Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Biology, epidemiology, and management

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1323, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 22-42

  Temkin, Elizabeth ^a   Adler, Amos ^a,b   Lerner, Anat ^a   Carmeli, Yehuda ^a,b  

^a TEL AVIV SOURASKY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial resistance; Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Carbapenemases; Infection control; Molecular genetics; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; BETA LACTAMASE AMPC; CARBAPENEM; CARBAPENEMASE; CHLORHEXIDINE; CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE; COLISTIN; EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE CARBAPENEMASE; METALLO BETA LACTAMASE; NEW DELHI METALLO BETA LACTAMASE; OXA 48 CARBAPENEMASE; TIGECYCLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIM CARBAPENEMASE; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE;

ALLELE; ARGENTINA; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BATH; BRAZIL; CARBAPENEM RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; CATHETER INFECTION; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; CHINA; CHLORHEXIDINE BATH; CLEANING; COLOMBIA; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED INFECTION; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; GENE INSERTION SEQUENCE; GENOTYPE; GEOGRAPHY; GREECE; HAND WASHING; HISTORY; HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; INDIA; INDWELLING URINARY CATHETER; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; ISRAEL; ITALY; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE INFECTION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; POLAND; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROMOTER REGION; SCREENING TEST; SELECTIVE DIGESTIVE DECONTAMINATION; TRANSPOSON; TURKEY (REPUBLIC); UNITED STATES; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WATER CONTAMINATION; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; DRUG EFFECT; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; GENETICS; MICROBIOLOGY; REVIEW; TREATMENT;

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; CARBAPENEMASES; INFECTION CONTROL; MOLECULAR GENETICS; TREATMENT;

ALLELES; CARBAPENEMS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS; PROMOTER REGIONS, GENETIC;

EID: 84907960591     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12537     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. Naas, T., L. Vandel, W. Sougakoff, et al. 1994. Cloning and sequence analysis of the gene for a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase, Sme-1, from Serratia marcescens S6. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38: 1262-1270.
2. Queenan, A.M., C. Torres-Viera, H.S. Gold, et al. 2000. SME-type carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamases from geographically diverse Serratia marcescens strains. Antimicrob. Agent Chemother. 44: 3035-3039.
3. Watanabe, M., S. Iyobe, M. Inoue & S. Mitsuhashi . 1991. Transferable imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agent Chemother. 35: 147-151.
4. Ito, H., Y. Arakawa, S. Ohsuka, et al. 1995. Plasmid-mediated dissemination of the metallo-beta-lactamase gene blaIMP among clinically isolated strains of Serratia marcescens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39: 824-829.
5. Senda, K., Y. Arakawa, S. Ichiyama, et al. 1996. PCR detection of metallo-beta-lactamase gene (blaIMP) in Gram-negative rods resistant to broad-spectrum beta-lactams. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 2909-2913.
6. Yigit, H., A.M. Queenan, G.J. Anderson, et al. 2001. Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase, KPC-1, from a carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1151-1161.
7. Woodford, N., P.M. Tierno, Jr., K. Young, et al. 2004. Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing a new carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase, KPC-3, in a New York Medical Center. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 4793-4799.
8. Bratu, S., M. Mooty, S. Nichani, et al. 2005. Emergence of KPC-possessing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, New York: epidemiology and recommendations for detection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 3018-3020.
9. Bratu, S., P. Tolaney, U. Karumudi, et al. 2005. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY: molecular epidemiology and in vitro activity of polymyxin B and other agents. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56: 128-132.
10. Hidron, A.I., J.R. Edwards, J. Patel, et al. 2008. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 29: 996-1011.
11. Schwaber, M.J., B. Lev, A. Israeli, et al. 2011. Containment of a country-wide outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israeli hospitals via a nationally implemented intervention. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52: 848-855.
12. Leavitt, A., S. Navon-Venezia, I. Chmelnitsky, et al. 2007. Emergence of KPC-2 and KPC-3 in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in an Israeli hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 3026-3029.
13. Pournaras, S., E. Protonotariou, E. Voulgari, et al. 2009. Clonal spread of KPC-2 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in Greece. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64: 348-352.
14. Maltezou, H.C., P. Giakkoupi, A. Maragos, et al. 2009. Outbreak of infections due to KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a hospital in Crete (Greece). J. Infect. 58: 213-219.
15. Mezzatesta, M.L., F. Gona, C. Caio, et al. 2011. Outbreak of KPC-3-producing, and colistin-resistant, Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in two Sicilian hospitals. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17: 1444-1447.
16. Miriagou, V., E. Tzelepi, D. Gianneli & L.S. Tzouvelekis . 2003. Escherichia coli with a self-transferable, multiresistant plasmid coding for metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 395-397.
