The platelet-cancer loop in myeloproliferative cancer. Is thrombocythemia an enhancer of cancer invasiveness and metastasis in essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis?

Leukemia Research

Volumn 38, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 1230-1236

  Hasselbalch, Hans Carl ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Cancer invasiveness; Interferon; Metastasis; Myeloproliferative cancer; Second cancer; Statins; Thrombocythemia

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2 INTERFERON; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; GLYCOPROTEIN IB; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID; SCATTER FACTOR; SOMATOMEDIN; SPHINGOSINE 1 PHOSPHATE; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1; THROMBOPOIETIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULOTROPIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERFERON;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTICLE; BLOOD CLOTTING; CANCER GROWTH; CELL AGGREGATION; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CIRCULATING TUMOR CELL; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; JACOBSEN SYNDROME; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MEGAKARYOCYTE; METASTASIS; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MYELOFIBROSIS; MYELOID LEUKEMIA; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM; POLYCYTHEMIA VERA; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOCYTHEMIA; THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS; TUMOR ESCAPE; TUMOR INVASION; CANCER INVASIVENESS; MYELOID METAPLASIA; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE CANCER; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SECOND CANCER; THROMBOCYTOSIS;

CANCER INVASIVENESS; INTERFERON; METASTASIS; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE CANCER; SECOND CANCER; STATINS; THROMBOCYTHEMIA;

HUMANS; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY; POLYCYTHEMIA VERA; PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS; THROMBOCYTHEMIA, ESSENTIAL; THROMBOCYTOSIS;

EID: 84908017917     PISSN: 01452126     EISSN: 18735835     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.07.006     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Campbell P.J., Green A.R. The myeloproliferative disorders. N Engl J Med 2006, 55:2452-2466.
2. Kristinsson S.Y., Landgren O., Samuelsson J., Bjorkholm M., Goldin L.R. Utoimmunity and the risk of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Haematologica 2010, 95(7):1216-1220.
3. Hasselbalch H.C. Perspectives on chronic inflammation in essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and myelofibrosis: is chronic inflammation a trigger and driver of clonal evolution and development of accelerated atherosclerosis and second cancer?. Blood 2012, 119(14):3219-3225.
4. Hasselbalch H.C. Chronic inflammation as a promoter of mutagenesis in essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis. A human inflammation model for cancer development?. Leuk Res 2013, 37(2):214-220.
5. Hasselbalch H.C. The role of cytokines in the initiation and progression of myelofibrosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013, 24(2):133-145.
6. Vannucchi A.M., Masala G., Antonioli E., et al. Increased risk of lymphoid neoplasms in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009, 18(7):2068-2073.
7. Rebora P., Czene K., Antolini L., Passerini C.G., Reilly M., Valsecchi M.G. Are chronic myeloid leukemia patients more at risk for second malignancies? A population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 2010, 172(9):1028-1033.
8. Fallah M., Kharazmi E., Sundquist J., Hemminki K. Higher risk of primary cancers after polycythaemia vera and vice versa. Br J Haematol 2011, 153(2):283-285.
9. Frederiksen H., Farkas D.K., Christiansen C.F., Hasselbalch H.C., Sorensen H.T. Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms and subsequent cancer risk: a Danish population-based cohort study. Blood 2011, 118(25):6515-6520.
10. Barbui T., Barosi G., Birgegard G., et al. European LeukemiaNet. Philadelphia-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms: critical concepts and management recommendations from European Leukemia. Net J Clin Oncol 2011, 29(6):761-770.
11. Hasselbalch H.C. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: the advanced phase of an untreated disseminated hematological cancer. Time to change our therapeutic attitude with early upfront treatment?. Leuk Res 2009, 33(1):11-18.
12. Hasselbalch H.C., Larsen T.S., Riley C.H., Jensen M.K., Kiladjian J.J. Interferon-alpha in the treatment of Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Status and perspectives. Curr Drug Targets 2011, 12(3):392-419.
13. Hasselbalch H.C. A new era of interferon-alpha2 in the treatment of Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Expert Rev Hematol 2011, 4(6):637-655.
