Ginsenoside Rc promotes anti-adipogenic activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by down-regulating C/EBPα and PPARAγ

Molecules

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1293-1303

  Yang, Ji Won ^a   Kim, Sung Soo ^b  

^a Kyung Hee University   (South Korea)

^b Korea Food Research Institute   (South Korea)

Author keywords

3T3 L1; Ginsenoside Rc; Obesity

Indexed keywords

CCAAT ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA; GINSENOSIDE; GINSENOSIDE RC; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

3T3 CELL LINE; ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOGENESIS; ANIMAL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CYTOLOGY; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG EFFECTS; METABOLISM; MOUSE;

3T3-L1 CELLS; ADIPOCYTES; ADIPOGENESIS; ANIMALS; CCAAT-ENHANCER-BINDING PROTEIN-ALPHA; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DOWN-REGULATION; GINSENOSIDES; MICE; PPAR GAMMA; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84921531813     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14203049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011293     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Attele, A.S.; Wu, J.A.; Yuan, C.S. Ginseng pharmacology: Multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1999, 58, 1685-1693.
2. Fuzzati, N. Analysis methods of ginsenosides. J. Chromatogr. B 2004, 812, 119-133.
3. Chu, S.F.; Zhang, J.T. New achievements in ginseng research and its future prospects. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2009, 15, 403-408.
4. Ma, X.Q.; Xu, Q.; Liang, X.M. Analysis of ginsenosides in ginseng by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical-ionization mass-spectrometry. Chin. J. Chromatogr. 2005, 23, 389-393. (In Chinese)
5. Sanada, S.; Kondo, N.; Shoji, J.; Tanaka, O.; Shibata, S. Studies on the saponins of ginseng. I. Structures of ginsenoside-Ro, -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc and -Rd. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1974, 22, 421-428.
6. Sanada, S.; Kondo, N.; Shoji, J.; Tanaka, O.; Shibata, S. Studies on the saponins of ginseng. II. Structures of ginsenoside-Re, -Rf, -Rg2. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1974, 22, 2407-2411.
7. Sanada, S.; Shoji, J. Studies on the saponins of ginseng. III. Structures of ginsenoside Rb3, and 20-glucoginsenoside-Rf. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1978, 26, 1694-1697.
8. Kim, SI.; Park, J.H.; Ryu, J.H.; Park, J.M.; Baek, N.I. Ginsenoside Rg5, a genuine dammarane glyciside from Korean red ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 1996, 19, 551-553.
9. Baek, N.I.; Kim, D.S.; Lee, Y.H.; Park, J.D.; Lee, C.B.; Kim, S. Ginsenoside Rh4, a genuine dammarane glyciside from Korean red ginseng. Planta Med. 1996, 62, 86-87.
10. Ryu, J.H.; Park, J.H.; Kim, T.H. A dammarane glyciside, 20(E)-ginsenoside F4 from Korean red ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 1996, 19, 335-337.
11. Baek, N.I.; Kim, J.M.; Park, J.H.; Ryu, J.H.; Kim, D.S.; Lee, Y.H.; Park, J.D.; Kim, S. Ginsenoside Rs3, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 1997, 20, 280-282.
12. Jung, S.Y.; Choi, S.; Ko, Y.S.; Park, C.S.; Oh, S.; Koh, S.R.; Oh, U.; Oh, J.W.; Rhee, M.H.; Nah, S.Y. Effects of ginsenosides on vanilloidreceptor(VR1) channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Mol. Cells 2001, 12, 342-346.
13. Choi, S.S.; Han, E.J.; Han, K.J.; Lee, H.K.; Suh, H.W. Antinociceptive effects of ginsenosides injected in tracerebroventricularly orintrathecally insubstance P-induced painmodel. Planta Med. 2003, 69, 1001-1004.
14. Kim, D.H.; Moon, Y.S.; Jung, J.S.; Min, S.K.; Son, B.K.; Suh, H.W.; Song, D.K. Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axisinmice. J. Neurosci. Lett. 2003, 343, 62-66.
15. Choi, S.E.; Choi, S.; Lee, J.H.; Whiting, P.J.; Lee, S.M.; Nah, S.Y. Effects of ginsenosides on GABAA receptor channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 2003, 26, 28-33.
16. Kopelman, P.G. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature 2000, 404, 635-643.
17. Couillard, C.; Mauriege, P.; Imbeault, P.; Prud'homme, D.; Nadeau, A.; Tremblay, A.; Bouchard, C.; Despres, J.P. Hyperleptinemia is more closely associated with adipose cell hypertrophy than with adipose tissue hyperplasia. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2000, 24, 782-788.
18. Roncari, D.A.; Lau, D.C.; Kindler, S.; Exaggerated replication in culture of adipocyte precursors from massively obese persons. Metabolism 1981, 30, 425-427.
19. Sorisky, A.; Magun, R.; Gagnon, A.M. Adipose cell apoptosis: Death in the energy depot. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2000, 24, S3-S7.
