Autism and lack of D3 vitamin: A systematic review

Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 1685-1698

  Pioggia, G ^a   Tonacci, A ^a   Tartarisco, G ^a   Billeci, L ^a   Muratori, F ^b   Ruta, L ^b   Gangemi, S ^a,c  

^a CNR   (Italy)

^b DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Autism Autoimmune disease; Brain function; Cholecalciferol; Neurodevelopmental disorders; Vitamin D3

Indexed keywords

COLECALCIFEROL;

ARTICLE; AUTISM; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; BRAIN FUNCTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84908041287     PISSN: 17509467     EISSN: 18780237     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.09.003     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. M.W. Abdallah, N. Larsen, J. Grove, B. Norgaard-Pedersen, P. Thorsen, and E.L. Mortensen Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines: Potential markers of immunologic dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 14 7 2013 528 538
2. S.A. Abrams Nutritional rickets: An old disease returns Nutrition Reviews 60 2002 111 115
3. J.B. Adams, T. Audhya, S. McDonough-Means, R.A. Rubin, D. Quig, and E. Geis Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity Nutrition & Metabolism 8 2011 34
4. J.B. Adams, T. Audhya, S. McDonough-Means, R.A. Rubin, D. Quig, and E. Geis Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism BMC Pediatrics 11 2011 111
5. M. Airavaara, M.H. Voutilainen, Y. Wang, and B. Hoffer Neurorestoration Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 18 1 2012 S143 S146
6. N.M. Al-Daghri, O.S. Al-Attas, M.S. Alokail, K.M. Alkharfy, S.M. Yakouy, and N.J. Aljohani Lower vitamin D status is more common among Saudi adults with diabetes mellitus type 1 than in non-diabetics BMC Public Health 14 2014 153
7. A. Altbäcker, E. Plózer, G. Darnai, G. Perlaki, G. Orsi, and S.A. Nagy Alexithymia is associated with low level of vitamin D in young healthy adults Nutritional Neuroscience 2014 10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000114
8. K.L. Altemus, S. Finger, C. Wolf, and S.J. Birge Behavioral correlates of vitamin D deficiency Physiology and Behavior 39 1987 435 440
9. C.A. Anastasiou, M. Yannakoulia, and N. Scarmeas Vitamin D and cognition: An update of the current evidence Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2014 10.3233/JAD-132636
10. F. Angelucci, L. Aloe, P. Jiménez-Vasquez, and A.A. Mathé Lithium treatment alters brain concentrations of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in a rat model of depression International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 6 2003 225 231
11. C. Annweiler, T. Annweiler, M. Montero-Odasso, R. Bartha, and O. Beauchet Vitamin D and brain volumetric changes: Systematic review and meta-analysis Maturitas 78 1 2014 30 39
12. H.O. Atladottir, D. Gyllenberg, A. Langridge, S. Sandin, S.N. Hansen, and H. Leonard The increasing prevalence of reported diagnoses of childhood psychiatric disorders: A descriptive multinational comparison European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2014 10.1007/s00787-014-0553-8
13. B. Auyeung, M.V. Lombardo, and S. Baron-Cohen Prenatal and postnatal hormone effects on the human brain and cognition PflügersArchiv - European Journal of Physiology 465 5 2013 557 571
14. M.O. Bakare, and K.M. Munir Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Africa: A perspective African Journal of Psychiatry (Johannesburg) 14 3 2011 208 210
15. S. Balabanova, H.P. Richter, G. Antoniadis, J. Homoki, N. Kremmer, and J. Hanle 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human cerebrospinal fluid Klinische Wochenschrift 62 22 1984 1086 1090
16. M. Barnevik-Olsson, C. Gillberg, and E. Fernell Prevalence of autism in children born to Somali parents living in Sweden: A brief report Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 50 2008 598 601
17. M. Barnevik-Olsson, C. Gillberg, and E. Fernell Prevalence of autism in children of Somali origin living in Stockholm: Brief report of an at-risk population Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 52 2010 1167 1168
18. S. Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright, R. Skinner, J. Martin, and E. Clubley The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 31 1 2001 5 17
