Autism prevalence in the United States with respect to solar UV-B doses: An ecological study

Dermato-Endocrinology

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 159-164

  Grant, William B ^a   Cannell, John J ^b  

^a Sunlight Nutrition and Health Research Center ^*  (United States)

^b Vitamin D Council   (United States)

Author keywords

25(OH)D; African American; Asian American; Autism; Ecological; Pregnancy; Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D; Ultraviolet B; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; ASIAN AMERICAN; AUTISM; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CHILD; ETHNIC GROUP; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; SCHOOL CHILD; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; UNITED STATES; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84881170229     PISSN: 19381972     EISSN: 19381980     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/derm.22942     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Cannell JJ. Autism and vitamin D. Med Hypotheses 2008; 70: 750-9; PMID:17920208; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.08.016
2. Cannell JJ. On the aetiology of autism. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99: 1128-30; PMID:20491697; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01883.x
3. Kinney DK, Barch DH, Chayka B, Napoleon S, Munir KM. Environmental risk factors for autism: do they help cause de novo genetic mutations that contribute to the disorder? Med Hypotheses 2010; 74: 102-6; PMID:19699591; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.052
4. Mostafa GA, Al-Ayadhi LY. Reduced serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in children with autism: relation to autoimmunity. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9: 201; PMID:22898564; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-9-201
5. Kocovská E, Fernell E, Billstedt E, Minnis H, Gillberg C. Vitamin D and autism: clinical review. Res Dev Disabil 2012; 33: 1541-50; PMID:22522213; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.015
6. Los Angeles Times. Autism rates by state, December 9, 2011; Credits: Interactivity: Pesce A. | Research: Poindexter S, Smith D, Zarembo A. [http://graphics. latimes.com/usmap-autism-rates-state/, accessed July 3, 2012]
7. Devesa SS, Grauman DJ, Blot WJ, Pennello GA, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF Jr. Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1950-1994. NIH Publication No. 99-4564, 1999
8. Grant WB. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Cancer 2002; 94: 1867-75; PMID:11920550; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10427
9. Grant WB, Garland CF. The association of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) with reducing risk of cancer: multifactorial ecologic analysis of geographic variation in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates. Anticancer Res 2006; 26(4A): 2687-99; PMID:16886679
10. Kurtzke JF. Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6: 382-427; PMID:8269393
11. Grant WB, Holick MF. Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review. Altern Med Rev 2005; 10: 94-111; PMID:15989379
12. Grant WB. Hypothesis - ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D reduce the risk of viral infections and thus their sequelae, including autoimmune diseases and some cancers. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84: 356-65; PMID:18179620; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00266.x
13. Fioletov VE, McArthur LJ, Mathews TW, Marrett L. Estimated ultraviolet exposure levels for a sufficient vitamin D status in North America. J Photochem Photobiol B 2010; 100: 57-66; PMID:20554218; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jphotobiol.2010.05.002
14. Cannell JJ, Vieth R, Umhau JC, Holick MF, Grant WB, Madronich S, et al. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134: 1129-40; PMID:16959053; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268806007175
15. Lerchbaum E, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Vitamin D and fertility: a systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166: 765-78; PMID:22275473; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1530/EJE-11-0984
16. Hallmayer J, Cleveland S, Torres A, Phillips J, Cohen B, Torigoe T, et al. Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 1095-102; PMID:21727249; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76
17. Krakowiak P, Walker CK, Bremer AA, Baker AS, Ozonoff S, Hansen RL, et al. Maternal metabolic conditions and risk for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e1121-8; PMID:22492772; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1542/peds.2011-2583
18. Pittas AG, Nelson J, Mitri J, Hillmann W, Garganta C, Nathan DM, et al.; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and progression to diabetes in patients at risk for diabetes: an ancillary analysis in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 565-73; PMID:22323410; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1795
19. Drincic AT, Armas LA, Van Diest EE, Heaney RP. Volumetric dilution, rather than sequestration best explains the low vitamin D status of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 1444-8; PMID:22262154; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1038/oby.2011.404