17. Vatopoulos, A. 2008. High rates of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece-a review of the current evidence. Euro Surv. 13: pii 8023.
18. Luzzaro, F., J.D. Docquier, C. Colinon, et al. 2004. Emergence in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates of the VIM-4 metallo-beta-lactamase encoded by a conjugative plasmid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 648-650.
19. Tortola, M.T., S. Lavilla, E. Miro, et al. 2005. First detection of a carbapenem-hydrolyzing metalloenzyme in two Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Spain. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 3492-3494.
20. Tzouvelekis, L.S., A. Markogiannakis, M. Psichogiou, et al. 2012. Carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae: an evolving crisis of global dimensions. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 25: 682-707.
21. Alba, J., Y. Ishii, K. Thomson, et al. 2005. Kinetics study of KPC-3, a plasmid-encoded class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 4760-4762.
22. Cuzon, G., T. Naas, H. Truong, et al. 2010. Worldwide diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae that produce beta-lactamase blaKPC-2 gene. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16: 1349-1356.
23. Warburg, G., C. Hidalgo-Grass, S.R. Partridge, et al. 2012. A carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae epidemic clone in Jerusalem: sequence type 512 carrying a plasmid encoding aac(6′)-Ib. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67: 898-901.
24. Richter, S.N., I. Frasson, E. Franchin, et al. 2012. KPC-mediated resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae in two hospitals in Padua, Italy, June 2009-December 2011: massive spreading of a KPC-3-encoding plasmid and involvement of non-intensive care units. Gut Pathogens 4: 7.
25. Baraniak, A., A. Grabowska, R. Izdebski, et al. 2011. Molecular characteristics of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae at the early stage of their dissemination in Poland, 2008-2009. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 5493-5499.
26. Samuelsen, O., U. Naseer, S. Tofteland, et al. 2009. Emergence of clonally related Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of sequence type 258 producing plasmid-mediated KPC carbapenemase in Norway and Sweden. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 63: 654-658.
27. Qi, Y., Z. Wei, S. Ji, et al. 2011. ST11, the dominant clone of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in China. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66: 307-312.
28. Chmelnitsky, I., M. Shklyar, O. Hermesh, et al. 2013. Unique genes identified in the epidemic extremely drug-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68: 74-83.
29. Adler, A., E. Khabra, I. Chmelnitsky, et al. 2014. Development and validation of a multiplex PCR assay for identification of the epidemic ST-258/512 KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clone. Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 78: 12-15.
30. Goren, M.G., S. Navon-Venezia, I. Chmelnitsky & Y. Carmeli . 2010. Carbapenem-resistant KPC-2-producing Escherichia coli in a Tel Aviv Medical Center, 2005 to 2008. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54: 2687-2691.
31. Marchaim, D., S. Navon-Venezia, M.J. Schwaber & Y. Carmeli . 2008. Isolation of imipenem-resistant Enterobacter species: emergence of KPC-2 carbapenemase, molecular characterization, epidemiology, and outcomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 1413-1418.
32. Kim, Y.A., Z.A. Qureshi, J.M. Adams-Haduch, et al. 2012. Features of infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli: emergence of sequence type 131. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55: 224-231.
33. Naas, T., G. Cuzon, O. Gaillot, et al. 2011. When carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase Kpc meets Escherichia coli ST131 in France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 4933-4934.
34. Morris, D., F. Boyle, C. Ludden, et al. 2011. Production of KPC-2 carbapenemase by an Escherichia coli clinical isolate belonging to the international ST131 clone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 4935-4936.
35. Geffen, Y., A. Adler, S. Paikin, et al. 2013. Detection of the plasmid-mediated KPC-2 carbapenem-hydrolysing enzyme in three unusual species of the Enterobacteriaceae family in Israel. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68: 719-720.
36. Cuzon, G., T. Naas, M.V. Villegas, et al. 2011. Wide dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing beta-lactamase blaKPC-2 gene in Colombia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 5350-5353.
37. Naas, T., G. Cuzon, H.V. Truong & P. Nordmann . 2012. Role of ISKpn7 and deletions in blaKPC gene expression. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56: 4753-4759.
38. Kitchel, B., J.K. Rasheed, A. Endimiani, et al. 2010. Genetic factors associated with elevated carbapenem resistance in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54: 4201-4207.
39. Cuzon, G., T. Naas & P. Nordmann . 2011. Functional characterization of Tn4401, a Tn3-based transposon involved in blaKPC gene mobilization. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 5370-5373.