19. S. Baron-Cohen, M.V. Lombardo, B. Auyeung, E. Ashwin, B. Chakrabarti, and R. Knickmeyer Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males? PLoS Biology 9 6 2011 e1001081
20. S. Baron-Cohen, B. Auyeung, B. Nørgaard-Pedersen, D.M. Hougaard, M.W. Abdallah, and L. Melgaard Elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism Molecular Psychiatry 2014 10.1038/mp.2014.48.48
21. A.Z. Bauer, and D. Kriebel Prenatal and perinatal analgesic exposure and autism: An ecological link Environmental Health 12 2013 41
22. A.J. Berlanga-Taylor, and S.V. Ramagopalan Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: What is the clinical impact? Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics 7 3 2013 227 229
23. A.G. Berquist, J.I. Schall, and V.A. Stallings Vitamin D status in children with intractable epilepsy, and impact of the ketogenic diet Epilepsia 48 2007 66 71
24. S. Blenner, and M. Augustyn Is the prevalence of autism increasing in the United States? British Medical Journal 348 2014 g3088
25. A.R. Bowman, and S. Epstein Drug and hormone effects on vitamin D metabolism D. Feldman, F.H. Glorieux, J.W. Pike, Vitamin D 2005 Elsevier San Diego
26. M.L. Brance, L.R. Brun, S. Lioi, A. Sánchez, M. Abdala, and B. Oliveri Vitamin D levels and bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatology International 2014 10.1007/s00296-014-3071-6
27. R.E. Brandlistuen, E. Ystrom, I. Nulman, G. Koren, and H. Nordeng Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: A sibling-controlled cohort study International Journal of Epidemiology 42 6 2013 1702 1713
28. J. Brown, J.I. Bianco, J.J. McGrath, and D.W. Eyles 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nerve growth factor, promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits mitosis in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons Neuroscience Letters 343 2003 139 143
29. J.J. Cannell Autism and vitamin D Medical Hypotheses 70 2008 750 759
30. J.J. Cannell, R. Vieth, W. Willett, M. Zasloff, J.N. Hathcock, and J.H. White Cod liver oil, vitamin A toxicity, frequent respiratory infections, and the vitamin D deficiency epidemic Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 117 2008 864 870
31. J.J. Cannell On the aetiology of autism Acta Paediatrica 99 2010 1128 1130
32. J.J. Cannell Autism, will vitamin D treat core symptoms? Medical Hypotheses 81 2013 195 198
33. J.J. Cannell, and W.B. Grant What is the role of vitamin D in autism? Dermato-Endocrinology 5 2013 199 204
34. J.J. Cannell Paracetamol, oxidative stress, vitamin D and autism spectrum disorders International Journal of Epidemiology 43 3 2014 974 975
35. E.S. Chambers, D. Suwannasaen, E.H. Mann, Z. Urry, D.F. Richards, and G. Lertmemongkolchai 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in combination with TGFβ increases the frequency of Foxp3+ Tregs through preferential expansion and usage of IL-2 Immunology 2014 10.1111/imm.12289
36. S. Christodoulou, T. Goula, A. Ververidis, and G. Drosos Vitamin D and bone disease BioMed Research International 2013 2013 396541
37. J.D. Clelland, L.L. Read, V. Drouet, A. Kaon, A. Kelly, and K.E. Duff Vitamin D, insufficiency and schizophrenia risk: Evaluation of hyperprolinemia as a mediator of association Schizophrenia Research 156 1 2014 15 22
38. T.L. Clemens, J.S. Adams, S.L. Henderson, and M.F. Holick Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3 Lancet 1 8263 1982 74 76
39. M. Coleman, and C. Gillberg The autisms 4th ed. 2011 Oxford University Press Oxford
40. M.J. Dealberto Prevalence of autism according to maternal immigrant status and ethnic origin Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123 5 2011 339 348
41. G.C. DeLuca, S.M. Kimball, J. Kolasinski, S.V. Ramagopalan, and G.C. Ebers The role of vitamin D in nervous system health and disease Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 39 2013 458 484
42. E. Delvin, J.C. Souberbielle, J.P. Viard, and B. Salle Role of vitamin D in acquired immune and autoimmune diseases Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 2014 10.3109/10408363.2014.901291
43. H. Derakhshandi, M. Etemadifar, A. Feizi, S.H. Abtahi, A. Minagar, and M.A. Abtahi Preventive effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on conversion of optic neuritis to clinically definite multiple sclerosis Acta Neurologica Belgica 113 3 2013 257 263
