P, Gullotti L, Heukamp LC, Wolf S, Friedrichs N, Vorreuther R, Solleder G, Bastian PJ, Ellinger J, Metzger E, Schüle R, Buettner R (2006) Androgen receptor coactivators lysine-specifi c histone demethylase 1 and four and a half LIM domain protein 2 predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence. Cancer Res 66:11341–11347
22. Shi Y, Lan F, Matson C, Mulligan P, Whetstine JR, Cole PA, Casero RA, Shi Y (2004) Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD 1. Cell 119:941–954
23. Wissmann M, Yin N, Müller JM, Greschik H, Fodor BD, Jenuwein T, Vogler C, Schneider R, Günther T, Buettner R, Metzger E, Schüle R (2007) Cooperative demethylation by JMJD2C and LSD1 promotes androgen receptor- dependent gene expression. Nat Cell Biol 9:347–353
24. Nelson WG, Marzo AMD, Yegnasubramanian S (2009) Epigenetic alterations in human prostate cancers. Endocrinology 150:3991–4002
25. Cross SH, Charlton JA, Nan X, Bird AP (1994) Purification of CpG islands using a methylated DNA binding column. Nat Genet 6:236–244
26. Yegnasubramanian S, Lin X, Haffner MC, DeMarzo AM, Nelson WG (2006) Combination of methylated DNA precipitation and methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes (COMPARE-MS) for rapid, sensitive and quanitative detection of DNA methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 34:e19
27. Brooks JD, Weinstein M, Lin X, Sun Y, Pin SS, Bova GS, Epstein JI, Isaacs WB, Nelson WG (1998) CG island methylation changes near the GSTP1 gene in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:531–536
28. Moskaluk CA, Duray PH, Cowan KH, Linehan M, Merino MJ (1997) Immunohistochemical expression of π-class glutathione S-transferase is down-regulated in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 79:1595–1599
29. Kim JH, Dhanasekaran SM, Prensner JR, Cao X, Robinson D, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Huang C, Shankar S, Jing X, Iyer M, Hu M, Sam L, Grasso C, Maher CA, Palanisamy N, Mehra R, Kominsky HD, Siddiqui J, Yu J, Qin ZS, Chinnaiyan AM (2011) Deep sequencing reveals distinct patterns of DNA methylation in prostate cancer. Genome Res 21:1028–1041
30. Kim JW, Kim S-T, Turner AR, Young T, Smith S, Liu W, Lindberg J, Egevad L, Gronberg H, Isaacs WB, Xu J (2012) Identifi cation of new differentially methylated genes that have potential functional consequences in prostate cancer. PLoS One 7:e48455
31. Devaney J, Wang S, Funda S, Long J, Taghipour D, Tbaishat R, Furbert-Harris P, Ittmann M, Kwabi-Addo B (2013) Identifi cation of novel DNA-methylated genes that correlate with human prostate cancer and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 16:292–300
32. Boldrup L, Coates P, Laurell G, Nylander K (2012) p63 Transcriptionally regulates BNC1, a Pol I and Pol II transcription factor that regulates ribosomal biogenesis and epithelial differentiation. Eur J Cancer 48:1401–1406
33. Morris MR, Ricketts C, Gentle D, Abdulrahman M, Clarke N, Brown M, Kishida T, Yao M, Latif F, Maher E (2010) Identifi cation of candidate tumour suppressor genes frequently methylated in renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 29:2101–2117
34. Tong W-G, Wierda WG, Lin E, Kuang S-Q, Bekele BN, Estrov Z, Wei Y, Yang H, Keating MJ, Garcia-Manero G (2010) Genome-wide DNA methylation profi ling of chronic lymphocytic leukemia allows identification of epigenetically repressed molecular pathways with clinical impact. Epigenetics 5:499–508
35. Flahaut M, Meier R, Coulon A, Nardou KA, Niggli FK, Martinet D, Beckmann JS, Joseph J-M, Mühlethaler-Mottet A, Gross N (2009) The Wnt receptor FZD1 mediates chemoresistance in neuroblastoma through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Oncogene 28:2245–2256
