The life history of whole-organism performance

Quarterly Review of Biology

Volumn 89, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 285-318

  Lailvaux, Simon P ^a   Husak, Jerry F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ST THOMAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Evolution; Life history; Physiology; Selection; Whole organism performance

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOLOGY; ECOLOGY; EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; BIOLOGY; ECOLOGY; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENETIC FITNESS;

EID: 84910629400     PISSN: 00335770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/678567     Document Type: Article

References (294)

1. Adkins-Regan E. 2005. Tactile contact is required for early estrogen treatment to alter the sexual partner preference of female zebra finches. Hormones and Behavior 48:180 -186.
2. Albertson R. C., Streelman J. T., Kocher T. D., Yelick P. C. 2005. Integration and evolution of the cichlid mandible: the molecular basis of alternate feeding strategies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 16287-16292.
3. Alfaro M. E., Bolnick D. I., Wainwright P. C. 2004. Evolutionary dynamics of complex biomechanical systems: an example using the four-bar mechanism. Evolution 58:495-503.
4. Angilletta M. J. 2009. Thermal Adaptation: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
5. Arnold S. J. 1983. Morphology, performance, and function. American Zoologist 23:347-361.
6. Arnold S. J. 1988. Behavior, energy and fitness. American Zoologist 28:815-827.
7. Atherton P. J., Smith K. 2012. Muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrition and exercise. Journal of Physiology 590:1049-1057.
8. Backwell P. R. Y., Christy J. H., Telford S. R., Jennions M. D., Passmore N. I. 2000. Dishonest signalling in a fiddler crab. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 267:719-724.
9. Baker A. B., Tang Y. Q. 2010. Aging performance for masters records in athletics, swimming, rowing, cycling, triathlon, and weightlifting. Experimental Aging Research 36:453-477.
10. Barreiro M. L., Tena-Sempere M. 2004. Ghrelin and reproduction: a novel signal linking energy status and fertility? Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 226:1-9.
11. Bartholomew G. A. 1958. The role of physiology in the distribution of terrestrial vertebrates. Pages 81-95 in Zoogeography, edited by C. L. Hubbs. Washington (DC): American Association for the Advancement of Science.
12. Bennett A. F. 1989. Integrated studies of locomotor performance. Pages 191-202 in Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates, edited by D. B. Wake and G. Roth. Chichester (United Kingdom): Wiley.
13. Bennett A. F., Huey R. B. 1990. Studying the evolution of physiological performance. Pages 251-284 in Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, Volume 6, edited by D. J. Futuyma and J. Antonovics. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
14. Bentley G. E., Demas G. E., Nelson R. J., Ball G. F. 1998. Melatonin, immunity and cost of reproductive state in male European starlings. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 265:1191-1195.
15. Bertrand S., Criscuolo F., Faivre B., Sorci G. 2006. Immune activation increases susceptibility to oxidative tissue damage in zebra finches. Functional Ecology 20:1022-1027.
16. Berwaerts K., Aerts P., Van Dyck H. 2006. On the sex-specific mechanisms of butterfly flight: flight performance relative to flight morphology, wing kinematics, and sex in Pararge aergeria. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89:675-687.
17. Berwaerts K., Matthysen E., Van Dyck H. 2008. Takeoff flight performance in the butterfly Pararge aegeria relative to sex and morphology: a quantitative genetic assessment. Evolution 62:2525-2533.
18. Bhasin S., Woodhouse L., Storer T. W. 2001. Proof of the effect of testosterone on skeletal muscle. Journal of Endocrinology 170:27-38.
19. Blows M. W., Hoffmann A. A. 2005. A reassessment of genetic limits to evolutionary change. Ecology 86: 1371-1384.
20. Bonduriansky R., Maklakov A., Zajitschek F., Brooks R. 2008. Sexual selection, sexual conflict and the evolution of ageing and life span. Functional Ecology 22:443-453.
21. Boutin S. 1990. Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: patterns, problems, and the future. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:203- 220.
22. Bräu L., Nikolovski S., Palmer T. N., Fournier P. A. 1999. Glycogen repletion following burst activity: a carbohydrate-sparing mechanism in animals adapted to arid environments? Journal of Experimental Zoology 284:271-275.
23. Braude S., Tang-Martinez Z., Taylor G. T. 1999. Stress, testosterone, and the immunoredistribution hypothesis. Behavioral Ecology 10:345-350.
24. Broom D. R., Stensel D. J., Bishop N. C., Burns S. F., Miyashita M. 2007. Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 102:2165-2171.
25. Broom D. R., Batterham R. L., King J. A., Stensel D. J. 2009. Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide YY in healthy males. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296:R29-R35.
26. Brown C. J., Blossey B., Maerz J. C., Joule S. J. 2006. Invasive plant and experimental venue affect tadpole performance. Biological Invasions 8:327-338.
27. Bywater C. L., Wilson R. S. 2012. Is honesty the best policy? Testing signal reliability in fiddler crabs when receiver-dependent costs are high. Functional Ecology 26:804-811.
28. Cameron S. F., Wynn M. L., Wilson R. S. 2013. Sexspecific trade-offs and compensatory mechanisms: bite force and sprint speed pose conflicting demands on the design of geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus). Journal of Experimental Biology 216:3781- 3789.
29. Careau V., Garland T. Jr. 2012. Performance, personality, and energetics: correlation, causation, and mechanism. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 85: 543-571.
30. Carrier D. R., Anders C., Schilling N. 2011. The musculoskeletal system of humans is not tuned to maximize the economy of locomotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108:18631-18636.
31. Charlesworth B. 1980. Evolution in Age-Structured Populations. Cambridge (United Kingdom): Cambridge University Press.
32. Charnov E. L. 1993. Life History Invariants: Some Explorations of Symmetry in Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
33. Chatfield M. W. H., Brannelly L. A., Robak M. J., Freeborn L., Lailvaux S. P., Richards-Zawacki C. L. 2013. Fitness consequences of infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens). EcoHealth 10:90 -98.
34. Chen H.-Y., Maklakov A. A. 2012. Longer life span evolves under high rates of condition-dependent mortality. Current Biology 22:2140-2143.
35. Chown S. L., Nicolson S. W. 2004. Insect Physiological Ecology: Mechanisms and Patterns. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
36. Clobert J., Oppliger A., Sorci G., Ernande B., Swallow J. G., Garland T. Jr. 2000. Trade-offs in phenotypic traits: endurance at birth, growth, survival, predation and susceptibility to parasitism in a lizard, Lacerta vivipara. Functional Ecology 14:675-684.
37. Collar D. C., Wainwright P. C. 2006. Discordance between morphological and mechanical diversity in the feeding mechanism of centrarchid fishes. Evolution 60:2575-2584.