44. M.H. De Souza Tostes, H.C. Polonini, W.F. Gattaz, N.R.B. Raposo, and E.B. Baptista Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in children with autism Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 34 2012 161 163
45. X.Y. Duan, F.Y. Jia, and H.Y. Jiang Relationship between vitamin D and autism spectrum disorder Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 15 8 2013 698 702
46. P.R. Ebeling Vitamin D and bone health: Epidemiologic studies BoneKEy Reports 3 2014 511
47. D.W. Eyles, J. Brown, A. Mackay-Sim, J.J. McGrath, and F. Feron Vitamin D3 and brain development Neuroscience 118 2003 641 653
48. D.W. Eyles, S. Smith, R. Kinobe, M. Hewison, and J.J. McGrath Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 29 2005 21 30
49. D.W. Eyles Vitamin D and autism: Does skin colour modify risk? Acta Paediatrica 99 2010 645 647
50. D.W. Eyles, T.H.J. Burne, and J.J. McGrath Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 34 2013 47 64
51. A.S. Farias, G.S. Spagnol, P. Bordeaux-Rego, C.O. Oliveira, A.G. Fontana, and R.F. de Paula Vitamin D3 induces IDO+ tolerogenic DCs and enhances Treg, reducing the severity of EAE CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics 19 4 2013 269 277
52. D. Fein, M. Barton, I.M. Eigsti, E. Kelley, L. Naigles, and R.T. Schultz Optimal outcome in individuals with a history of autism Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54 2 2013 195 205
53. E. Fernell, M. Barnevik-Olsson, G. Bagenholm, C. Gillberg, S. Gustafsson, and M. Saaf Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in mothers of Swedish and of Somali origin who have children with and without autism Acta Paediatrica 99 2010 743 747
54. G.B. Ferreira, C.A. Gysemans, J. Demengeot, J.P. da Cunha, A.S. Vanherwegen, and L. Overbergh 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells with functional migratory properties in NOD mice The Journal of Immunology 192 9 2014 4210 4220
55. C.M. Freitag, W. Staal, S.M. Klauck, E. Duketis, and R. Waltes Genetics of autistic disorders: Review and clinical implications European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 19 2010 169 178
56. A. Frustaci, M. Neri, A. Cesario, J.B. Adams, E. Domenici, and B. Dalla Bernardina Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in autism: Systematic review and meta-analyses Free Radical Biology and Medicine 52 2012 2128 2141
57. I. Gentile, E. Zappulo, R. Militerni, A. Pascotto, G. Borgia, and C. Bravaccio Etiopathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders: Fitting the pieces of the puzzle together Medical Hypotheses 81 2013 26 35
58. B. Gesundheit, J.P. Rosenzweig, D. Naor, B. Lerer, D.A. Zachor, and V. Procházka Immunological and autoimmune considerations of Autism Spectrum Disorders Journal of Autoimmunity 44 2013 1 7
59. D. Gezen-Ak, E. Dursun, and S. Yilmazer Vitamin D inquiry in hippocampal neurons: Consequences of vitamin D-VDR pathway disruption on calcium channel and the vitamin D requirement Neurological Sciences 34 2013 1453 1458
60. C. Gillberg, H. Schaumann, and I.C. Gillberg Autism in immigrants: Children born in Sweden to mothers born in Uganda Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 39 1995 141 144
61. Z.L. Gong, C.M. Luo, L. Wang, L. Shen, F. Wei, and R.J. Tong Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorders Neuroreport 25 1 2014 23 27
62. R. Goodman, and H. Richards Child and adolescent psychiatric presentations of second-generation Afro-Caribbeans in Britain British Journal of Psychiatry 167 1995 362 369
63. J. Graf-Myles, C. Farmer, A. Thurm, C. Royster, P. Kahn, and L. Soskey Dietary adequacy of children with autism compared with controls and the impact of restricted diet Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 34 7 2013 449 459
64. W.B. Grant, and J.J. Cannell Autism prevalence in the United Stateswith respect to solar UV-B doses - An ecological study Dermato-Endocrinology 5 2013 159 164
65. W.B. Grant, and C.M. Soles Epidemiologic evidence supporting the role of maternal vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for the development of infantile autism Dermato-Endocrinology 1 2009 223 228