14. Hasselbalch H.C., Kiladjian J.J., Silver R.T. Interferon alpha in the treatment of Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29(18):E564-E565.
15. Silver R.T., Kiladjian J.J., Hasselbalch H.C. Interferon in the treatment of essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis. Expert Rev Hematol 2013, 6(1):49-58.
16. Griner L.N., McGraw K.L., Johnson J.O., List A.F., Reuther G.W. A mechanistic rationale for the use of statins to enhance JAK2 inhibitor therapy in MPN [abstract]. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2011, 118. (Abstract No. 2816).
17. Griner L.N., McGraw K.L., Johnson J.O., List A.F., Reuther G.W. JAK2-V617F-mediated signaling is dependent on the lipid rafts and statins inhibit JAK2-V617F-dependent cell growth. Br J Haematol 2013, 160(2):177-187.
18. Hasselbalch H.C., Riley C.H. Statins in the treatment of polycythaemia vera and allied disorders: an antithrombotic and cytoreductive potential?. Leuk Res 2006, 30(10):1217-1225.
19. Nielsen S.F., Nordestgaard B.G., Bojesen S.E. Statin use and reduced cancer-related mortality. N Engl J Med 2013, 368(6):576-577.
20. Jensen M.K., de Nully Brown P., Lund B.V., Nielsen O.J., Hasselbalch H.C. Increased circulating platelet-leukocyte aggregates in myeloproliferative disorders is correlated to previous thrombosis, platelet activation and platelet count. Eur J Haematol 2001, 66(3):143-151.
21. Marchetti M., Falanga A. Leukocytosis,JAK2V617F mutation, and hemostasis in myeloproliferative disorders. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2008, 36(3-4):148-159.
22. Falanga A., Marchetti M., Vignoli A., Balducci D., Russo L., Guerini V., Barbui T. V617F JAK-2mutation in patients with essential thrombocythemia: relation to platelet, granulocyte, and plasma hemostatic and inflammatory molecules. Exp Hematol 2007, 35(5):702-711.
23. Cella G., Marchetti M., Vianello F., et al. Nitric oxide derivatives and soluble plasma selectins in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Thromb Haemost 2010, 104(1):151-156.
24. Zwicker J.I., Liebman H.A., Neuberg D., Lacroix R., Bauer K.A., Furie B.C., Furie B. Tumor-derived tissue factor-bearing microparticles are associated with venous thromboembolic events in malignancy. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15(22):6830-6840.
25. Barbui T., Finazzi G., Falanga A. Myeloproliferative neoplasms and thrombosis. Blood 2013, 122(13):2176-2184.
26. Dammacco F., Vacca A., Procaccio P., et al. Cancer-related coagulopathy (Trousseau's syndrome): review of the literature and experience of a single center of internal medicine. Clin Exp Med 2013, 13(2):85-97.
27. Ware J., Corken A., Khetpal R. Platelet function beyond hemostasis and thrombosis. Curr Opin Hematol 2013 Sep, 20(5):451-456.
28. Gasic G.J., Gasic T.B., Stewart C.C. Antimetastatic effects associated with platelet reduction. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1968, 61:46-52.
29. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 1971, 285:1182-1186.
30. Karpatkin S., Pearlstein E. Role of platelets in tumor cell metastases. Ann Intern Med 1981, 95:646-651.
31. Karpatkin S., Pearlstein E., Amborgio C., Coller B.S. Role of adhesive proteins in platelet tumor interaction in vitro and metastasis formation in vivo. J Clin Invest 1988, 81(4):1012-1029.
32. Honn K.V., Tang D.G., Crissman J.D. Platelets and cancer metastasis: a causal relationship. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1992, 11:325-351.
33. Belloc C., Lu H., Soria C., Fridman R., Legrand Y., Menashi S. The effect of platelets on invasiveness and protease production of human mammary tumor cells. Int J Cancer 1995, 60(3):413-417.
34. Pinedo H.M., Verheul H.M., D'Amato R.J., Folkman J. Involvement of platelets in tumour angiogenesis?. Lancet 1998, 352(9142):1775-1777.