38. Contreras-Garduño J., Córdoba-Aguilar A., Lanz- Mendoza H., Cordero-Rivera A. 2009. Territorial behaviour and immunity are mediated by juvenile hormone: the physiological basis of honest signalling? Functional Ecology 23:157-163.
39. Contreras-Garduño J., Córdoba-Aguilar A., Azpilicueta- Amorín M., Cordero-Rivera A. 2011. Juvenile hormone favors sexually-selected traits but impairs fat reserves and abdomen mass in males and females. Evolutionary Ecology 25:845-856.
40. Cotter S. C., Simpson S. J., Raubenheimer D., Wilson K. 2011. Macronutrient balance mediates tradeoffs between immune function and life history traits. Functional Ecology 25:186 -198.
41. Cox R. M., Lovern M. B., Calsbeek R. 2014. Experimentally decoupling reproductive investment from energy storage to test the functional basis of a life-history trade-off. Journal of Animal Ecology 83:888-898.
42. Coyle E. F. 1995. Substrate utilization during exercise in active people. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61:968S-979S.
43. Coyle E. F., Jeukendrup A. E., Oseto M. C., Hodgkinson B. J., Zderic T. W. 2001. Low-fat diet alters intramuscular substrates and reduces lipolysis and fat oxidation during exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 280:E391- E398.
44. Cullum A. J. 1998. Sexual dimorphism in physiological performance of whiptail lizards (genus Cnemidophorus). Physiological Zoology 71:541-552.
45. Dantzer B., Swanson E. M. 2012. Mediation of vertebrate life histories via insulin-like growth factor-1. Biological Reviews 87:414-429.
46. de Jong G., van Noordwijk A. J. 1992. Acquisition and allocation of resources: genetic (co)variances, selection, and life histories. American Naturalist 139: 749-770.
47. Demas G. E., Zysling D. A., Beechler B. R., Muehlenbein M. P., French S. S. 2011. Beyond phytohaemagglutinin: assessing vertebrate immune function across ecological contexts. Journal of Animal Ecology 80:710 -730.
48. Demas G. E., Greives T., Chester E., French S. 2012. The energetics of immunity: mechanisms mediating trade-offs in ecoimmunology. Pages 259-298 in Ecoimmunology, edited by G. E. Demas and R. J. Nelson. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
49. Dingle H. 1991. Evolutionary genetics of animal migration. American Zoologist 31:253-264.
50. Dlugosz E. M., Schutz H., Meek T. H., Acosta W., Downs C. J., Platzer E. G., Chappell M. A., Garland T. Jr. 2013. Immune response to Trichinella spiralis infection in house mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running. Journal of Experimental Biology 216:4212-4221.
51. Drayton J. M., Hall M. D., Hunt J., Jennions M. D. 2012. Sexual signaling and immune function in the black field cricket Teleogryllus commodus. PLoS ONE 7:e39631.
52. Dufty A. M. Jr. 1989. Testosterone and survival: a cost of aggressiveness? Hormones and Behavior 23:185- 193.
53. Emlen D. J. 2001. Costs and the diversification of exaggerated animal structures. Science 291:1534- 1536.
54. Emlen D. J., Warren I. A., Johns A., Dworkin I., Lavine L. C. 2012. A mechanism of extreme growth and reliable signaling in sexually selected ornaments and weapons. Science 337:860-864.
55. Fischer K., Perlick J., Galetz T. 2008. Residual reproductive value and male mating success: older males do better. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275:1517-1524.
56. Flatt T., Tu M.-P., Tatar M. 2005. Hormonal pleiotropy and the juvenile hormone regulation of Drosophila development and life history. BioEssays 27: 999-1010.
57. Folstad I., Karter A. J. 1992. Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist 139:603-622.
58. French S. S., Dearing M. D., Demas G. E. 2011. Leptin as a physiological mediator of energetic trade-offs in ecoimmunology: implications for disease. Integrative and Comparative Biology 51:505-513.
59. Fu S.-J., Pang X., Cao Z.-D., Peng J.-L., Yan G. 2011. The effects of fasting on the metabolic interaction between digestion and locomotion in juvenile southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular&Integrative Physiology 158:498-505.
60. Fuxjager M. J., Foufopoulos J., Diaz-Uriarte R., Marler C. A. 2011. Functionally opposing effects of testosterone on two different types of parasite: implications for the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. Functional Ecology 25:132-138.
61. Gäde G. 2004. Fight or flight-the need for adipokinetic hormones. International Congress Series 1275: 134-140.
62. Gadgil M., Bossert W. H. 1970. Life historical consequences of natural selection. American Naturalist 104:1-24.
63. Garland T. J. Jr. 1984. Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 247:R806- R815.
64. Garland T. J. Jr. 1988. Genetic basis of activity metabolism: I. Inheritance of speed, stamina, and antipredator displays in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Evolution 42:335-350.
65. Garland T. J. Jr. 1999. Laboratory endurance capacity predicts variation in field locomotor behaviour among lizard species. Animal Behaviour 58:77- 83.
66. Garland T. J. Jr. 2014. Quick guide: trade-offs. Current Biology 24:R60-R61.
67. Garland T. J. Jr., Carter P. A. 1994. Evolutionary physiology. Annual Review of Physiology 56:579-621.
68. Garland T. J. Jr., Freeman P. W. 2005. Selective breeding for high endurance running increases hindlimb symmetry. Evolution 59:1851-1854.
69. Garland T. J. Jr., Losos J. B. 1994. Ecological morphology of locomotor performance in squamate reptiles. Pages 240-302 in Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology, edited by P. C. Wainwright and S. Reilly. Chicago (Illinois): University of Chicago Press.
70. Garland T. J. Jr., Else P. L., Hulbert A. J., Tap P. 1987. Effects of endurance training and captivity on activity metabolism of lizards. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252:R450-R456.
71. Garratt M., Brooks R. C. 2012. Oxidative stress and condition-dependent sexual signals: more than just seeing red. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279:3121-3130.
72. George A. J. 2003. Androgenic anabolic steroids. Pages 138-188 in Drugs in Sport, Third Edition, edited by D. R. Mottram. London (United Kingdom): Routledge.
73. Ghalambor C. K., Walker J. A., Reznick D. N. 2003. Multi-trait selection, adaptation, and constraints on the evolution of burst swimming performance. Integrative and Comparative Biology 43:431-438.
74. Ghalambor C. K., Reznick D. N., Walker J. A. 2004. Constraints on adaptive evolution: the functional trade-off between reproduction and fast-start swimming performance in the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). American Naturalist 164:38 -50.
75. Gibney J., Healy M.-L., Sönksen P. H. 2007. The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in exercise and sport. Endocrine Reviews 28:603- 624.
76. Glazier D. S. 1999. Trade-offs between reproductive and somatic (storage) investments in animals: a comparative test of the Van Noordwijk and De Jong model. Evolutionary Ecology 13:539 -555.