36. Holcombe R, Marsh J, Waterman M, Lin F, Milovanovic T, Truong T (2002) Expression of Wnt ligands and frizzled receptors in colonic mucosa and in colon carcinoma. Mol Pathol 55:220–226
37. Zhang H, Zhang X, Wu X, Li W, Su P, Cheng H, Xiang L, Gao P, Zhou G (2012) Interference of frizzled 1 (FZD1) reverses multidrug resistance in breast cancer cells through the Wnt/ β- catenin pathway. Cancer Lett 323:106–113
38. Ekhart C, Rodenhuis S, Smits PHM, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR (2009) An overview of the relations between polymorphisms in drug metabolising enzymes and drug transporters and survival after cancer drug treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 35:18–31
39. Bañez LL, Sun L, van Leenders GJ, Wheeler TM, Bangma CH, Freedland SJ, Ittmann MM, Lark AL, Madden JF, Hartman A, Weiss G, Castaños-Vélez E (2010) Multicenter clinical validation of PITX2 methylation as a prostate specifi c-antigen recurrence predictor in patients with post-radical prostatectomy prostate cancer. J Urol 184:149–156
40. Weiss G, Cottrell S, Distler J, Schatz P, Kristiansen G, Ittmann M, Haefl iger C, Lesche R, Hartmann A, Corman J, Wheeler T (2009) DNA methylation of the PITX2 gene promoter region is a strong independent prognostic marker of biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 181:1678–1685
41. Haldrup C, Mundbjerg K, Vestergaard EM, Lamy P, Wild P, Schulz WA, Arsov C, Visakorpi T, Borre M, Høyer S, Ørntoft TF, Sørensen KD (2013) DNA methylation signatures for prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy of clinically localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 31:3250–3258
42. Friedlander TW, Roy R, Tomlins SA, Ngo VT, Kobayashi Y, Azameera A, Rubin MA, Pienta KJ, Chinnaiyan A, Ittmann MM, Ryan CJ, Paris PL (2012) Common structural and epigenetic changes in the genome of castrationresistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 72: 616–625
43. Mahapatra S, Klee EW, Young CYF, Sun Z, Jimenez RE, Klee GG, Tindall DJ, Donkena KV (2012) Global methylation profi ling for risk prediction of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 18:2882–2895
44. Dong H, Lei J, Dong L, Wen Y, Ju H, Zhang X (2013) MicroRNA: function. Detection and bioanalysis. Chem Rev 113:6207–6233
45. Singh PK, Campbell MJ (2013) The interactions of microRNA and epigenetic modifi cations in prostate cancer. Cancers 5:998–1019
46. Tricoli JV, Jacobson JW (2007) MircoRNA: potential for cancer detection. Diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Res 67:4553–4555
47. Gordanpour A, Nam R, Seth A (2012) MicroRNAs in prostate cancer: from biomarkers to molecularly-based therapeutics. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2012:1–6
48. Paone A, Galli R, Fabbri M (2011) MicroRNAs as new characters in the plot between epigenetics and prostate cancer. Front Genet 2:62
49. Jeronimo C, Bastian PJ, Bjartell A, Carbone GM, Catto JW, Clark CJ, Henrique R, Nelson WG, Shariat SF (2011) Epigenetics in prostate cancer: biological and clinical relevance. Eur Urol 60:753–765
50. Catto JWF, Alacaraz A, Bjartell A, White RDV, Evans CP, Fussel S, Hamdy FC, Kallioniemi O, Mengual L, Schlomm T, Visakorpi T (2011) MicroRNA in prostate. Bladder and kidney cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol 59:671–681