40. Andrade, L.N., T. Curiao, J.C. Ferreira, et al. 2011. Dissemination of blaKPC-2 by the spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae clonal complex 258 clones (ST258, ST11, ST437) and plasmids (IncFII, IncN, IncL/M) among Enterobacteriaceae species in Brazil. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 3579-3583.
41. Leavitt, A., I. Chmelnitsky, I. Ofek, et al. 2010. Plasmid pKpQIL encoding KPC-3 and TEM-1 confers carbapenem resistance in an extremely drug-resistant epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65: 243-248.
42. Chen, L., K.D. Chavda, R.G. Melano, et al. 2014. Comparative genomic analysis of KPC-encoding pKpQIL-like plasmids and their distribution in New Jersey and New York Hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58: 2871-2877.
43. Garcia-Fernandez, A., L. Villa, C. Carta, et al. 2012. Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 producing KPC-3 identified in italy carries novel plasmids and OmpK36/OmpK35 porin variants. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56: 2143-2145.
44. Adler, A. & Y. Carmeli . 2011. Dissemination of the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase in the health care settings: tracking the trails of an elusive offender. MBio 2: pii e00280-11.
45. Goren, M.G., Y. Carmeli, M.J. Schwaber, et al. 2010. Transfer of carbapenem-resistant plasmid from Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 to Escherichia coli in patient. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16: 1014-1017.
46. Walther-Rasmussen, J. & N. Hoiby . 2006. OXA-type carbapenemases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57: 373-383.
47. Kasap, M., S. Torol, F. Kolayli, et al. 2013. OXA-162, a novel variant of OXA-48 displays extended hydrolytic activity towards imipenem, meropenem and doripenem. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 28: 990-996.
48. Poirel, L., M. Castanheira, A. Carrer, et al. 2011. OXA-163, an OXA-48-related class D beta-lactamase with extended activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 2546-2551.
49. Potron, A., P. Nordmann & L. Poirel . 2013. Characterization of OXA-204, a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57: 633-636.
50. Zong, Z. 2012. Discovery of bla(OXA-199), a chromosome-based bla(OXA-48)-like variant, in Shewanella xiamenensis. PloS One 7: e48280.
51. Potron, A., E. Rondinaud, L. Poirel, et al. 2013. Genetic and biochemical characterisation of OXA-232, a carbapenem-hydrolysing class D beta-lactamase from Enterobacteriaceae. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 41: 325-329.
52. Oteo, J., J.M. Hernandez, M. Espasa, et al. 2013. Emergence of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and the novel carbapenemases OXA-244 and OXA-245 in Spain. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68: 317-321.
53. Potron, A., P. Nordmann, E. Lafeuille, et al. 2011. Characterization of OXA-181, a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 4896-4899.
54. Lascols, C., G. Peirano, M. Hackel, et al. 2013. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that produce carbapenemases: first report of OXA-48-like enzymes in North America. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57: 130-136.
55. Voulgari, E., O. Zarkotou, K. Ranellou, et al. 2013. Outbreak of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece involving an ST11 clone. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68: 84-88.
56. Cuzon, G., J. Ouanich, R. Gondret, et al. 2011. Outbreak of OXA-48-positive carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 2420-2423.
57. Baraniak, A., R. Izdebski, J. Fiett, et al. 2013. Comparative population analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases colonizing patients in rehabilitation centers in four countries. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57: 1992-1997.
58. Morris, D., E. McGarry, M. Cotter, et al. 2012. Detection of OXA-48 carbapenemase in the pandemic clone Escherichia coli O25b:H4-ST131 in the course of investigation of an outbreak of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56: 4030-4031.
59. Carrer, A., L. Poirel, M. Yilmaz, et al. 2010. Spread of OXA-48-encoding plasmid in Turkey and beyond. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54: 1369-1373.
60. Aubert, D., T. Naas, C. Heritier, et al. 2006. Functional characterization of IS1999, an IS4 family element involved in mobilization and expression of beta-lactam resistance genes. J. Bacteriol. 188: 6506-6514.
61. Poirel, L., R.A. Bonnin & P. Nordmann . 2012. Genetic features of the widespread plasmid coding for the carbapenemase OXA-48. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56: 559-562.
62. Adler, A., M. Shklyar, M.J. Schwaber, et al. 2011. Introduction of OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae to Israeli hospitals by medical tourism. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66: 2763-2766.
63. Pfeifer, Y., K. Schlatterer, E. Engelmann, et al. 2012. Emergence of OXA-48-type carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in German hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56: 2125-2128.
64. Dortet, L., G. Cuzon & P. Nordmann . 2014. Dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in France, 2012. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69: 623-627.
65. Potron, A., L. Poirel & P. Nordmann . 2011. Origin of OXA-181, an emerging carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase, as a chromosomal gene in Shewanella xiamenensis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 4405-4407.