35. Gupta G.P., Massague J. Platelets and metastasis: a novel fatty link. Eur J Clin Invest 2004, 114:1696-1703.
36. Sierko E., Wojtukiewicz M.D. Platelets and angiogenesis in malignancy. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004, 30:95-108.
37. Palumbo J.S., Talmage K.E., Massari J.V., et al. Platelets and fibrin(ogen) increase metastatic potential by impeding natural killer cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. Blood 2005, 105(1):178-185.
38. Varon D., Shai E. Role of platelet-derived microparticles in angiogenesis and tumor progression. Discovery Med 2009, (43):237-241.
39. Battinelli E.M., Markens B.A., Italiano J.E. Release of angiogenesis regulatory proteins from platelet alpha granules: modulation of physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Blood 2011, 118(5):1359-1369.
40. Varon D., Hayon Y., Dashevsky O., Shai E. Involvement of platelet derived microparticles in tumor metastasis and tissue regeneration. Thromb Res 2012, 130(Suppl 1):S98-S99.
41. Cho M.S., Bottsford-Miller J., Vasquez H.G., et al. Platelets increase the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Blood 2012, 120(24):4869-4872.
42. Buergy D., Wenz F., Groden C., Brockmann M.A. Tumor-platelet interaction in solid tumors. Int J Cancer 2012, 130(12):2747-2760.
43. Labelle M., Begum S., Hynes R.O. Direct signaling between platelets and cancer cells induces an epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition and promotes metastasis. Cancer Cell 2011, 20(5):576-590.
44. Labelle M., Hynes R.O. The initial hours of metastasis: the importance of cooperative host-tumor cell interactions during hematogenous dissemination. Cancer Discovery 2012, 2(12):1091-1099.
45. Goubran H.A., Burnouf T., Radosevic M., El-Ekiaby M. The platelet-cancer loop. Eur J Intern Med 2013, 24(5):393-400.
46. Goubran H.A., Stakiw J., Radosevic M., Burnouf T. Platelet-cancer interactions. Semin Thromb Hemost 2014, 40(3):296-305.
47. Sharma D., Brummel-Ziedins K.E., Bouchard B.A., Holmes C.E. Platelets in tumor progression: a host factor effect that offers multiple potential targets in the treatment of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2014, 229:1005-1015.
48. Lin R.J., Afshar-Kharghan V., Schafer A.I. Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis-the secret of tumor self-promotion. Blood 2014, 124(2):184-187.
49. Nash G.F., Turner L.F., Scully M.F., Kakkar A.K. Platelets and cancer. Lancet Oncol 2002, 3(7):425-430.
50. Jain S., Harris J., Ware J. Platelets: linking hemostasis and cancer. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010, 30(12):2362-2367.
51. Egan K., Crowley D., Smyth P., et al. Platelet adhesion and degranulation induce pro-survival and pro-angiogenic signalling in ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2011, 6(10):e26125.
52. Johnson B.F., Clay T.M., Hobeika A.C., Lyerly H.K., Morse M.A. Vascular endothelial growth factor and immunosuppression in cancer: current knowledge and potential for new therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007, 7(4):449-460.
53. Dong M., Blobe G.C. Role of transforming growth factor-beta in hematologic malignancies. Blood 2006, 107(12):4589-4596.
54. Yang L., Pang Y., Moses H.L. TGF-beta and immune cells: an important regulatory axis in the tumor microenvironment and progression. Trends Immunol 2010, 31(6):220-227.
55. Bambace N.M., Holmes C.E. The platelet contribution to cancer progression. J Thromb Haemost 2011, 9:237-249.
56. Nieswandt B., Hafner M., Echtenacher B., Männel D.N. Lysis of tumor cells by natural killer cells in mice is impeded by platelets. Cancer Res 1999, 59(6):1295-1300.
57. Gersuk G.M., Westermark B., Mohabeer A.J., et al. Inhibition of human natural killer cell activity by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). III. Membrane binding studies and differential biological effect of recombinant PDGF isoforms. Scand J Immunol 1991, 33(5):521-532.