51. Ambs S, Prueitt RL, Yi M, Hudson RS, Howe TM, Petrocca F, Wallace TA, Liu C-G, Volinia S, Calin GA, Yfantis HG, Stephens RM, Croce CM (2008) Genomic profi ling of microRNA and mRNA reveals deregulated microRNA expression in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 68:6162–6170
52. Liep J, Rabien A, Jung K (2012) Feedback networks between microRNAs and epigenetic modifi cations in urological tumors. Epigenetics 7:315–325
53. Sato F, Tsuchiya S, Meltzer SJ, Shimizu K (2011) MicroRNAs and epigenetics. FEBS J 278:1598–1609
54. Hassan O, Ahmad A, Sethi S, Sarkar FH (2012) Recent updates on the role of microRNAs in prostate cancer. J Hematol Oncol 5:9
55. Lodygin D, Tarasov V, Epanchintsev A, Berking C, Knyazeva T, Körner H, Piotr K, Diebold J, Hermeking H (2008) Inactivation of miR-34a by aberrant CpG methylation in multiple types of cancer. Cell Cycle 7:2591–2600
56. Liu C, Kelnar K, Liu B, Chen X, Calhoun- Davis T, Li H, Patrawala L, Yan H, Jeter C, Honorio S, Wiggins JF, Bader AG, Fagin R, Brown D, Tang DG (2011) The microRNA miR-34a inhibits prostate cancer stem cells and metastasis by directly repressing CD 44. Nat Med 17:211–215
57. Hermeking H (2010) The miR-34 family in cancer and apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 17:193–199
58. Hagman Z, Hafl idadottir BS, Ansari M, Persson M, Bjartell A, Edsjo A, Ceder Y (2013) The tumour suppressor miR-34c targets MET in prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 109:1271–1278
59. Lumjambo U, Calin G, Villaneuva A, Ropero S, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Blanco D, Montuenga L, Rossi S, Nicoloso M, Faller W, Gallagher W, Eccles S, Croce C, Esteller M (2008) A microRNA DNA methylation signature for human cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:1355613561
60. He L, He X, Lim LP, de Stanchina E, Xuan Z, Liang Y, Xue W, Zender L, Magnus J, Ridzon D, Jackson AL, Linsley PS, Chen C, Lowe SW, Cleary MA, Hannon GJ (2007) A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network. Nature 447:1130–1134
61. Pigazzi M, Manara E, Baron E, Basso G (2009) miR-34b targets cyclic AMP—responsive element binding protein in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 69:2471–2478
62. Majid S, Dar AA, Saini S, Shahryari V, Arora S, Zaman MS, Chang I, Yamamura S, Tanaka Y, Chiyomaru T, Deng G, Dahiya R (2013) MiRNA-34b inhibits prostate cancer through demethylation. Active chromatin modifi cations, and AKT pathways. Clin Cancer Res 19:73–84
63. Walter BA, Valera VA, Pinto PA, Merino MJ (2013) Comprehensive microRNA profi ling of prostate cancer. J Cancer Educ 4:350–357
64. Suh SO, Chen Y, Zaman MS, Hirata H, Yamamura S, Shahryari V, Liu J, Tabatabai ZL, Kakar S, Deng G, Tanaka Y, Dahiya R (2011) MicroRNA-145 is regulated by DNA methylation and p53 gene mutation in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 32:772–778
65. Peng X, Guo W, Liu T, Wang X, Tu X, Xiong D, Chen S, Lai Y, Du H, Chen G, Liu G, Tang Y, Huang S, Zou X (2011) Identifi cation of miRs-143 and -145 that is associated with bone metastasis of prostate cancer and involved in the regulation of EMT. PLoS One 6:e20341
66. Xu B, Niu X, Zhang X, Tao J, Wu D, Wang Z, Li P, Zhang W, Wu H, Feng N, Wang Z, Hua L, Wang X (2011) miR-143 decreases prostate cancer cells proliferation and migration and enhances their sensitivity to docetaxel through suppression of KRAS. Mol Cell Biochem 350:207–213
67. Friedman R, Farh K, Burge CB, Bartel DP (2009) Most mammalian miRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res 19:92–105
68. Xu K, Wu ZJ, Groner AC, He HH, Cai C, Lis RT, Wu X, Stack EC, Loda M, Liu T, Xu H, Cato L, Thornton JE, Gregory RI, Morrissey C, Vessella RL, Montironi R, Magi-Galluzzi C, Kantoff PW, Balk SP, Liu XS, Brown M (2012) EZH2 oncogenic activity in castrationresistant prostate cancer cells is polycombindependent. Science 338:1465–1469