77. Gleeson T. T. 1979. Effects of training and captivity on the metabolic capacity of the lizard Sceloporus occidentalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 129:123-128.
78. Gleeson T. T. 1991. Patterns of metabolic recovery from exercise in amphibians and reptiles. Journal of Experimental Biology 160:187-207.
79. Gleeson T. T. 1996. Post-exercise lactate metabolism: a comparative review of sites, pathways, and regulation. Annual Review of Physiology 58:565-581.
80. Goldsworthy G. 1994. Adipokinetic hormones of insects: are they insect glucagons? Pages 468-492 in Perspectives in Comparative Endicrinology, edited by K. G. Davey, S. S. Tobe, and A. G. Peter. Ottawa (Canada): National Research Council of Canada.
81. Greiwe J. S., Hickner R. C., Hansen P. A., Racette S. B., Chen M. M., Holloszy J. O. 1999. Effects of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen accumulation in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 87:222-226.
82. Groner M. L., Buck J. C., Gervasi S., Blaustein A. R., Reinert L. K., Rollins-Smith L. A., Bier M. E., Hempel J., Relyea R. A. 2013. Larval exposure to predators cues alters immune function and response to a fungal pathogen in post-metamorphic wood frogs. Ecological Applications 23:1443-1454.
83. Gu H., Barker J. S. F. 1995. Genetic and phenotypic variation for flight ability in the cactophilic Drosophila species, D. aldrichi and D. buzzatii. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 76:25-35.
84. Gwynn D. M., Callaghan A., Gorham J., Walters K. F. A., Fellowes M. D. E. 2005. Resistance is costly: trade-offs between immunity, fecundity and survival in the pea aphid. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272:1803-1808.
85. Hall M. D., Lailvaux S. P., Blows M. W., Brooks R. C. 2010a. Sexual conflict and the maintenance of multivariate genetic variation. Evolution 64:1697- 1703.
86. Hall M. D., McLaren L., Brooks R. C., Lailvaux S. P. 2010b. Interactions among performance capacities predict male combat outcomes in the field cricket. Functional Ecology 24:159 -164.
87. Hamilton W. D., Zuk M. 1982. Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites? Science 218: 384-387.
88. Harshman L. G., Zera A. J. 2007. The cost of reproduction: the devil in the details. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22:80-86.
89. Hartgens F., Kuipers H. 2004. Effects of androgenicanabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Medicine 34: 513-554.
90. Hasselquist D., Nilsson J.-Å. 2012. Physiological mechanisms mediating costs of immune responses: what can we learn from studies of birds? Animal Behaviour 83:1303-1312.
91. Hau M. 2007. Regulation of male traits by testosterone: implications for the evolution of vertebrate life histories. BioEssays 29:133-144.
92. Hau M., Wingfield J. C. 2011. Hormonally-regulated trade-offs: evolutionary variability and phenotypic plasticity in testosterone signaling pathways. Pages 349-361 in Molecular Mechanisms of Life-Histroy Evolution, edited by T. Flatt and A. Heyland. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
93. Hau M., Ricklefs R. E., Wikelski M., Lee K. A., Brawn J. D. 2010. Corticosterone, testosterone and lifehistory strategies of birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277:3203-3212.
94. He W., Xia W., Cao Z.-D., Fu S.-J. 2013. The effect of prolonged exercise training on swimming performance and the underlying biochemical mechanisms in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 166:308-315.
95. Helge J. W., Richter E. A., Kiens B. 1996. Interaction of training and diet on metabolism and endurance during exercise in man. Journal of Physiology 492:293-306.
96. Herrel A., Bonneaud C. 2012. Trade-offs between burst performance and maximal exertion capactiy in a wild amphibian, Xenopus tropicalis. Journal of Experimental Biology 215:3106-3111.
97. Herrel A., Vincent S. E., Alfaro M. E., Van Wassenbergh S., Vanhooydonck B., Irschick D. J. 2008. Morphological convergence as a consequence of extreme functional demands: examples from the feeding system of natricine snakes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21:1438-1448.
98. Higham T. E., Irschick D. J. 2013. Springs, steroids, and slingshots: the roles of enhancers and constraints in animal movement. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systems, and Environmental Physiology 183:583-595.
99. Hoppeler H., Vogt M. 2001. Hypoxia training for sea-level performance: training high-living low. Pages 61-73 in Hypoxia: From Genes to the Bedside, edited by R. C. Roach, P. D. Wagner, and P. H. Hackett. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
100. Hoppeler H., Billeter R., Horvath P. J., Leddy J. J., Pendergast D. R. 1999. Muscle structure with lowand high-fat diets in well-trained male runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine 20:522-526.
101. Hotchkiss A. K., Nelson R. J. 2002. Melatonin and immune function: hype or hypothesis? Critical Reviews in Immunology 22:351-371.
102. Houle D. 1991. Genetic covariance of fitness correlates: what genetic correlations are made of and why it matters. Evolution 45:630-648.
103. Houlihan D. F., Laurent P. 1987. Effects of exercise training on the performance, growth, and protein turnover of rainbox trout (Salmo gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44: 1614-1621.
104. Hoverman J. T., Relyea R. A. 2012. The long-term impacts of predators on prey: inducible defenses, population dynamics, and indirect effects. Oikos 121:1219-1230.
105. Hsu Y.-W., Pan Y.-J., Cho Y.-M., Liou T.-H., Chou P., Wang P. S. 2011. Aging effects on exerciseinduced alternations in plasma acylated ghrelin and leptin in male rats. European Journal of Applied Physiology 111:809-817.
106. Huey R. B. 1989. Integrated studies of locomotor performance. Pages 191-202 in Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertbrates, edited by D. B. Wake and G. Roth. New York: Wiley.
107. Huey R. B., Stevenson R. D. 1979. Integrating thermal physiology and ecology of ectotherms: a discussion of approaches. American Zoologist 19:357-366.
108. Huey R. B., Dunham A. E., Overall K. L., Newman R. A. 1990. Variation in locomotor performance in demographically known populations of the lizard Sceloporus merriami. Physiological Zoology 63:845- 872.
109. Hunt J., Brooks R., Jennions M. D., Smith M. J., Bentsen C. L., Bussière L. F. 2004a. High-quality male field crickets invest heavily in sexual display but die young. Nature 432:1024-1027.
110. Hunt J., Bussière L. F., Jennions M. D., Brooks R. 2004b. What is genetic quality? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:329 -333.
111. Hunt J., Breuker C. J., Sadowski J. A., Moore A. J. 2009. Male-male competition, female mate choice and their interaction: determining total sexual selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22:13-26.
112. Husak J. F. 2006a. Do female collared lizards change field use of maximal sprint speed capacity when gravid? Oecologia 150:339-343.