58. Gunsilius E., Petzer A., Stockhammer G., et al. Thrombocytes are the major source for soluble vascular endothelial growth factor in peripheral blood. Oncology 2000, 58:169-174.
59. Kopp H.G., Placke T., Salih H.R. Platelet-derived transforming growth factor-beta down-regulates NKG2D thereby inhibiting natural killer cell antitumor reactivity. Cancer Res 2009, 69:7775-7783.
60. Ho-Tin-Noé B., Demers M., Wagner D.D. How platelets safeguard vascular integrity. J Thromb Haemost 2011, 9(Suppl 1):56-65.
61. Gay L.J., Felding-Habermann B. Contribution of platelets to tumour metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2011, 11:123-134.
62. Möhle R., Green D., Moore M.A., Nachman R.L., Rafii S. Constitutive production and thrombin-induced release of vascular endothelial growth factor by human megakaryocytes and platelets. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1997, 94(2):663-668.
63. Wartiovaara U., Salven P., Mikkola H., et al. Peripheral blood platelets express VEGF-C and VEGF which are released during platelet activation. Thromb Haemost 1998, 80(1):171-175.
64. Tsopanoglou N.E., Maragoudakis M.E. On the mechanism of thrombin-induced angiogenesis. Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor activity on endothelial cells by up-regulation of its receptors. J Biol Chem 1999, 274(34):23969-23976.
65. Kisucka J., Butterfield C.E., Duda D.G., et al. Platelets and platelet adhesion support angiogenesis while preventing excessive hemorrhage. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2006, 103(4):855-860.
66. Klement G.L., Yip T.T., Cassiola F., et al. Platelets actively sequester angiogenesis regulators. Blood 2009, 113(12):2835-2842.
67. Kim Y.J., Borsig L., Varki N.M., Varki A. P-selectin deficiency attenuates tumor growth and metastasis. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1998, 95(16):9325-9330.
68. Borsig L., Wong R., Hynes R.O., Varki N.M., Varki A. Synergistic effects of L- and P-selectin in facilitating tumor metastasis can involve non-mucin ligands and implicate leukocytes as enhancers of metastasis. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2002, 99(4):2193-2198.
69. Bakewell S.J., Nestor P., Prasad S., et al. Platelet and osteoclast beta3 integrins are critical for bone metastasis. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2003, 100(24):14205-14210.
70. Jain S., Zuka M., Liu J., Russell S., et al. Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha supports experimental lung metastasis. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2007, 104(21):9024-9028.
71. Pedersen L.M., Milman N. Prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in patients with primary lung cancer. Eur Respir J 1996, 9(9):1826-1830.
72. Hernandez E., Donohue K.A., Anderson L.L., Heller P.B., Stehman F.B. The significance of thrombocytosis in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2000, 78:137-142.
73. Scholz H.S., Petru E., Gucer F., Haas J., Tamussino K., Winter R. Preoperative thrombocytosis is an independent prognostic factor in stage III and IV endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res 2000, 20:3983-3985.
74. Ikeda M., Furukawa H., Imamura H., Shimizu J., Ishida H., Masutani S., Tatsuta M., et al. Poor prognosis associated with thrombocytosis in patients with gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2002, 9:287-291.
75. Menzel R.C., Schmid M., Smola M.G., Stierer M., Tausch C., Galid A., et al. Impact of pretreatment thrombocytosis on survival in primary breast cancer. Thromb Haemost 2003, 89:1098-1106.
76. Shimada H., Oohira G., Okazumi S., et al. Thrombocytosis associated with poor prognosis in patients with esophageal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2004, 198:737-741.
77. Tomita M., Shimizu T., Hara M., Ayabe T., Onitsuka T. Preoperative leukocytosis, anemia and thrombocytosis are associated with poor survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res 2009, 29:2687-2690.
78. Gonzalez Barcala F.J., Garcia Prim J.M., Moldes Rodriguez M., et al. Platelet count: association with prognosis in lung cancer. Med Oncol 2010, 27:357-362.
79. Lee M., Kim S.W., Nam E.J., Yim G.W., Kim S., Kim Y.T. The impact of pretreatment thrombocytosis and persistent thrombocytosis after adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2011, 122:238-241.