69. Cao P, Deng Z, Wan M, Huang W, Cramer SD, Xu J, Lei M, Sui G (2010) MicroRNA-101 negatively regulates Ezh2 and its expression is modulated by androgen receptor and HIF-1α/ HIF-1β. Mole Cancer 9:108
70. Pang Y, Young CYF, Yuan H (2010) MicroRNAs and prostate cancer. Acta Biochim Sin 42:363–369
71. Börno ST, Fischer A, Kerick M, Fälth M, Laible M, Brase JC, Kuner R, Dahl A, Grimm C, Sayanjali B, Isau M, Röhr C, Wunderlich A, Timmermann B, Claus R, Plass C, Graefen M, Simon R, Demichelis F, Rubin MA, Sauter G, Schlomm T, Sültmann H, Lehrach H, Schweiger MR (2012) Genome-wide DNA methylation events in TMPRSS2–ERG fusion- negative prostate cancers implicate an EZH2- dependent mechanism with miR-26a hypermethylation. Cancer Discov 2:1024–1035
72. Wong CF, Tellam RL (2008) MicroRNA-26a targets the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 during myogenesis. J Biol Chem 283:9836–9843
73. Sander S, Bullinger L, Klapproth K, Fiedler K, Kestler HA, Barth TFE, Moller PM, Stilgenbauer S, Pollack JR, Wirth T (2008) MYC stimulates EZH2 expression by repression of its negative regulator miR-26a. Blood 112:4202–4212
74. Noonan E, Place R, Pookot D, Basak S, Whitson J, Hirata H, Giardina C, Dahiya R (2009) miR-449a targets HDAC-1 and induces growth arrest in prostate cancer. Oncogene 28:1714–1724
75. Ostling P, Leivonen S-K, Aakula A, Kohonen P, Makela R, Hagman Z, Edsjo A, Kangaspeska S, Edgren H, Nicorici D, Bjartell A, Ceder Y, Perala M, Kallioniemi O (2011) Systematic analysis of microRNAs targeting the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 71:1956–1967
76. Gregory PA, Bert AG, Paterson EL, Barry SC, Tsykin A, Farshid G, Vadas MA, Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ (2008) The miR-200 family and miR-205 regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB1 and SIP 1. Nat Cell Biol 10:593–601
77. Kong D, Li Y, Wang Z, Banerjee S, Ahmad A, Kim H-RC, Sarakar FH (2009) miR-200 regulates PDGF- d -mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition, adhesion, and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Stem Cells 27:1712–1721
78. Vrba L, Jensen TJ, Garbe JC, Heimark RL, Cress AE, Dickinson S, Stampfer MR, Futscher BW (2010) Role for DNA methylation in the regulation of miR-200c and miR-141 expression in normal and cancer cells. PLoS One 5:e8697
79. Wiklund ED, Bramsen JB, Hulf T, Dyrskjøt L, Ramanathan R, Hansen TB, Villadsen SB, Gao S, Ostenfeld MS, Borre M, Peter ME, Ørntoft TF, Kjems J, Clark SJ (2011) Coordinated epigenetic repression of the miR-200 family and miR-205 in invasive bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 128:1327–1334
80. Gandellini P, Folini M, Longoni N, Pennati M, Binda M, Colecchia M, Salvioni R, Supino R, Moretti R, Limonta P, Valdagni R, Daidone MG, Zaffaroni N (2009) MiR-205 exerts tumor-suppressive functions in human prostate through down-regulation of protein kinase C. Cancer Res 69:2287–2295
81. Ottman R, Nguyen C, Lorch R, Chakrabarti R (2014) MicroRNA expressions associated with progression of prostate cancer cells to antiandrogen therapy resistance. Mol Cancer 13:1
82. Selcuklu SD, Donoghue MTA, Spillane C (2009) MiR-21 as a key regulator of oncogenic processes. Biochem Soc Trans 37:918–925
83. Jerónimo C, Esteller M (2010) DNA methylation markers for prostate cancer with a stem cell twist. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 3:1053–1055