66. Castanheira, M., L.M. Deshpande, D. Mathai, et al. 2011. Early dissemination of NDM-1- and OXA-181-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Indian hospitals: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2006-2007. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 1274-1278.
67. Poirel, L., L. Dortet, S. Bernabeu & P. Nordmann . 2011. Genetic features of blaNDM-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 5403-5407.
68. Kumarasamy, K.K., M.A. Toleman, T.R. Walsh, et al. 2010. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10: 597-602.
69. Lachish, T., M. Elimelech, N. Arieli, et al. 2012. Emergence of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase in Jerusalem, Israel. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 40: 566-567.
70. Mushtaq, S., S. Irfan, J.B. Sarma, et al. 2011. Phylogenetic diversity of Escherichia coli strains producing NDM-type carbapenemases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66: 2002-2005.
71. Nordmann, P., A.E. Boulanger & L. Poirel . 2012. NDM-4 metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56: 2184-2186.
72. Hornsey, M., L. Phee & D.W. Wareham, 2011. A novel variant, NDM-5, of the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase in a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli ST648 isolate recovered from a patient in the United Kingdom. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 5952-5954.
73. Rogers, B.A., H.E. Sidjabat, A. Silvey, et al. 2013. Treatment options for New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-harboring Enterobacteriaceae. Microb. Drug Resist. 19: 100-103.
74. Cuzon, G., R.A. Bonnin & P. Nordmann . 2013. First identification of novel NDM carbapenemase, NDM-7, in Escherichia coli in France. PloS One 8: e61322.
75. Zhang, R., Y.Y. Hu, X.F. Yang, et al. 2013. Emergence of NDM-producing non-baumannii Acinetobacter spp. isolated from China. Eur. J. Clin. Microb. Infect. Dis. 33: 853-860.
76. Williamson, D.A., H.E. Sidjabat, J.T. Freeman, et al. 2012. Identification and molecular characterisation of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)- and NDM-6-producing Enterobacteriaceae from New Zealand hospitals. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 39: 529-533.
77. Tada, T., T. Miyoshi-Akiyama, R.K. Dahal, et al. 2013. NDM-8 metallo-beta-lactamase in a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain isolated in Nepal. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57: 2394-2396.
78. Carattoli, A. 2009. Resistance plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 2227-2238.
79. Toleman, M.A., D. Biedenbach, D.M. Bennett, et al. 2005. Italian metallo-beta-lactamases: a national problem? Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55: 61-70.
80. Tato, M., T.M. Coque, F. Baquero & R. Canton . 2010. Dispersal of carbapenemase blaVIM-1 gene associated with different Tn402 variants, mercury transposons, and conjugative plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54: 320-327.
81. Lee, K., W.G. Lee, Y. Uh, et al. 2003. VIM- and IMP-type metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. in Korean hospitals. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9: 868-871.
82. Samuelsen, O., M.A. Toleman, V. Hasseltvedt, et al. 2011. Molecular characterization of VIM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from Scandinavia reveals genetic relatedness with international clonal complexes encoding transferable multidrug resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17: 1811-1816.
83. Sonnevend, A., A. Ghazawi, N. Yahfoufi, et al. 2012. VIM-4 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae in the United Arab Emirates. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18: E494-E496.
84. Walsh, T.R. 2010. Emerging carbapenemases: a global perspective. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 36(Suppl 3): S8-S14.
85. Papagiannitsis, C.C., S.D. Kotsakis, E. Petinaki, et al. 2011. Characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-27, an A57S mutant of VIM-1 associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 3570-3572.
86. Giakoupi, P., H. Maltezou, M. Polemis, et al. 2009. KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in Greek hospitals are mainly due to a hyperepidemic clone. Euro Surv. 14: pii 19218.
87. Steinmann, J., M. Kaase, S. Gatermann, et al. 2011. Outbreak due to a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain harbouring KPC-2 and VIM-1 in a German university hospital, July 2010 to January 2011. Euro Surv. 16: pii 19944.
88. Perilli, M., C. Bottoni, A. Grimaldi, et al. 2013. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae harbouring blaKPC-3 and blaVIM-2 from central Italy. Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 75: 218-221.
89. Rojas, L.J., M.F. Mojica, V.M. Blanco, et al. 2013. Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae coharboring KPC and VIM carbapenemases in Colombia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57: 1101-1102.
90. Peirano, G., C. Lascols, M. Hackel, et al. 2014. Molecular epidemiology of Enterobacteriaceae that produce VIMs and IMPs from the SMART surveillance program. Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 78: 277-281
91. Hrabak, J., C.C. Papagiannitsis, V. Studentova, et al. 2013. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Czech Republic in 2011. Euro Surv. 18: 20626.