66. I.V. Grishkan, A.N. Fairchild, P.A. Calabresi, and A.R. Gocke 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively and reversibly impairs T helper-cell CNS localization Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 52 2013 21101 21106
67. L.R. Harms, T.H.J. Burne, D.W. Eyles, and J.J. McGrath Vitamin D and the brain Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 25 2011 657 669
68. L.R. Harms, G. Cowin, D.W. Eyles, N.D. Kurniawan, J.J. McGrath, and T.H. Burne Neuroanatomy and psychomimetic-induced locomotion in C57BL/6J and 129/X1SvJ mice exposed to developmental vitamin D deficiency Behavioural Brain Research 230 2012 125 131
69. E. Hayashi Seasonal changes in sleep and behavioral problems in a pubescentcase with autism Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 55 3 2001 223 224
70. K.J. Hebert, L.L. Miller, and C.J. Joinson Association of autistic spectrum disorder with season of birth and conception in a UK cohort Autism Research 3 2010 185 190
71. M.L. Hediger, L.J. England, C.A. Molloy, K.F. Yu, P. Manning-Courtney, and J.L. Mills Reduced bone cortical thickness in boys with autism or autism spectrum disorder Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38 2008 848 856
72. I. Hertz-Picciotto Environmental risk factors in autism: Results from large-scale epidemiological studies D.G. Amaral, G. Dawson, D.H. Geschwind, Autism spectrum disorders 2011 Oxford University Press New York
73. M.F. Holick Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 1995 638S-645S
74. M.F. Holick Medical progress: Vitamin D deficiency The New England Journal of Medicine 357 3 2007 266 281
75. M.B. Humble Vitamin D, light and mental health Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 101 2010 142 149
76. M.B. Humble, S. Gustafsson, and S. Bejerot Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) among psychiatric out-patients in Sweden: Relations with season, age, ethnic origin and psychiatric diagnosis Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 121 2010 467 470
77. S.L. Hyman, P.A. Stewart, B. Schmidt, U. Cain, N. Lemcke, and J.T. Foley Nutrient intake from food in children with autism Pediatrics 130 2012 S145
78. E. Hypponen, E. Laara, A. Reunanen, M.R. Jarvelin, and S.M. Virtanen Intake of vitaminD and risk of type 1 diabetes: A birth-cohort study Lancet 358 9292 2001 1500 1503
79. C. Jankosky, E. Deussing, R.L. Gibson, and H.W. Haverkos Viruses and vitamin D in the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis Virus Research 163 2 2012 424 430
80. D.V. Keen, F.D. Reid, and D. Arnone Autism, ethnicity and maternal immigration British Journal of Psychiatry 196 2010 274 281
81. K. Keown, J. Bothwell, and S. Jain Nutritional implications of selective eating in a child with autism spectrum disorder BMJ Case Reports 2014 2014 pii: bcr2013202581
82. D.K. Kinney, D.H. Barch, B. Chayka, S. Napoleon, and K.M. Munir Environmental risk factors for autism: Do they help cause de novo genetic mutations that contribute to the disorder? Medical Hypotheses 74 1 2010 102 106
83. E. Kočovská, E. Fernell, E. Billstedt, H. Minnis, and C. Gillberg Vitamin D and autism: Clinical review Research in Developmental Disabilities 33 2012 1541 1550
84. E. Kočovská, G. Andorsdóttir, P. Weihe, J. Halling, E. Fernell, and T. Stóra Vitamin D, in the general population of young adults with autism in the Faroe Islands Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2014 10.1007/s10803-014-2155-1
85. S.R. Kreiter, R.P. Schwartz, H.N. Kirkman Jr., P.A. Charlton, A.S. Calikoglu, and M.L. Davenport Nutritional rickets in African American breast-fed infants Journal of Pediatrics 137 2000 153 157
86. C. Lefebvre d'Hellencourt, C.N. Montero-Menei, R. Bernard, and D. Couez Vitamin D3 inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production by the EOC13 microglial cell line Journal of Neuroscience Research 71 2003 575 582
87. D.J. Leffell, and D.E. Brash Sunlight and skin cancer Scientific American 275 1996 52-53, 56-59
88. K.M. Lenz, B.M. Nugent, R. Haliyur, and M.M. McCarthy Microglia are essential to masculinization of brain and behavior The Journal of Neuroscience 33 7 2013 2761 2772