113. Husak J. F. 2006b. Does speed help you survive? A test with collared lizards of different ages. Functional Ecology 20:174 -179.
114. Husak J. F. 2006c. Does survival depend on how fast you can run or how fast you do run? Functional Ecology 20:1080-1086.
115. Husak J. F., Fox S. F. 2006. Field use of maximal sprint speed by collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris): compensation and sexual selection. Evolution 60: 1888-1895.
116. Husak J. F., Fox S. F. 2008. Sexual selection on locomotor performance. Evolutionary Ecology Research 10:213-228.
117. Husak J. F., Irschick D. J. 2009. Steroid use and human performance: lessons for integrative biologists. Integrative and Comparative Biology 49:354- 364.
118. Husak J. F., Swallow J. G. 2011. Compensatory traits and the evolution of male ornaments. Behaviour 148:1-29.
119. Husak J. F., Fox S. F., Lovern M. B., Van Den Bussche R. A. 2006. Faster lizards sire more offspring: sexual selection on whole-animal performance. Evolution 60:2122-2130.
120. Husak J. F., Irschick D. J., Meyers J. J., Lailvaux S. P., Moore I. T. 2007. Hormones, sexual signals, and performance of green anole lizards. Hormones and Behavior 52:360 -367.
121. Husak J. F., Fox S. F., Van Den Bussche R. A. 2008. Faster male lizards are better defenders not sneakers. Animal Behaviour 75:1725-1730.
122. Husak J. F., Irschick D. J., Henningsen J. P., Kirkbride K. S., Lailvaux S. P., Moore I. T. 2009a. Hormonal response of male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis) to GnRH challenge. Journal of Experimental Zoology A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 311A: 105-114.
123. Husak J. F., Irschick D. J., McCormick S. D., Moore I. T. 2009b. Hormonal regulation of whole-animal performance: implications for selection. Integrative and Comparative Biology 49:349 -353.
124. Husak J. F., Lappin A. K., Van Den Bussche R. A. 2009c. The fitness advantage of a high-performance weapon. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 96: 840-845.
125. Husak J. F., Ribak G., Baker R. H., Rivera G., Wilkinson G. S., Swallow J. G. 2013. Effects of ornamentation and phylogeny on the evolution of wing shape in stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26:1281-1293.
126. Huyghe K., Vanhooydonck B., Scheers H., Molina- Borja M., Van Damme R. 2005. Morphology, performance and fighting capacity in male lizards, Gallotia galloti. Functional Ecology 19:800-807.
127. Hwa V., Oh Y., Rosenfeld R. G. 1999. The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocrine Reviews 20:761-787.
128. Ingram D. K., Weindruch R., Spangler E. L., Freeman J. R., Walford R. L. 1987. Dietary restriction benefits learning and motor performance of aged mice. Journals of Gerontology 42:78-81.
129. Iraeta P., Salvador A., Monasterio C., Diaz J. A. 2010. Effects of gravidity on the locomotor performance and escape behaviour of two lizard populations: the importance of habitat structure. Behaviour 147: 133-150.
130. Irschick D. J. 2003. Measuring performance in nature: implications for studies of fitness within populations. Integrative and Comparative Biology 43:396- 407.
131. Irschick D. J., Garland T. J. Jr. 2001. Integrating function and ecology in studies of adaptation: investigations of locomotor capacity as a model system. Annual Reviews in Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 32:367-396.
132. Irschick D. J., Henningsen J. P. 2009. Functional morphology: muscles, elastic mechanisms, and animal performance. Pages 27-37 in Princeton Ecology Guide, edited by S. Levin. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press.
133. Irschick D. J., Herrel A., Vanhooydonck B., Huyghe K., Van Damme R. 2005. Locomotor compensation creates a mismatch between laboratory and field estimates of escape speed in lizards: a cautionary tale for performance-to-fitness studies. Evolution 59:1579-1587.
134. Irschick D. J., Ramos M., Buckley C., Elstrott J., Carlisle E., Lailvaux S. P., Bloch N., Herrel A., Vanhooydonck B. 2006. Are morphology-performance relationships invariant across different seasons? A test with the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Oikos 114:49-59.
135. Irschick D. J., Herrel A., Vanhooydonck B., Van Damme R. 2007. A functional approach to sexual selection. Functional Ecology 21:621-626.
136. Irschick D. J., Meyers J. J., Husak J. F., Le Galliard J.-F. 2008. How does selection operate on wholeorganism functional performance capacities? A review and synthesis. Evolutionary Ecology Research 10: 177-196.
137. Jacot A., Scheuber H., Brinkhof M. W. G. 2004. Costs of an induced immune response on sexual display and longevity in field crickets. Evolution 58:2280- 2286.
138. James J. 1974. Genetic covariances under the partition of resources model. Australian Journal of Biological Science 27:99 -101.
139. James R. S., Wilson R. S., de Carvalho J. E., Kohlsdorf T., Gomes F. R., Navas C. A. 2005. Interindividual differences in leg muscle mass and pyruvate kinase activity correlate with interindividual differences in jumping performance of Hyla multilineata. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78:857-867.
140. Kaiya H., Kangawa K., Miyazato M. 2013. What is the general action of ghrelin for vertebrates? Comparisons of ghrelin's effects across vertebrates. General and Comparative Endocrinology 181:187-191.
141. Kasumovic M. M. 2013. The multidimensional consequences of the juvenile environment: towards an integrative view of the adult phenotype. Animal Behaviour 85:1049-1059.
142. Ketterson E. D., Nolan V. Jr. 1992. Hormones and life histories: an integrative approach. American Naturalist 140:S33-S62.
143. Ketterson E. D., Nolan V. Jr. 1994. Testosterone and avian life histories: an integrative approach. Pages 327-353 in Behavioral Mechanisms in Evolutionary Ecology, edited by L. Real. Chicago (Illinois): University of Chicago Press.
144. Ketterson E. D., Nolan V. Jr., Wolf L., Ziegenfus C. 1992. Testosterone and avian life histories: effects of experimentally elevated testosterone on behavior and correlates of fitness in the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). American Naturalist 140:980-999.
145. Kirkpatrick M., Lofsvold D. 1992. Measuring selection and constraint in the evolution of growth. Evolution 46:954 -971.
146. Knell R. J., Simmons L. W. 2010. Mating tactics determine patterns of condition dependence in a dimorphic horned beetle. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277:2347-2353.
147. Kodrík D. 2008. Adipokinetic hormone functions that are not associated with insect flight. Physiological Entomology 33:171-180.
148. Kokko H., Brooks R., Jennions M. D., Morley J. 2003. The evolution of mate choice and mating biases. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270:653-664.