92. Lupo, A., K.M. Papp-Wallace, P. Sendi, et al. 2013. Non-phenotypic tests to detect and characterize antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae. Diag. Microb. Infect. Dis. 77: 179-194.
93. Munoz-Price, L.S., L. Poirel, R.A. Bonomo, et al. 2013. Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect. Dis. 13: 785-796.
94. Gupta, N., B.M. Limbago, J.B. Patel & A.J. Kallen . 2011. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: epidemiology and prevention. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53: 60-67.
95. Nordmann, P., G. Cuzon & T. Naas . 2009. The real threat of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Lancet Infect. Dis. 9: 228-236.
96. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Tracking CRE. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cre/TrackingCRE.html. Accessed 14 July 2014.
97. Sievert, D.M., P. Ricks, J.R. Edwards, et al. 2013. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009-2010. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 34: 1-14.
98. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. Vital signs: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. MMWR. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 62: 165-170.
99. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2013. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2012. Available at http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/EARS-Net/Pages/index.aspx. Accessed 14 July 2014.
100. Akova, M., G.L. Daikos, L. Tzouvelekis & Y. Carmeli . 2012. Interventional strategies and current clinical experience with carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18: 439-448.
101. Ben-David, D., S. Masarwa, S. Navon-Venezia, et al. 2011. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in post-acute-care facilities in Israel. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 32: 845-853.
102. Swaminathan, M., S. Sharma, S. Poliansky Blash, et al. 2013. Prevalence and risk factors for acquisition of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the setting of endemicity. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 34: 809-817.
103. Wiener-Well, Y., B. Rudensky, A.M. Yinnon, et al. 2010. Carriage rate of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospitalised patients during a national outbreak. J. Hospital Infect. 74: 344-349.
104. Walsh, T.R., J. Weeks, D.M. Livermore & M.A. Toleman . 2011. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 11: 355-362.
105. Adler, A., S. Navon-Venezia, J. Moran-Gilad, et al. 2011. Laboratory and clinical evaluation of screening agar plates for detection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from surveillance rectal swabs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49: 2239-2242.
106. Feldman, N., A. Adler, N. Molshatzki, et al. 2013. Gastrointestinal colonization by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae following hospital discharge: duration of carriage and risk factors for persistent carriage. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19: E190-E196.
107. Schechner, V., T. Kotlovsky, J. Tarabeia, et al. 2011. Predictors of rectal carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among patients with known CRE carriage at their next hospital encounter. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 32: 497-503.
108. Zimmerman, F.S., M.V. Assous, T. Bdolah-Abram, et al. 2013. Duration of carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae following hospital discharge. Am. J. Infect. Control 41: 190-194.
109. Schechner, V., T. Kotlovsky, M. Kazma, et al. 2013. Asymptomatic rectal carriage of blaKPC producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: who is prone to become clinically infected? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19: 451-456.
110. Borer, A., L. Saidel-Odes, S. Eskira, et al. 2012. Risk factors for developing clinical infection with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospital patients initially only colonized with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Am. J. Infect. Control 40: 421-425.
111. Schwaber, M.J., S. Klarfeld-Lidji, S. Navon-Venezia, et al. 2008. Predictors of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae acquisition among hospitalized adults and effect of acquisition on mortality. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 1028-1033.
112. Borer, A., L. Saidel-Odes, K. Riesenberg, et al. 2009. Attributable mortality rate for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 30: 972-976.
113. Patel, G., S. Huprikar, S.H. Factor, et al. 2008. Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the impact of antimicrobial and adjunctive therapies. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 29: 1099-1106.
114. Bleumin, D., M.J. Cohen, O. Moranne, et al. 2012. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with poor outcome in hemodialysis patients. J. Infect. 65: 318-325.
115. Ben-David, D., R. Kordevani, N. Keller, et al. 2012. Outcome of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18: 54-60.
116. Hussein, K., A. Raz-Pasteur, R. Finkelstein, et al. 2013. Impact of carbapenem resistance on the outcome of patients' hospital-acquired bacteraemia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Hospital Infect. 83: 307-313.
117. Bhattacharya, S. 2013. Early diagnosis of resistant pathogens: how can it improve antimicrobial treatment? Virulence 4: 172-184.
118. Neuner, E.A., J.Y. Yeh, G.S. Hall, et al. 2011. Treatment and outcomes in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 69: 357-362.
119. Gastmeier, P. & R.P. Vonberg . 2014. Klebsiella spp. in endoscopy-associated infections: we may only be seeing the tip of the iceberg. Infection 42: 15-21.