89. L. Li, K. Prabhakaran, X. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Liu, and J.L. Borowitz 1Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 attenuates cyanide-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting uncoupling protein-2 up-regulation Journal of Neuroscience Research 86 2008 1397 1408
90. A.M. Lin, K.B. Chen, and P.L. Chao Antioxidative effect of vitamin D3 on zinc-induced oxidative stress in CNS Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1053 2005 319 329
91. G. Lippi, F. Sanchis-Gomar, and M. Montagnana Biological markers in older people at risk of mobility limitations Current Pharmaceutical Design 20 19 2014 3222 3244
92. F.S. Macaluso, M. Maida, M.G. Minissale, T. LiVigni, S. Attardo, and E. Orlando Metabolic factors and chronic hepatitis C: A complex interplay BioMed Research International 2013 2013 564645
93. M. Martinesi, S. Ambrosini, C. Treves, U. Zuegel, A. Steinmeyer, and A. Vito Role of vitamin D derivatives in intestinal tissue of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2014 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.02.005
94. D.E. McCarty, A.L. Chesson Jr., S.K. Jain, and A.A. Marino The link between vitamin D metabolism and sleep medicine Sleep Medicine Reviews 18 2014 311 319
95. N.A. Meguid, A.F. Hashish, M. Anwar, and G. Sidhom Reduced serum levels of 25-hydroxy and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D in Egyptian children with autism Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 2010 641 645
96. J. Mitri, M.D. Muraru, and A.G. Pittas Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 9 2011 1005 1015
97. D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D.G. Altman The PRISMA Group Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement PLoS Medicine 6 7 2009 e1000097
98. C.A. Molloy, H.J. Kalkwarf, P. Manning-Courtney, J.L. Mills, and M.L. Hediger Plasma 25(OH)D concentration in children with autism spectrum disorder Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 52 2010 969 971
99. G. Mosayebi, A. Ghazavi, K. Ghasami, Y. Jand, and P. Kokhaei Therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in multiple sclerosis patients Immunological Investigations 40 6 2011 627 639
100. G.A. Mostafa, and L.Y. Al-Ayadhi Reduced serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in children with autism: Relation to autoimmunity Journal of Neuroinflammation 9 2012 201
101. K.J. Motil, J.O. Barrish, J. Lane, S.P. Geerts, F. Annese, and L. McNair Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in females with Rett syndrome Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 53 5 2011 569 574
102. K. Nakai, H. Fujii, K. Kono, S. Goto, R. Kitazawa, and S. Kitazawa Vitamin D activates the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway and ameliorates nephropathy in diabetic rats American Journal of Hypertension 27 4 2014 586 595
103. Y.H. Neggers Increasing prevalence, changes in diagnostic criteria, and nutritional risk factors for autism spectrum disorders ISRN Nutrition 2014 2014 514026
104. A.M. Neumeyer, A. Gates, C. Ferrone, H. Lee, and M. Misra Bone density in peripubertal boys with autism spectrum disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43 2013 1623 1629
105. B. Nikooyeh, T.R. Neyestani, N. Tayebinejad, H. Alavi-Majd, N. Shariatzadeh, and A. Kalayi Daily intake of vitamin D- or calcium-vitamin D-fortified Persian yogurt drink (doogh) attenuates diabetes-induced oxidative stress: Evidence for antioxidative properties of vitamin D Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 27 2 2014 276 283
106. A.W. Norman Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: Integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67 1998 1108 1110
107. W. Nseir, J. Mograbi, Z. Abu-Rahmeh, M. Mahamid, O. Abu-Elheja, and A. Shalata The association between vitamin D levels and recurrent group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in adults International Journal of Infectious Diseases 16 2012 e735 e738
108. C.U. Pae, D.M. Marks, C. Han, A.A. Patkar, and D. Steffens Does neurotropin-3 have a therapeutic implication in major depression? International Journal of Neuroscience 118 2008 1515 1522
109. W.M. Pardridge, R. Sakiyama, and W.A. Coty Restricted transport of vitamin D and A derivatives through the rat blood-brain barrier Journal of Neurochemistry 44 1985 1138 1141