149. Krasnov B. R., Burdelov S. A., Khoklova I. S., Burdelova N. V. 2003. Sexual size dimorphism, morphological traits and jump performance in seven species of desert fleas (Siphonaptera). Journal of Zoology 261:181-189.
150. Lailvaux S. P. 2007. Interactive effects of sex and temperature on locomotion in reptiles. Integrative and Comparative Biology 47:189 -199.
151. Lailvaux S. P., Irschick D. J. 2006. A functional perspective on sexual selection: insights and future prospects. Animal Behaviour 72:263-273.
152. Lailvaux S. P., Irschick D. J. 2007a. Effects of temperature and sex on jump performance and biomechanics in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Functional Ecology 21:534 -543.
153. Lailvaux S. P., Irschick D. J. 2007b. The evolution of performance-based male fighting ability in Caribbean Anolis lizards. American Naturalist 170:573- 586.
154. Lailvaux S. P., Kasumovic M. M. 2011. Defining individual quality over lifetimes and selective contexts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278:321-328.
155. Lailvaux S. P., Alexander G. J., Whiting M. J. 2003. Sex-based differences and similarities in locomotor performance, thermal preferences, and escape behaviour in the lizard Platysaurus intermedius wilhelmi. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76:511- 521.
156. Lailvaux S. P., Herrel A., Vanhooydonck B., Meyers J. J., Irschick D. J. 2004. Performance capacity, fighting tactics and the evolution of life-stage male morphs in the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 271:2501-2508.
157. Lailvaux S. P., Reaney L. T., Backwell P. R. Y. 2009. Dishonest signalling of fighting ability and multiple performance traits in the fiddler crab Uca mjoebergi. Functional Ecology 23:359 -366.
158. Lailvaux S. P., Hall M. D., Brooks R. C. 2010. Performance is no proxy for genetic quality: trade-offs between locomotion, attractiveness, and life history in crickets. Ecology 91:1530-1537.
159. Lailvaux S. P., Zajitschek F., Dessman J., Brooks R. 2011. Differential aging of bite and jump performance in virgin and mated Teleogryllus commodus crickets. Evolution 65:3138-3147.
160. Lailvaux S. P., Gilbert R. L., Edwards J. R. 2012. A performance-based cost to honest signalling in male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279: 2841-2848.
161. Lailvaux S. P., Wilson R., Kasumovic M. M. 2014. Trait compensation and sex-specific aging of performance in male and female professional basketball players. Evolution 68:1523-1532.
162. Landys M. M., Ramenofsky M., Wingfield J. C. 2006. Actions of glucocorticoids at a seasonal baseline as compared to stress-related levels in the regulation of periodic life processes. General and Comparative Endocrinology 148:132-149.
163. Langerhans R. B. 2009. Morphology, performance, fitness: functional insight into a post-Pleistocene radiation of mosquitofish. Biology Letters 5:488- 491.
164. Langerhans R. B., Chapman L. J., Dewitt T. J. 2007. Complex phenotype-environment associations revealed in an East African cyprinid. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20:1171-1181.
165. Lappin A. K., Husak J. F. 2005. Weapon performance, not size, determines mating success and potential reproductive output in the collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris). American Naturalist 166:426-436.
166. Le Galliard J.-F., Clobert J., Ferrière R. 2004. Physical performance and Darwinian fitness in lizards. Nature 432:502-505.
167. Lee W.-S., Monaghan P., Metcalfe N. B. 2010. The trade-off between growth rate and locomotor performance varies with perceived time until breeding. Journal of Experimental Biology 213:3289-3298.
168. Lochmiller R. L., Deerenberg C. 2000. Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity? Oikos 88:87-98.
169. Long T. A. F., Rice W. R. 2007. Adult locomotory activity mediates intralocus sexual conflict in a laboratory-adapted population of Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274:3105-3112.
170. Lorenz M. W., Gäde G. 2009. Hormonal regulation of energy metabolism in insects as a driving force for performance. Integrative and Comparative Biology 49:380 -392.
171. Macaluso F., Barone R., Catanese P., Carini F., Rizzuto L., Farina F., Di Felice V. 2013. Do fat supplements increase physical performance? Nutrients 5:509 -524.
172. Mages P. A., Dill L. M. 2010. The effect of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) swimming endurance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67:2045-2051.
173. Mair W., Dillin A. 2008. Aging and survival: the genetics of life span extension by dietary restriction. Annual Review of Biochemistry 77:727-754.
174. Maklakov A. A., Lummaa V. 2013. Evolution of sex differences in lifespan and aging: causes and constraints. BioEssays 35:717-724.
175. Maklakov A. A., Simpson S. J., Zajitschek F., Hall M. D., Dessmann J., Clissold F., Raubenheimer D., Bonduriansky R., Brooks R. C. 2008. Sex-specific fitness effects of nutrient intake on reproduction and lifespan. Current Biology 18:1062-1066.
176. Maklakov A. A., Hall M. D., Simpson S. J., Dessmann J., Clissold F. J., Zajitschek F., Lailvaux S. P., Raubenheimer D., Bonduriansky R., Brooks R. C. 2009. Sex differences in nutrient-dependent reproductive ageing. Aging Cell 8:324 -330.
177. Marden J. H. 1989. Bodybuilding dragonflies: costs and benefits of maximizing flight muscle. Physiological Zoology 62:505-521.
178. Marden J. H., Fitzhugh G. H., Wolf M. R. 1998. From molecules to mating success: integrative biology of muscle maturation in a dragonfly. American Zoologist 38:528 -544.
179. Marden J. H., Fescemyer H. W., Schilder R. J., Doerfler W. R., Vera J. C., Wheat C. W. 2013. Genetic variation in HIF signaling underlies quantitative variation in physiological and life-histroy traits within lowland butterfly populations. Evolution 67: 1105-1115.
180. Martin L. B., Scheuerlein A., Wikelski M. 2003. Immune activity elevates energy expenditure of house sparrows: a link between direct and indirect costs? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270:153-158.
181. Martin L. B., Hawley D. M., Ardia D. R. 2011. An introduction to ecological immunology. Functional Ecology 25:1- 4.
182. Martínez, M., Guderley H., Nelson J. A., Webber D., Dutil J.-D. 2002. Once a fast cod, always a fast cod: maintenance of performance hierarchies despite changing food availability in cod (Gadus morhua). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 75:90 -100.
183. Martínez M., Guderley H., Dutil J.-D., Winger P. D., He P., Walsh S. J. 2003. Condition, prolonged swimming performance and muscle metabolic capacities of cod Gadus morhua. Journal of Experimental Biology 206:503-511.
184. crit or sprint speeds? Journal of Experimental Biology 207:2979-2990.
185. McCormick S. D. 2009. Evolution of the hormonal control of animal performance: insights from the seaward migration of salmon. Integrative and Comparative Biology 49:408-422.