84. Ribas J, Ni X, Haffner M, Wentzel EA, Salmasi AH, Chowdhury W, Kudrolli TA, Yegnasubramanian S, Luo J, Rodriguez R, Mendell JT, Lupold SE (2009) miR-21: an androgen receptor–regulated microRNA that promotes hormone-dependent and hormoneindependent prostate cancer growth. Cancer Res 69:7165–7169
85. Folini M, Gandellini P, Longoni N, Profumo V, Callari M, Pennati M, Colecchia M, Supino R, Veneroni S, Salvioni R, Valdagni R, Daidone M, Zaffaroni N (2011) MiR-21: an oncomir on strike in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 9:12
86. Sun T, Wang Q, Balk S, Brown M, Lee G-SM, Kantoff P (2009) The role of microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 69: 3356–3363
87. Lin D, Cui F, Bu Q, Yan C (2011) The expression and clinical significance of GTP-binding RAS-like 3 (ARHI) and microRNA 221 and 222 in prostate cancer. J Int Med Res 39: 1870–1875
88. Galardi S, Mercatelli N, Giorda E, Massalini S, Frajese GV, Ciafre SA, Farace MG (2010) miR- 221 and miR-222 expression affects the proliferation potential of human prostate carcinoma cell lines by targeting p27Kip1*. J Biol Chem 282:23716–23724
89. Zheng C, Yinghao S, Li J (2012) MiR-221 expression affects invasion potential of human prostate carcinoma cell lines by targeting DVL 2. Med Oncol 29:815–822
90. Epis MR, Giles KM, Barker A, Kendrick TS, Leedman PJ (2009) miR-331-3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 284:24696–24704
91. Ma S, Chan Y, Kwan P, Lee T, Yan M, Tang K, Ling M, Vielkind J, Guan X, Chan K (2011) MicroRNA-616 induces androgenindependent growth of prostate cancer cells by suppressing expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor TFPI- 2. Cancer Res 71:583–592
92. Epis MR, Giles KM, Kalinowski FC, Barker A, Cohen RJ, Leedman PJ (2012) Regulation of expression of deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), the enzyme that catalyzes the activation of eIF5A, by miR-331-3p and miR- 642- 5p in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 287:35251–35259
93. Agellan R, Calin G, Croce C (2010) miR-15a and miR-16-1 in cancer: discovery, function and future perspectives. Cell Death Differ 17:215–220
94. Bonci D, Coppola V, Musumeci M, Addario A, Giuffrida R, Memeo L, D’Urso L, Pagliuca A, Biffoni M, Labbaye C, Bartucci M, Muto G, Peschle C, De Maria R (2008) The miR- 15a- miR-16-1 cluster controls prostate cancer by targeting multiple oncogenic activities. Nat Med 14:1271–1277
95. Musumeci M, Coppola V, Addario A, Patrizii M, Maugeri-Saccà M, Memeo L, Colarossi C, Francescangeli F, Biffoni M, Collura D, Giacobbe A, D’Urso L, Falchi M, Venneri MA, Muto G, Maria RD, Bonci D (2011) Control of tumor and microenvironment cross-talk by miR-15a and miR-16 in prostate cancer. Oncogene 30:4231–4242
96. Alshalalfa M, Bader GD, Bismar TA, Alhajj R (2013) Coordinate microRNA-mediated regulation of protein complexes in prostate cancer. PLoS One 8:e84261
97. Liang H, Studach L, Hullinger RL, Xie J, Andrisania OM (2013) Down-regulation of RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) in advanced prostate cancer byhypoxia-induced miR-106b-25. Exp Cell Res 320:188–199
98. DeVere White RW, Vinall RL, Tepper CG, Shi X-B (2009) MicroRNAs and their potential for translation in prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 27:307–311
99. Hudson R, Yi M, Esposito D, Glynn S, Starks A, Yang Y, Schetter A, Watkins S, Hurwitz A, Dorsey T, Stephens R, Croce C, Ambs S (2013) MicroRNA-106b-25 cluster expression is associated with early disease recurrence and targets caspase-7 and focal adhesion in human prostate cancer. Oncogene 32:4139–4147