120. Vergara-Lopez, S., M.C. Dominguez, M.C. Conejo, et al. 2013. Wastewater drainage system as an occult reservoir in a protracted clonal outbreak due to metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella oxytoca. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19: E490-E498.
121. Bonten, M.J. 2012. Colonization pressure: a critical parameter in the epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Crit. Care 16: 142.
122. Lin, M.Y., R.D. Lyles-Banks, K. Lolans, et al. 2013. The importance of long-term acute care hospitals in the regional epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin. Infect. Dis. 57: 1246-1252.
123. Won, S.Y., L.S. Munoz-Price, K. Lolans, et al. 2011. Emergence and rapid regional spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53: 532-540.
124. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with a long-term-care facility - West Virginia, 2009-2011. MMWR. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 60: 1418-1420.
125. Marchaim, D., D.E. Katz & L.S. Munoz-Price . 2013. Emergence and control of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in older adults. Current Transl. Geriatr. Gerontol. Rep. 2: 113-124.
126. Schwaber, M.J. & Y. Carmeli . 2014. An ongoing national intervention to contain the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Clin. Infect. Dis. 58: 697-703.
127. Perez, F., A. Endimiani, A.J. Ray, et al. 2010. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae across a hospital system: impact of post-acute care facilities on dissemination. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65: 1807-1818.
128. Marchaim, D., T. Chopra, J.M. Pogue, et al. 2011. Outbreak of colistin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 593-599.
129. Nordmann, P., J.P. Couard, D. Sansot & L. Poirel . 2012. Emergence of an autochthonous and community-acquired NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Europe. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54: 150-151.
130. Arpin, C., P. Noury, D. Boraud, et al. 2012. NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to colistin in a French community patient without history of foreign travel. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56: 3432-3434.
131. Glupczynski, Y., T.D. Huang, W. Bouchahrouf, et al. 2012. Rapid emergence and spread of OXA-48-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Belgian hospitals. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 39: 168-172.
132. Yong, D., M.A. Toleman, C.G. Giske, et al. 2009. Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 5046-5054.
133. Leverstein-Van Hall, M.A., J.C. Stuart, G.M. Voets, et al. 2010. Global spread of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10: 830-831.
134. Poirel, L., C. Hombrouck-Alet, C. Freneaux, et al. 2010. Global spread of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10: 832.
135. Khan, A.U. & P. Nordmann . 2012. NDM-1-producing Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae from diabetic foot ulcers in India. J. Med. Microbiol. 61: 454-456.
136. Birgy, A., C. Doit, P. Mariani-Kurkdjian, et al. 2011. Early detection of colonization by VIM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and NDM-1-producing Escherichia coli in two children returning to France. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49: 3085-3087.
137. Isozumi, R., K. Yoshimatsu, T. Yamashiro, et al. 2012. bla(NDM-1)-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae from environment, Vietnam. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18: 1383-1385.
138. Potron, A., L. Poirel, F. Bussy & P. Nordmann . 2011. Occurrence of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase gene blaOXA-48 in the environment in Morocco. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 5413-5414.
139. Shahid, M., A. Malik, M. Adil, et al. 2009. Comparison of beta-lactamase genes in clinical and food bacterial isolates in India. J. Infect. Dev. Countries 3: 593-598.
140. Munoz-Price, L.S. & J.P. Quinn . 2013. Deconstructing the infection control bundles for the containment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 26: 378-387.
141. Munoz-Price, L.S., M.K. Hayden, K. Lolans, et al. 2010. Successful control of an outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae at a long-term acute care hospital. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 31: 341-347.
142. Kochar, S., T. Sheard, R. Sharma, et al. 2009. Success of an infection control program to reduce the spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 30: 447-452.
143. D'Agata, E.M., M.A. Horn, S. Ruan, et al. 2012. Efficacy of infection control interventions in reducing the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms in the hospital setting. PloS One 7: e30170.
144. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Guidance for control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE): 2012 CRE Toolkit. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cre/cre-toolkit/ Accessed 14 July 2014.
145. Carmeli, Y., M. Akova, G. Cornaglia, et al. 2010. Controlling the spread of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negatives: therapeutic approach and infection control. Clin. Microb. Infect. 16: 102-111.
146. Ben-David, D., Y. Maor, N. Keller, et al. 2010. Potential role of active surveillance in the control of a hospital-wide outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 31: 620-626.
147. Schechner, V., K. Straus-Robinson, D. Schwartz, et al. 2009. Evaluation of PCR-based testing for surveillance of KPC-producing carbapenem-resistant members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 3261-3265.
148. Bilavsky, E., M.J. Schwaber & Y. Carmeli . 2010. How to stem the tide of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae?: proactive versus reactive strategies. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 23: 327-331.
149. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2011. Risk assessment on the spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) through patient transfer between healthcare facilities, with special emphasis on cross-border transfer. Available at http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/technical_reports/arhai/Pages/arhai.aspx. Accessed 14 July 2014.
150. Kruse, E.B., U. Aurbach & H. Wisplinghoff . 2013. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: laboratory detection and infection control practices. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 15: 549-558.
151. Calfee, D. & S.G. Jenkins . 2008. Use of active surveillance cultures to detect asymptomatic colonization with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in intensive care unit patients. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 29: 966-968.
152. Cohen, M.J., C. Block, P.D. Levin, et al. 2011. Institutional control measures to curtail the epidemic spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a 4-year perspective. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 32: 673-678.
153. Palmore, T.N. & D.K. Henderson . 2013. Managing transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in healthcare settings: a view from the trenches. Clin. Infect. Dis. 57: 1593-1599.
154. Siegel, J.D., E. Rhinehart, M. Jackson, et al. 2007. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings, 2006. Am. J. Infect. Control 35: S165-S193.
155. Gregory, C.J., E. Llata, N. Stine, et al. 2010. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Puerto Rico associated with a novel carbapenemase variant. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 31: 476-484.
156. Lerner, A., A. Adler, J. Abu-Hanna, et al. 2013. Environmental contamination by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51: 177-181.
157. Maltezou, H.C. 2009. Metallo-beta-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria: introducing the era of pan-resistance? Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33: 405 e401-e407.
158. Climo, M.W., D.S. Yokoe, D.K. Warren, et al. 2013. Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infection. New England J. Med. 368: 533-542.
159. Munoz-Price, L.S., C. De La Cuesta, S. Adams, et al. 2010. Successful eradication of a monoclonal strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae during a K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae outbreak in a surgical intensive care unit in Miami, Florida. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 31: 1074-1077.
160. Naparstek, L., Y. Carmeli, I. Chmelnitsky, et al. 2012. Reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine among extremely-drug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Hospital Infect. 81: 15-19.
161. Saidel-Odes, L., H. Polachek, N. Peled, et al. 2012. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination using oral gentamicin and oral polymyxin E for eradication of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carriage. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 33: 14-19.
162. Oren, I., H. Sprecher, R. Finkelstein, et al. 2013. Eradication of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae gastrointestinal colonization with nonabsorbable oral antibiotic treatment: a prospective controlled trial. Am. J. Infect. Control 41: 1167-1172.
163. Lubbert, C., S. Faucheux, D. Becker-Rux, et al. 2013. Rapid emergence of secondary resistance to gentamicin and colistin following selective digestive decontamination in patients with KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: a single-centre experience. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 42: 565-570.
164. Wittekamp, B.H. & M.J. Bonten . 2012. Antibiotic prophylaxis in the era of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs 21: 767-772.
165. van der Meer, J.W. & C.M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls . 2013. Resistance to selective decontamination: the jury is still out. Lancet Infect. Dis. 13: 282-283.
166. Elpern, E.H., K. Killeen, A. Ketchem, et al. 2009. Reducing use of indwelling urinary catheters and associated urinary tract infections. Am. J. Crit. Care 18: 535-541.
167. Cload, B., A.G. Day & R. Ilan . 2010. Evaluation of unnecessary central venous catheters in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Can. J. Anaesthesia 57: 830-835.
168. Marchaim, D., T. Chopra, A. Bhargava, et al. 2012. Recent exposure to antimicrobials and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: the role of antimicrobial stewardship. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 33: 817-830.
169. Chitnis, A.S., P.S. Caruthers, A.K. Rao, et al. 2012. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae at a long-term acute care hospital: sustained reductions in transmission through active surveillance and targeted interventions. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol.: 33: 984-992.
170. Borer, A., S. Eskira, R. Nativ, et al. 2011. A multifaceted intervention strategy for eradication of a hospital-wide outbreak caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Southern Israel. Infect. Control Hospital Epidemiol. 32: 1158-1165.
171. Kassis-Chikhani, N., F. Saliba, A. Carbonne, et al. 2010. Extended measures for controlling an outbreak of VIM-1 producing imipenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a liver transplant centre in France, 2003-2004. Euro Surv. 15: pii 19713.
172. Sistanizad, M., M. Kouchek, M. Miri, et al. 2013. Carbapenem restriction and its effect on bacterial resistance in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital. Iranian J. Pharmaceutical Res. 12: 503-509.
173. Hirsch, E.B. & V.H. Tam . 2010. Detection and treatment options for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs): an emerging cause of multidrug-resistant infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65: 1119-1125.