186. McCoy J. K., Fox S. F, Baird T. A. 1994. Geographic variation in sexual dimorphism in the collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris (Sauria: Crotaphytidae). Southwestern Naturalist 39:328 -335.
187. McCullough E. L., Weingarden P. R., Emlen D. J. 2012. Costs of elaborate weapons in a rhinoceros beetle: how difficult is it to fly with a big horn? Behavioral Ecology 23:1042-1048.
188. McGlothlin J. W., Ketterson E. D. 2008. Hormonemediated suites as adaptations and evolutionary constraints. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363:1611-1620.
189. McGuigan K., Rowe L., Blows M. W. 2011. Pleiotropy, apparent stabilizing selection and uncovering fitness optima. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26: 22-29.
190. Meylan S., Richard M., Bauer S., Haussy C., Miles D. 2013. Costs of mounting an immune response during pregnancy in a lizard. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86:127-136.
191. Mezey J. G., Houle D. 2005. The dimensionality of genetic variation for wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 59:1027-1038.
192. Miles D. B., Sinervo B., Hazard L. C., Svensson E. I., Costa D. 2007. Relating endocrinology, physiology and behaviour using species with alternative mating strategies. Functional Ecology 21:653-665.
193. Montuelle S. J., Daghfous G., Bels V. L. 2008. Effect of locomotor approach on feeding kinematics in the green anole (Anolis carolinensis). Journal of Experimental Zoology A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 309A:563-567.
194. Moore C. B., Siopes T. D. 2000. Effects of lighting conditions and melatonin supplementation on the cellular and humoral immune responses in Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica. General and Comparative Endocrinology 119:95-104.
195. Moore I. T., Hopkins W. A. 2009. Interactions and trade-offs among physiological determinants of performance and reproductive success. Integrated and Comparative Biology 49:441-451.
196. Morgan M. H., Carrier D. R. 2013. Protective buttressing of the human fist and the evolution of hominin hands. Journal of Experimental Biology 216:236- 244.
197. Muccioli G., Lorenzi T., Lorenzi M., Ghè C., Arnoletti E., Raso G. M., Castellucci M., Gualillo O., Meli R. 2011. Beyond the metabolic role of ghrelin: a new player in the regulation of reproductive function. Peptides 32:2514-2521.
198. Muehlenbein M. P., Bribiescas R. G. 2005. Testosteronemediated immune functions and male life histories. American Journal of Human Biology 17:527-558.
199. Nakae J., Kido Y., Accili D. 2001. Distinct and overlapping functions of insulin and IGF-I receptors. Endocrine Reviews 22:818-835.
200. Naya D. E., Lardies M. A., Bozinovic F. 2007. The effect of diet quality on physiological and lifehistory traits in the harvestman Pachylus paessleri. Journal of Insect Physiology 53:132-138.
201. Nebel S., Bauchinger U., Buehler D. M., Langlois L. A., Boyles M., Gerson A. R., Price E. R., McWilliams S. R., Guglielmo C. G. 2012. Constitutive immune function in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, is decreased immediately after an endurance flight in a wind tunnel. Journal of Experimental Biology 215:272-278.
202. Nebel S., Buehler D. M., MacMillan A., Guglielmo C. G. 2013. Flight performance of western sandpipers, Calidris mauri, remains uncompromised when mounting an acute phase immune response. Journal of Experimental Biology 216:2752-2759.
203. Noakes T. 2003. The Lore of Running. Fourth Edition. Champaign (Illinois): Human Kinetics.
204. Norris K., Evans M. R. 2000. Ecological immunology: life history trade-offs and immune defense in birds. Behavioral Ecology 11:19 -26.
205. O'Connor J. L., McBrayer L. D., Higham T. E., Husak J. F., Moore I. T., Rostal D. C. 2011. Effects of training and testosterone on muscle fiber types and locomotor performance in male six-lined racerunners (Aspidoscelis sexlineata). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 84:394-405.
206. O'Steen S., Eby S. L., Bunce J. A. 2010. Dynamically honest displays: courtship locomotor performance indicates survival in guppies. Functional Ecology 24:1045-1053.
207. Oostenbrug G. S., Mensink R. P., Hardeman M. R., DeVries T., Brouns F., Hornstra G. 1997. Exercise performance, red blood cell deformability, and lipid peroxidation: effects of fish oil and vitamin E. Journal of Applied Physiology 83:746 -752.
208. Oufiero C. E., Garland T. Jr. 2007. Evaluating performance costs of sexually selected traits. Functional Ecology 21:676-689.
209. Palstra A. P., Planas J. V. 2013. Swimming Physiology of Fish: Towards Using Exercise to Farm a Fit Fish in Sustainable Aquaculture. Berlin (Germany): Springer- Verlag.
210. Parnell N. F., Hulsey C. D., Streelman J. T., Alfaro M. 2012. The genetic basis of a complex functional system. Evolution 66:3352-3366.
211. Pasi B. M., Carrier D. R. 2003. Functional trade-offs in the limb muscles of dogs selected for running vs. fighting. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16:324 -332.
212. Peterson C. C., Husak J. F. 2006. Locomotor performance and sexual selection: individual variation in sprint speed of collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris). Copeia 2006:216-224.
213. Postma E. 2014. A relationship between attractiveness and performance in professional cyclists. Biology Letters 10:20130966.
214. Postma E., Charmantier A. 2007. What "animal models" can and cannot tell ornithologists about the genetics of wild populations. Journal of Ornithology 148:S633-S642.
215. Pough F. H. 1989. Organismal performance and Darwinian fitness: approaches and interpretations. Physiological Zoology 62:199 -236.
216. Råberg L., Nilsson J.-Å., Ilmonen P., Stjernman M., Hasselquist D. 2000. The cost of an immune response: vaccination reduces parental effort. Ecology Letters 3:382-386.
217. Raichlen D. A., Polk J. D. 2013. Linking brains and brawn: exercise and the evolution of human neurobiology. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280:20122250.
218. Rantala M. J., Vainikka A., Kortet R. 2003. The role of juvenile hormone in immune function and pheromone production trade-offs: a test of the immunocompetence handicap principle. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 270:2257-2261.
219. Raubenheimer D., Simpson S. J. 1999. Integrating nutrition: a geometrical approach. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 91:67- 82.
220. Reaney L. T., Knell R. J. 2010. Immune activation but not male quality affects female current reproductive investment in a dung beetle. Behavioral Ecology 21:1367-1372.
221. Reed W. L., Clark M. E., Parker P. G., Raouf S. A., Arguedas N., Monk D. S., Snajdr E., Nolan V. Jr., Ketterson E. D. 2006. Physiological effects on demography: a long-term experimental study of testosterone's effects on fitness. American Naturalist 167:667-683.