80. Gakis G., Todenhöfer T., Stenzl A. The prognostic value of hematological and systemic inflammatory disorders in invasive bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2011, 21(5):428-433.
81. Hwang S.G., Kim K.M., Cheong J.H., et al. Impact of pretreatment thrombocytosis on blood-borne metastasis and prognosis of gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2012, 38:562-567.
82. Cravioto-Villanueva A., Luna-Perez P., Gutierrez-de la Barrera M., et al. Thrombocytosis as a predictor of distant recurrence in patients with rectal cancer. Arch Med Res 2012, 43:305-311.
83. Todenhöfer T., Renninger M., Schwentner C., Stenzl A., Gakis G. A new prognostic model for cancer-specific survival after radical cystectomy including pretreatment thrombocytosis and standard pathological risk factors. BJU Int 2012, 110(11 Pt B):E533-E540.
84. Holgersson G., Sandelin M., Hoye E., et al. Swedish lung cancer radiation study group: the prognostic value of anaemia, thrombocytosis and leukocytosis at time of diagnosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Med Oncol 2012, 29:3176-3182.
85. Stone R.L., Nick A.M., McNeish I.A., et al. Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2012, 366(7):610-618.
86. Stravodimou A., Voutsadakis I.A. Pretreatment thrombocytosis as a prognostic factor in metastatic breast cancer. Int J Breast Cancer 2013, 2013:289563. (Epub 2013 Jun 24). 10.1155/2013/289563.
87. Kawai K., Kitayama J., Tsuno N.H., Sunami E., Watanabe T. Thrombocytosis before pre-operative chemoradiotherapy predicts poor response and shorter local recurrence-free survival in rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013, 28:527-535.
88. Kim M., Chang H., Yang H.C., et al. Preoperative thrombocytosis is a significant unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2014, 12(12):37.
89. Voutsadakis I.A. Thrombocytosis as a prognostic marker in gastrointestinal cancers. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2014, 6(2):34-40.
90. Rothwell P.M., Wilson M., Price J.F., et al. Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: a study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2012, 379(9826):1591-1601.
91. Rothwell P.M., Price J.F., Fowkes F.G., et al. Short-term effects of daily aspirin on cancer incidence, mortality, and non-vascular death: analysis of the time course of risks and benefits in 51 randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2012, 379(9826):1602-1612.
92. Algra A.M., Rothwell P.M. Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials. Lancet Oncol 2012, 13(5):518-527.
93. Bruno A., Dovizio M., Tacconelli S., Patrignani P. Mechanisms of the antitumoural effects of aspirin in the gastrointestinal tract. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012, 26(4):e1-e13.
94. Kaiser J. Will an aspirin a day keep cancer away?. Science 2012, 337(6101):1471-1473.
95. Kaiser J. Wondering how the wonder drug works. Science 2012, 337(6101):1472.
96. Tranum B.L., Haut A. Thrombocytosis: platelet kinetics in neoplasia. J Lab Clin Med 1974, 84:615-619.
97. Sierko E., Wojtukiewicz M.Z. Platelets and angiogenesis in malignancy. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004, 30:95-108.
98. Suzuki A., Takahashi T., Nakamura K., et al. Thrombocytosis in patients with tumors producing colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1992, 80:2052-2059.
99. Gastl G., Plante M., Finstad C.L., et al. High IL-6 levels in ascitic fluid correlate with reactive thrombocytosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Haematol 1993, 83:433-441.
100. Alexandrakis M.G., Passam F.H., Moschandrea I.A., et al. Levels of serum cytokines and acute phase proteins in patients with essential and cancer-related thrombocytosis. Am J Clin Oncol 2003, 26:135-140.
101. Nakano T., Chahinian A.P., Shinjo M., et al. Interleukin 6 and its relationship to clinical parameters in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Br J Cancer 1998, 77:907-912.
102. Ilhan N., Ilhan N., Ilhan Y., Akbulut H., Kucuksu M. C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor and oxidative metabolites in diagnosis of infection and staging in patients with gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2004, 10:1115-1120.