20. Rosen, E.D.; Spiegelman, B.M. Molecular regulation of adipogenesis. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 2000, 16, 145-171.
21. Gregoire, F.M.; Smas, C.M.; Sul, H.S. Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol. Rev. 1998, 78, 783-809.
22. Rosen, E.D. The transcriptional basis of adipocyte development. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2005, 73, 31-34.
23. Chung, S.H.; Choi, C.G.; Park, S.H. Comparisons between white ginseng radix and rootlet for antidiabetic activity and mechanism in KKAy mice. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2001, 24, 214-218.
24. Park, M.Y.; Lee, K.S.; Sung, M.K. Effects of dietary mulberry, Korean red ginseng, and banaba on glucose homeostasis in relation to PPAR-α, PPAR-ã, and LPL mRNA expressions. Life Sci. 2005, 77, 3344-3354.
25. Wang, H.; Reaves, L.A.; Edens, N.K. Ginseng extract inhibits lipolysis in rat adipocytes in vitro by activating phosphodiesterase 4. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 337-342.
26. Yun, S.N.; Moon, S.J.; Ko, S.K.; Im, B.O.; Chung, S.H. Wild ginseng prevents the onset of high-fat diet induced hyperglycemia and obesity in ICR mice. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2004, 27, 790-796.
27. Sekiya, K.; Okuda, H. Enhancement of adipose differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts by ginsenosides. Phytother. Res. 1987, 1, 58-60.
28. Yang, Y.; Yang, X.; Xu, B.; Zeng, G.; Tan, J.; He, X.; Hu, C.; Zhou, Y. Chemical constituents of Morus alba L. and their inhibitory effect on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. Fitoterapia 2014, 98, 222-227.
29. Hwang, J.-T.; Lee, M.-S.; Kim, H.-J.; Sung, M.-J.; Kim, H.Y.; Kim, M.S.; Kwon, D.Y. Antiobesity Effect of Ginsenoside Rg3 involves the AMPK and PPAR-ã Signal Pathways. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23, 262-266.
30. Haaz, S.; Fontaine, K.R.; Cutter, G.; Limdi, N.; Perumean-Chaney, S.; Allison, D.B. Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: An update. Obes. Rev. 2006, 7, 79-88.
31. Shang, W.; Yang, Y.; Jiang, B.; Jin, H.; Zhou, L.; Liu, S.; Chen, M. Ginsenoside Rb1 promotes adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by enhancing PPARã2 and C/EBPα gene expression. Life Sci. 2007, 80, 618-625.
32. Siraj, F.M.; Natarajan, S.; Huq, M.A.; Kim, Y.J.; Yang, D.C. Structural investigation of ginsenoside Rf with PPARã major transcriptional factor of adipogenesis and its impact on adipocyte. J. Ginseng Res. 2014, doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2014.10.002.
33. Gao, Y.; Yang, M.F.; Su, Y.P.; Jiang, H.M.; You, X.J.; Yang, Y.J.; Zhang, H.L. Ginsenoside Re reduces insulin resistance through activation of PPAR-ã pathway and inhibition of TNF-α production. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 147, 509-516.
34. Feng, Z.; Hai-ning, Y.; Xiao-man, C.; Zun-chen, W.; Sheng-rong, S.; Das, U.N. Effect of yellow capsicum extract on proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Nutrition 2014, 30, 319-325.
35. Tzenga, T.F.; Liub, I.M. 6-Gingerol prevents adipogenesis and the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 cells. Phytomedicine 2013, 20, 481-487.
36. Ramji, D.P.; Foka, P. CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins: Structure, function and regulation. Biochem. J. 2002, 365, 561-575.
37. Tang, Q.Q.; Grønborg, M.; Huang, H.; Kim, J.W.; Otto, T.C.; Pandey, A.; Lane, M.D. Sequential phosphorylation of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein β by MAPK and glycogen synthase kinase 3β is required for adipogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 9766-9771.
38. Kajimura, S.; Seale, P.; Tomaru, T.; Erdjument-Bromage, H.; Cooper, M.P.; Ruas, J.L.; Chin, S.; Tempst, P.; Lazar, M.A.; Spiegelman, B.M. Regulation of the brown and white fat gene programs through a PRDM16/CtBP transcriptional complex. Genes Dev. 2008, 22, 1397-1409.
39. Farmer, S.R. Transcriptional control of adipocyte formation. Cell Metab. 2006, 4, 263-273.
40. Freytag, S.O.; Paielli, D.L.; Gilbert, J.D. Ectopic expression of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha promotes the adipogenic program in a variety of mouse fibroblastic cells. Genes Dev. 1994, 8, 1654-1663.
41. Rosen, E.D.; Hsu, C.H.; Wang, X.; Sakai, S.; Freeman, M.W.; Gonzalez, F.J.; Spiegelman, B.M. C/EBPα induces adipogenesis through PPARã: A unified pathway. Genes Dev. 2002, 16, 22-26.
42. Jung, H.A.; Jung, H.J.; Jeong, H.Y.; Kwon, H.J.; Ali, M.Y.; Choi, J.S. Phlorotannins isolated from the edible brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera exert antiadipogenic activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by downregulating C/EBPα and PPARã. Fitoterapia 2014, 92, 260-269.
43. Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 1983, 65, 55-63.