222. Relyea R. A. 2002. Competitor-induced plasticity in tadpoles: consequences, cues, and connections to predator-induced plasticity. Ecological Monographs 72:523-540.
223. Reznick D. N., Bryant M. J., Roff D., Ghalambor C. K., Ghalambor D. E. 2004. Effect of intrinsic mortality on the evolution of senescence in guppies. Nature 431:1095-1099.
224. Ricklefs R. E., Wikelski M. 2002. The physiology/lifehistory nexus. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17: 462-468.
225. Roff D. A., Fairbairn D. J. 2007a. The evolution and genetics of migration in insects. BioScience 57:155- 164.
226. Roff D. A., Fairbairn D. J. 2007b. The evolution of trade-offs: where are we? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20:433-447.
227. Rolff J., Siva-Jothy M. T. 2002. Copulation corrupts immunity: a mechanism for a cost of mating in insects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99:9916-9918.
228. Romero L. M., Dickens M. J., Cyr N. E. 2009. The reactive scope model-a new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stress. Hormones and Behavior 55:375-389.
229. Rosvall K. A. 2013. Life history trade-offs and behavioral sensitivity to testosterone: an experimental test when female aggression and maternal care co-occur. PLoS ONE 8:e54120.
230. Roy H. J., Lovejoy J. C., Keenan M. J., Bray G. A., Windhauser M. M., Wilson J. K. 1998. Substrate oxidation and energy expenditure in athletes and nonathletes consuming isoenergetic high-and lowfat diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67: 405-411.
231. Royle N. J., Lindström J., Metcalfe N. B. 2005. A poor start in life negatively affects dominance status in adulthood independent of body size in green swordtails Xiphophorus helleri. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 272:1917- 1922.
232. Royle N. J., Metcalfe N. B., Lindström J. 2006. Sexual selection, growth compensation and fast-start swimming performance in green swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri. Functional Ecology 20:662-669.
233. Ruiz M., French S. S., Demas G. E., Martins E. P. 2010. Food supplementation and testosterone interact to influence reproductive behavior and immune function in Sceloporus graciosus. Hormones and Behavior 57:134 -139.
234. Sapolsky R. M., Romero L. M., Munck A. U. 2000. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews 21:55- 89.
235. Sauseng W., Nagel B., Gamillscheg A., Aigner R., Borkenstein M., Zotter H. 2011. Acylated ghrelin increases after controlled short-time exercise in school-aged children. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 21:e100-e105.
236. Schall J. J. 1982. Lizards infected with malaria: physiological and behavioral consequences. Science 217: 1057-1059.
237. Scholnick D. A., Gleeson T. T. 2000. Activity before exercise influences recovery metabolism in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Journal of Experimental Biology 203:1809-1815.
238. Schulenburg H., Kurtz J., Moret Y., Siva-Jothy M. T. 2009. Ecological immunology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364: 3-14.
239. 2+ handling. Journal of Experimental Biology 215:1847-1853.
240. Serra C., Bhasin S., Tangherlini F., Barton E. R., Ganno M., Zhang A., Shansky J., Vandenburgh H. H., Travison T. G., Jasuja R., Morris C. 2011. The Role of GH and IGF-I in mediating anabolic effects of testosterone on androgen-responsive muscle. Endocrinology 152:193-206.
241. Sgrò C. M., Hoffmann A. A. 2004. Genetic correlations, tradeoffs and environmental variation. Heredity 93:241-248.
242. Sheldon B. C., Verhulst S. 1996. Ecological immunology: costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:317-321.
243. Shine R. 2003. Locomotor speeds of gravid lizards: placing "costs of reproduction" within an ecological context. Functional Ecology 17:526 -533.
244. Simpson S. J., Raubenheimer D. 1993. A multilevel analysis of feeding behaviour: the geometry of nutritional decisions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 342: 381-402.
245. Sinclair B. J., Bretman A., Tregenza T., Tomkins J. L., Hosken D. J. 2011. Metabolic rate does not decrease with starvation in Gryllus bimaculatus when changing fuel use is taken into account. Physiological Entomology 36:84-89.
246. Siwak C. T., Murphey H. L., Muggenburg B. A., Milgram N. W. 2002. Age-dependent decline in locomotor activity in dogs is environment specific. Physiology and Behavior 75:65-70.
247. Smith A. D. H., Coakley S. L., Ward M. D., Macfarlane A. W., Friedmann P. S., Walsh N. P. 2011. Exerciseinduced stress inhibits both the induction and elicitation phases of in vivo T-cell-mediated immune responses in humans. Brain Behavior and Immunity 25:1136-1142.
248. Snell H. L., Jennings R. D., Snell H. M., Harcourt S. 1988. Intrapopulation variation in predatoravoidance performance of Galápagos lava lizards: the interaction of sexual and natural selection. Evolutionary Ecology 2:353-369.
249. Sohal R. S., Weindruch R. 1996. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science 273:59-63.
250. Sorci G., Swallow J. G., Garland T. Jr., Clobert J. 1995. Quantitative genetics of locomotor speed and endurance in the lizard Lacerta vivipera. Physiological Zoology 68:698 -720.
251. Stearns S. C. 1989. Trade-offs in life-history evolution. Functional Ecology 3:259 -268.
252. Stearns S. C. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
253. Stearns S. C. 2000. Life history evolution: successes, limitations, and prospects. Naturwissenschaften 87: 476-486.
254. Steppan S. J., Phillips P. C., Houle D. 2002. Comparative quantitative genetics: evolution of the G matrix. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:320 -327.
255. Suh Y., Atzmon G., Cho M.-O., Hwang D., Liu B., Leahy D. J., Barzilai I., Cohen P. 2008. Functionally significant insulin-like growth factor I receptor mutations in centenarians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:3438-3442.
256. Timmons J. A., Knudsen S., Rankinen T., Koch L. G., Sarzynski M., Jensen T., Keller P., Scheele C., Vollaard N. B. J., Nielsen S., Åkerström T., MacDougald O. A., Jansson E., Greenhaff P. L., Tarnopolsky M. A., van Loon L. J. C., Pedersen B. K., Sundberg C. J., Wahlestedt C., Britton S. L., Bouchard C. 2010. Using molecular classification to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 108:1487-1496.
257. Tipton K. D., Wolfe R. R. 2001. Exercise, protein metabolism, and muscle growth. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11:109- 132.
258. Tomkins J. L., Radwan J., Kotiaho J. S., Tregenza T. 2004. Genic capture and resolving the lek paradox. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:323-328.
259. Tsuji J. S., Huey R. B., van Berkum F. H., Garland T. Jr., Shaw R. G. 1989. Locomotor performance of hatchling fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis): quantitative genetics and morphometric correlates. Evolutionary Ecology 3:240 -252.