103. Krzystek-Korpacka M., Diakowska D., Kapturkiewicz B., Bebenek M., Gamian A. Profiles of circulating inflammatory cytokines in colorectal cancer (CRC), high cancer risk conditions, and health are distinct. Possible implications for CRC screening and surveillance. Cancer Lett 2013, 337:107-114.
104. Le Bitoux M.A., Stamenkovic I. Tumor-host interactions: the role of inflammation. Histochem Cell Biol 2008, 130:1079-1090.
105. Smith H.A., Kang Y. The metastasis-promoting roles of tumor-associated immune cells. J Mol Med 2013, 91(4):411-429.
106. Palazón A., Aragonés J., Morales-Kastresana A., de Landázuri M.O., Melero I. Molecular pathways: hypoxia response in immune cells fighting or promoting cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012, 18:1207-1213.
107. Balkwill F., Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?. Lancet 2001, 357(9255):539-545.
108. Coussens L.M., Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002, 420(6917):860-867.
109. Karin M., Greten F.R. NF-kappaB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat Rev Immunol 2005, 5(10):749-759.
110. Hussain S.P., Harris C.C. Inflammation and cancer: an ancient link with novel potentials. Int J Cancer 2007, 121(11):2373-2380.
111. Mantovani A., Garlanda C., Allavena P. Molecular pathways and targets in cancer-related inflammation. Ann Med 2010, 42(3):161-170.
112. Semple J.W., Italiano J.E., Freedman J. Platelets and the immune continuum. Nat Rev Immunol 2011, 11(4):264-274.
113. Huang H.S., Chang H.H. Platelets in inflammation and immune modulations: functions beyond hemostasis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2012, 60(6):443-451.
114. Ghasemzadeh M., Hosseini E. Platelet-leukocyte crosstalk: linking proinflammatory responses to procoagulant state. Thromb Res 2013, 131(3):191-197.
115. Hasselbalch H. Idiopathic myelofibrosis: a clinical study of 80 patients. Am J Hematol 1990, 34(4):291-300.
116. Elliott M.A., Tefferi A. Thrombosis and haemorrhage in polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 2005, 128(3):275-290.
117. Barbui T., Carobbio A., Rambaldi A., Finazzi G. Perspectives on thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera: is leukocytosis a causative factor?. Blood 2009, 114(4):759-763.
118. Marchioli R., Finazzi G., Landolfi R., et al. Vascular and neoplastic risk in a large cohort of patients with polycythemia vera. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(10):2224-2232.
119. Hasselbalch H.C. Perspectives on the impact of JAK-inhibitor therapy upon inflammation-mediated comorbidities in myelofibrosis and related neoplasms. Expert Rev Hematol 2014, 7(2):203-216.
120. Li Q., Verma I.M. NF-kappaB regulation in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2002, 2(10):725-734.
121. Beg A.A., Baltimore D. An essential role for NFkappaB in preventing TNF-alpha induced cell death. Science 1996, 274(5288):782-784.
122. Pikarsky E., Porat R.M., Stein I., et al. NF-kappaB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation associated cancer. Nature 2004, 431(7007):461-466.
123. Balkwill F. Tumor necrosis factor or tumor promoting factor?. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002, 13(2):135-141.
124. Fleischman A.G., Aichberger K.J., Luty S.B., et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha facilitates clonal expansion of JAK2V617F-positive cells in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2011, 118(24):6392-6398.
125. Skov V., Larsen T.S., Thomassen M., et al. Molecular profiling of peripheral blood cells from patients with polycythemia vera and related neoplasms: identification of deregulated genes of significance for inflammation and immune surveillance. Leuk Res 2012, 36(11):1387-1392.
126. Skov V., Thomassen M., Riley C.H., et al. Gene expression profiling with principal component analysis depicts the biological continuum from essential thrombocythemia over polycythemia vera to myelofibrosis. Exp Hematol 2012, 40(9):771-780.
127. Skov V., Riley C.H., Larsen T.S., et al. Whole blood transcriptional profiling reveals significant downregulation of HLA Class I and II genes in essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2013, 54(10):2269-2273.
128. Landolfi R., Marchioli R., Kutti J., et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin in polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:114-124.