20. Eyles D, Burne T, McGrath J. Vitamin D in fetal brain development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22: 629-36; PMID:21664981; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. semcdb.2011.05.004
21. Sullivan PF, Magnusson C, Reichenberg A, Boman M, Dalman C, Davidson M, et al. Family history of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as risk factors for autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 1-5; PMID:22752149
22. Whitehouse AJ, Holt BJ, Serralha M, Holt PG, Kusel MM, Hart PH. Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development. Pediatrics 2012; 129: 485-93; PMID:22331333; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1542/peds.2011-2644
23. Disanto G, Chaplin G, Morahan JM, Giovannoni G, Hypponen E, Ebers GC, et al. Month of birth, vitamin D and risk of immune mediated disease: a case control study. BMC Med 2012; 10: 69; PMID:22764877; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ 1741-7015-10-69
24. Gillberg C. Do children with autism have March birthdays? Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990; 82: 152-6; PMID:2239360; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990. tb01373.x
25. Grant WB, Soles CM. Epidemiologic evidence supporting the role of maternal vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for the development of infantile autism. Dermatoendocrinol 2009; 1: 223-8; PMID:20592795
26. Zerbo O, Iosif AM, Delwiche L, Walker C, Hertz- Picciotto I. Month of conception and risk of autism. Epidemiology 2011; 22: 469-75; PMID:21543984; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31821d0b53
27. Brown AS. Epidemiologic studies of exposure to prenatal infection and risk of schizophrenia and autism. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72: 1272-6; PMID:22488761; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22024
28. Zerbo O, Iosif AM, Walker C, Ozonoff S, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. Is maternal influenza or fever during pregnancy associated with autism or developmental delays? Results from the CHARGE (CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2012; In press; PMID:22562209; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1540-x
29. Edwards MJ. Review: Hyperthermia and fever during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2006; 76: 507-16; PMID:16933304; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20277
30. Gombart AF. The vitamin D-antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection. Future Microbiol 2009; 4: 1151-65; PMID:19895218; http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.09.87
31. Lim U, Freedman DM, Hollis BW, Horst RL, Purdue MP, Chatterjee N, et al. A prospective investigation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of lymphoid cancers. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 979-86; PMID:19035445; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1002/ijc.23984
32. McGrath JJ, Welham JL. Season of birth and schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from the Southern Hemisphere. Schizophr Res 1999; 35: 237-42; PMID:10093868; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00139-X
33. Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, Kurihara M, Wada Y, Ida H. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 1255-60; PMID:20219962; http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094
34. Sabetta JR, DePetrillo P, Cipriani RJ, Smardin J, Burns LA, Landry ML. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e11088; PMID:20559424; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0011088
35. Sun Y, Vestergaard M, Christensen J, Olsen J. Prenatal exposure to elevated maternal body temperature and risk of epilepsy in childhood: a population-based pregnancy cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011; 25: 53-9; PMID:21133969; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01143.x
36. Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R, Yolken RH. Seasonal birth patterns of neurological disorders. Neuroepidemiology 2000; 19: 177-85; PMID:10859496; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000026253
37. Anderson GM. Twin studies in autism: what might they say about genetic and environmental influences. J Autism Dev Disord 2012; 42: 1526-7; PMID:22610470; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1552-6
38. Slominski A, Wortsman J. Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocr Rev 2000; 21: 457-87; PMID:11041445; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.21.5.457
39. Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev 2004; 84: 1155-228; PMID:15383650; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev. 00044.2003
40. Slominski A. Neuroendocrine activity of the melanocyte. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18: 760-3; PMID:19558501; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009. 00892.x
41. Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Skobowiat C, Zbytek B, Slominski RM, Steketee JD. Sensing the environment: regulation of local and global homeostasis by the skin's neuroendocrine system. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2012; 212: v, vii, 1-115; PMID:22894052
42. Abdallah MW, Larsen N, Mortensen EL, Atladóttir HÓ, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, et al. Neonatal levels of cytokines and risk of autism spectrum disorders: an exploratory register-based historic birth cohort study utilizing the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 252: 75-82; PMID:22917523; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.07.013