260. Uller T., Isaksson C., Olsson M. 2006. Immune challenge reduces reproductive output and growth in a lizard. Functional Ecology 20:873-879.
261. Umberger C. M., de Buron I., Roumillat W. A., McElroy E. J. 2013. Effects of a muscle-infecting parasitic nematode on the locomotor performance of their fish host. Journal of Fish Biology 82:1250-1258.
262. Van Damme R., Wilson R. S. 2002. Athletic performance and the evolution of vertebrate locomotor capactity. Pages 257-292 in Topics in Functional and Ecological Morphology, edited by P. Aerts, K. D'Août, A. Herrel, and R. Van Damme. Maastricht (Germany): Shaker Publishing.
263. Van Damme R., Wilson R. S., Vanhooydonck B., Aerts P. 2002. Performance constraints in decathletes. Nature 415:755-756.
264. Van Damme R., Entin P., Vanhooydonck B., Herrel A. 2008. Causes of sexual dimorphism in performance traits: a comparative approach. Evolutionary Ecology Research 10:229 -250.
265. van Noordwijk A. J., de Jong G. 1986. Acquisition and allocation of resources: their influence on variation in life-history tactics. American Naturalist 128: 137-142.
266. Van Wassenbergh S., Herrel A., Adriaens D., Huysentruyt F., Devaere S., Aerts P. 2006. A catfish that can strike its prey on land. Nature 440:881.
267. Vanhooydonck B., Van Damme R., Aerts P. 2001. Speed and stamina trade-off in lacertid lizards. Evolution 55:1040-1048.
268. Vanhooydonck B., Herrel A., Van Damme R., Meyers J. J., Irschick D. J. 2005. The relationship between dewlap size and performance changes with age and sex in a green anole (Anolis carolinensis) lizard population. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59: 157-165.
269. Veasey J. S., Houston D. C., Metcalfe N. B. 2001. A hidden cost of reproduction: the trade-off between clutch size and escape take-off speed in female zebra finches. Journal of Animal Ecology 70: 20-24.
270. Veiga J. P., Salvador A., Merino S., Puerta M. 1998. Reproductive effort affects immune response and parasite infection in a lizard: a phenotypic manipulation using testosterone. Oikos 82:313-318.
271. Villanueva G., Lanza-Mendoza H., Hernández-Martínez S., Zavaleta M. S., Manjarrez J., Contreras-Garduño J. M., Contreras-Garduño J. 2013. In the monarch butterfly the juvenile hormone effect upon immune reponse depends on the immune marker and is sex dependent. Open Journal of Ecology 3:53- 58.
272. Vincent S. E., Herrel A., Irschick D. J. 2005. Comparisons of aquatic versus terrestrial predatory strikes in the pitviper, Agkistrodon piscivorus. Journal of Experimental Zoology A: Comparative Experimental Biology 303A:476-488.
273. Vinogradov A. E. 1998. Male reproductive strategy and decreased longevity. Acta Biotheoretica 46:157- 160.
274. Wada H. 2008. Glucocorticoids: mediators of vertebrate ontogenetic transitions. General and Comparative Endocrinology 156:441-453.
275. Wainwright P. C., Reilly S. M. 1994. Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology. Chicago (Illinois): University of Chicago Press.
276. Wainwright P. C., Alfaro M. E., Bolnick D. I., Hulsey C. D. 2005. Many-to-one mapping of form to function: a general principle in organismal design? Integrative and Comparative Biology 45:256 -262.
277. Walsh N. P., Gleeson M., Shephard R. J., Woods J. A., Bishop N. C., Fleshner M., Green C., Pedersen B. K., Hoffman-Goetz L., Rogers C. J., Northoff H., Abbasi A., Simon P. 2011. Position statement. Part one: immune function and exercise. Exercise Immunology Review 17:6-63.
278. Warner D. A., Andrews R. M. 2002. Laboratory and field experiments identify sources of variation in phenotypes and survival of hatchling lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 76:105-124.
279. Wedekind C., Folstad I. 1994. Adaptive or nonadaptive immunosuppression by sex hormones? American Naturalist 143:936-938.
280. Wedell N., Kvarnemo C., Lessells C. K. M., Tregenza T. 2006. Sexual conflict and life histories. Animal Behaviour 71:999 -1011.
281. West-Eberhard M. J. 2003. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
282. West D. W. D., Burd N. A., Tang J. E., Moore D. R., Staples A. W., Holwerda A. M., Baker S. K., Phillips S. M. 2010. Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors. Journal of Applied Physiology 108: 60-67.
283. Wilcox S. C., Lappin A. K. 2013. Burst-swimming performance predicts the outcome of cannibalistic interactions in green poison frog larvae (Dendrobates auratus). Journal of Experimental Zoology A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 319:495-504.
284. Williams G. C. 1966. Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack's principle. American Naturalist 100:687-690.
285. Wilson A. J., Nussey D. H. 2010. What is individual quality? An evolutionary perspective. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25:207-214.
286. Wilson A. J., Réale D., Clements M. N., Morrissey M. M., Postma E., Walling C. A., Kruuk L. E. B., Nussey D. H. 2010a. An ecologist's guide to the animal model. Journal of Animal Ecology 79:13-26.
287. Wilson R. S., Angilletta M. J., James R. S., Navas C., Seebacher F. 2007. Dishonest signals of strength in male slender crayfish (Cherax dispar) during agonistic encounters. American Naturalist 170:284- 291.
288. Wilson R. S., James R. S., Bywater C., Seebacher F. 2009. Costs and benefits of increased weapon size differ between sexes of the slender crayfish, Cherax dispar. Journal of Experimental Biology 212:853-858.
289. Wilson R. S., Condon C. H., David G., FitzGibbon S., Niehaus A. C., Pratt K. 2010b. Females prefer athletes, males fear the disadvantaged: different signals used in female choice and male competition have varied consequences. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277:1923-1928.
290. Wilson R. S., Niehaus A. C., David G., Hunter A., Smith M. 2014. Does individual quality mask the detection of performance trade-offs? A test using analyses of human physical performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 217:545-551.
291. Wingfield J. C., Lynn S. E., Soma K. K. 2001. Avoiding the "costs" of testosterone: ecological bases of hormone-behavior interactions. Brain Behavior and Evolution 57:239 -251.
292. Zajitschek F., Hunt J., Jennions M. D., Hall M. D., Brooks R. C. 2009. Effects of juvenile and adult diet on ageing and reproductive effort of male and female black field crickets, Teleogryllus commodus. Functional Ecology 23:602-611.
293. Zajitschek S. R. K., Zajitschek F., Miles D. B., Clobert J. 2012. The effect of coloration and temperature on sprint performance in male and female wall lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 107: 573-582.
294. Zera A. J., Harshman L. G. 2001. The physiology of life history trade-offs in animals. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 32:95-126.