174. Lee, G.C. & D.S. Burgess . 2012. Treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) infections: a review of published case series and case reports. Ann. Clin. Microb. Antimicrob. 11: 32.
175. Falagas, M.E., P. Lourida, P. Poulikakos, et al. 2014. Antibiotic treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: systematic evaluation of the available evidence. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58: 654-663.
176. Nguyen, M., G.A. Eschenauer, M. Bryan, et al. 2010. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: factors correlated with clinical and microbiologic outcomes. Diag. Microb. Infect. Dis. 67: 180-184.
177. Li, J., R.L. Nation, J.D. Turnidge, et al. 2006. Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6: 589-601.
178. Kwon, J.A., J.E. Lee, W. Huh, et al. 2010. Predictors of acute kidney injury associated with intravenous colistin treatment. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 35: 473-477.
179. Deryke, C.A., A.J. Crawford, N. Uddin & M.R. Wallace . 2010. Colistin dosing and nephrotoxicity in a large community teaching hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54: 4503-4505.
180. Dalfino, L., F. Puntillo, A. Mosca, et al. 2012. High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54: 1720-1726.
181. Pogue, J.M., J. Lee, D. Marchaim, et al. 2011. Incidence of and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity in a large academic health system. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53: 879-884.
182. Rocco, M., L. Montini, E. Alessandri, et al. 2013. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients receiving high intravenous doses of colistin methanesulfonate and/or other nephrotoxic antibiotics: a retrospective cohort study. Crit. Care 17: R174.
183. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2013. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns of increased risk of death with IV antibacterial Tygacil (tigecycline) and approves new boxed warning. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugSafetyPodcasts/ucm370626.htm. Accessed 14 July 2014.
184. Pucci, M.J. & K. Bush . 2013. Investigational antimicrobial agents of 2013. Clin. Microb. Rev. 26: 792-821.
185. Begg, E.J. & M.L. Barclay . 1995. Aminoglycosides-50 years on. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 39: 597-603.
186. Drusano, G.L. & A. Louie . 2011. Optimization of aminoglycoside therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 2528-2531.
187. Livermore, D.M., S. Mushtaq, M. Warner, et al. 2011. Activity of aminoglycosides, including ACHN-490, against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66: 48-53.
188. Satlin, M.J., C.J. Kubin, J.S. Blumenthal, et al. 2011. Comparative effectiveness of aminoglycosides, polymyxin B, and tigecycline for clearance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from urine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 5893-5899.
189. Daikos, G.L. & A. Markogiannakis . 2011. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: (when) might we still consider treating with carbapenems? Clin. Microb. Infect. 17: 1135-1141.
190. Bulik, C.C. & D.P. Nicolau . 2011. Double-carbapenem therapy for carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 3002-3004.
191. Tamma, P.D., S.E. Cosgrove & L.L. Maragakis . 2012. Combination therapy for treatment of infections with Gram-negative bacteria. Clin. Microb. Rev. 25: 450-470.
192. Petrosillo, N., M. Giannella, R. Lewis & P. Viale . 2013. Treatment of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: the state of the art. Exp. Rev. Anti-infective Ther. 11: 159-177.
193. Tumbarello, M., P. Viale, C. Viscoli, et al. 2012. Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae: importance of combination therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55: 943-950.
194. Lee, J., G. Patel, S. Huprikar, et al. 2009. Decreased susceptibility to polymyxin B during treatment for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. J. Clin. Microb. 47: 1611-1612.
195. National Institutes of Health. Multicenter open-label randomized controlled trial (RCT) to compare colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem. Available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01732250?term=%22colistin+alone+versus%22&recr=Open&rank=1. Accessed 15 June 2014.
196. National Institutes of Health. 2014. Trial for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. Available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01597973?term=%22trial+for+the+treatment+of+extensively+drug-resistant%22&rank=1. Accessed 15 June 2014.
197. Drawz, S.M., K.M. Papp-Wallace & R.A. Bonomo . 2014. New beta-lactamase inhibitors: a therapeutic renaissance in an MDR world. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58: 1835-1846.
198. Livermore, D.M., M. Warner & S. Mushtaq . 2013. Activity of MK-7655 combined with imipenem against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68: 2286-2290.
199. Livermore, D.M., S. Mushtaq, M. Warner & J.C. Zhang, 2013. Activity of biapenem (RPX2003) combined with the boronate beta-lactamase inhibitor RPX7009 against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68: 1825-1831.
200. Sutcliffe, J.A., W. O'Brien, C. Fyfe & T.H. Grossman . 2013. Antibacterial activity of eravacycline (TP-434), a novel fluorocycline, against hospital and community pathogens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57: 5548-5558.