43. Gambichler T, Bader A, Vojvodic M, Bechara FG, Sauermann K, Altmeyer P, et al. Impact of UVA exposure on psychological parameters and circulating serotonin and melatonin. BMC Dermatol 2002; 2: 6; PMID:11952999; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-5945-2-6
44. Connors SL, Matteson KJ, Sega GA, Lozzio CB, Carroll RC, Zimmerman AW. Plasma serotonin in autism. Pediatr Neurol 2006; 35: 182-6; PMID:16939857; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol. 2006.02.010
45. Doyen C, Mighiu D, Kaye K, Colineaux C, Beaumanoir C, Mouraeff Y, et al. Melatonin in children with autistic spectrum disorders: recent and practical data. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 20: 231-9; PMID:21359552; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0162-8
46. Dealberto MJ. Prevalence of autism according to maternal immigrant status and ethnic origin. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 123: 339-48; PMID:21219265; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01662.x
47. O'Donnell K, O'Connor TG, Glover V. Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: focus on the HPA axis and role of the placenta. Dev Neurosci 2009; 31: 285-92; PMID:19546565; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000216539
48. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 53-8; PMID:21118827; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2704
49. Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein E, Roberts JM. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates. J Nutr 2007; 137: 447-52; PMID:17237325
50. Ginde AA, Sullivan AF, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA Jr. Vitamin D insufficiency in pregnant and nonpregnant women of childbearing age in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 436, e1-8; PMID:20060512; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.11.036
51. Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo CA Jr. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988-2004. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 626-32; PMID:19307527; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2008.604
52. Bodnar LM, Krohn MA, Simhan HN. Maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with bacterial vaginosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Nutr 2009; 139: 1157-61; PMID:19357214; http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.103168
53. Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Zmuda JM, Cooper ME, Parrott MS, Roberts JM, et al. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with small-for-gestational age births in white women. J Nutr 2010; 140: 999-1006; PMID:20200114; http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.119636
54. Merewood A, Mehta SD, Chen TC, Bauchner H, Holick MF. Association between vitamin D deficiency and primary cesarean section. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 940-5; PMID:19106272; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1217
55. Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3517-22; PMID:17535985; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc. 2007-0718
56. Harms LR, Burne TH, Eyles DW, McGrath JJ. Vitamin D and the brain. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25: 657-69; PMID:21872806; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.009
57. Morales E, Guxens M, Llop S, Rodríguez-Bernal CL, Tardón A, Riaño I, et al.; INMA Project. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pregnancy and infant neuropsychological development. Pediatrics 2012; 130: e913-20; PMID:22987876; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3289
58. Whitehouse AJ, Holt BJ, Serralha M, Holt PG, Kusel MM, Hart PH. Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development. Pediatrics 2012; 129: 485-93; PMID:22331333; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1542/peds.2011-2644
59. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Vitamin D requirements and supplementation during pregnancy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18: 371-5; PMID:21857221
60. Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26: 2341-57; PMID:21706518; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.463
61. Luxwolda MF, Kuipers RS, Kema IP, van der Veer E, Dijck-Brouwer DA, Muskiet FA. Vitamin D status indicators in indigenous populations in East Africa. Eur J Nutr 2012; In press; PMID:22878781; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s00394-012-0421-6
62. Luxwolda MF, Kuipers RS, Kema IP, Janneke Dijck- Brouwer DA, Muskiet FA. Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 115 nmol/l. Br J Nutr 2012; 108: 1557-61; PMID:22264449; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511007161
63. Haddad JG, Chyu KJ. Competitive protein-binding radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1971; 33: 992-5; PMID:4332615; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-33-6-992
64. Leffell DJ, Brash DE. Sunlight and skin cancer. Sci Am 1996; 275: 52-3, 56-9; PMID:8658110; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0796-52
65. Douglas AS, Brown T, Reid D. Infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease - a similar seasonality. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 23: 323-31; PMID:9031113; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10428199609054835