110. S.V. Ramagopalan, A. Heger, A.J. Berlanga, N.J. Maugeri, M.R. Lincoln, and A. Burrell A ChIP-seq-defined genome-wide map of vitamin D receptor binding: Associations with disease and evolution Genome Research 20 2010 1352 1360
111. P.R. Rani, R. Maheshwari, N.R. Prasad, T.S. Karthik Reddy, and P.A. Reddy Seizure as a presenting manifestation of vitamin D dependent rickets type 1 Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 17 3 2013 S665 S666
112. A. Sarajlija, M. Djuric, D. Kisic Tepavcevic, S. Grkovic, and M. Djordjevic Vitamin D deficiency in Serbian patients with Rett syndrome The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 98 12 2013 E1972 E1978
113. E. Schopler, R.J. Reichler, and B.R. Renner The childhood autism rating scale (CARS), for diagnostic screening and classification in autism 1986 Irvington New York
114. E. Schwarz, P.C. Guest, H. Rahmoune, L. Wang, Y. Levin, and E. Ingudomnukul Sex-specific serum biomarker patterns in adults with Asperger's syndrome Molecular Psychiatry 16 12 2011 1213 1220
115. G. Shoval, and A. Weizman The possible role of neurotrophins in the pathogenesis and therapy of schizophrenia European Neuropsychopharmacology 15 2005 319 329
116. H. Sigmundsdottir New aspects on immunoregulation by vitamin D analogs Dermato-Endocrinology 3 2011 187 192
117. S.E. Soden, C.B. Garrison, A.M. Egan, and A.M. Beckwith Nutrition, physical activity, and bone mineral density in youth with autistic spectrum disorders Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 33 8 2012 618 624
118. M. Soilu-Hanninen, J. Aivo, B.M. Lindstrom, I. Elovaara, M.L. Sumelahti, and M. Farkkila A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with vitamin D3 as an add on treatment to interferon b-1b in patients with multiple sclerosis Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 83 5 2012 565 571
119. S. Spedding Vitamin D and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing studies with and without biological flaws Nutrients 6 4 2014 1501 1518
120. H. Steeb, J.M. Ramsey, P.C. Guest, P. Stocki, J.D. Cooper, and H. Rahmoune Serum proteomic analysis identifies sex-specific differences in lipid metabolism and inflammation profiles in adults diagnosed with Asperger syndrome Molecular Autism 5 1 2014 4
121. G. Targher, I. Pichiri, and G. Lippi VitaminD, thrombosis, and hemostasis: More than skin deep Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 38 1 2012 114 124
122. L. Teleni, J. Baker, B. Koczwara, M.G. Kimlin, E. Walpole, and K. Tsai Clinical outcomes of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation in cancer patients Nutrition Reviews 71 2013 611 621
123. R. Uher Gene-environment interactions in severe mental illness Frontiers in Psychiatry 5 2014 48
124. Z. Urry, E.S. Chambers, E. Xystrakis, S. Dimeloe, D.F. Richards, and L. Gabryšová The role of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines in the promotion of distinct Foxp3+ and IL-10+ CD4+ T cells European Journal of Immunology 42 10 2012 2697 2708
125. S. Vadeyar, S. Shetye, S. Somani, and P. Shah Maternal vitamin D deficiency correlation with neonatal vitamin D deficiency BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 121 2014 165 166
126. R. Vieth Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 1999 842 856
127. R.B. Walker, J.A. Conn, M.J. Davies, and V.M. Moore Mothers' views on feeding infants around the time of weaning Public Health Nutrition 9 6 2006 707 713
128. A.J. Whitehouse, B.J. Holt, M. Serralha, P.G. Holt, M.M. Kusel, and P.H. Hart Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development Pediatrics 129 3 2012 485 493
129. A.J. Whitehouse, B.J. Holt, M. Serralha, P.G. Holt, P.H. Hart, and M.M. Kusel Maternal vitamin D levels and the autism phenotype among offspring Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43 7 2013 1495 1504
130. R. Williams-Hooker, E.O. George, M. Levy, C. Morgan, T.L. Smith, and J.B. Bittle Calcium and vitamin D intake of boys who have autism ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition 5 2013 113 117
131. World Health Organization The ICD-1O classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines 1992 World Health Organization Geneva http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf (Online, accessed 26.06.14)