Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections

Lancet Infectious Diseases

Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 589-601

  Li, Jian ^a   Nation, Roger L ^a   Turnidge, John D ^b   Milne, Robert W ^c   Coulthard, Kingsley ^b,c   Rayner, Craig R ^a   Paterson, David L ^d  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b WOMEN S AND CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLAVULANIC ACID; COLISTIMETHATE; COLISTIN; COLY MYCIN M; CREATININE; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; MEROPENEM; PIPERACILLIN; SULTAMICILLIN; TOBRAMYCIN;

ABDOMINAL INFECTION; ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; BRONCHOSPASM; CATHETER INFECTION; CHEST TIGHTNESS; CONFUSION; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DISPOSITION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG LABELING; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; GRAM NEGATIVE INFECTION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INCUBATION TIME; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY TUBULE ABSORPTION; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; MENINGITIS; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTHESIS INFECTION; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; SINUSITIS; SURGICAL INFECTION; THERAPY EFFECT; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COLISTIN; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS;

EID: 33747362870     PISSN: 14733099     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70580-1     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Bad bugs, no drugs. http://www.idsociety.org/pa/IDSA_Paper4_final_web.pdf (accessed July 23, 2006)
2. Li J., Nation R., Milne R., Turnidge J., and Coulthard K. Evaluation of colistin as an agent against multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 25 (2005) 11-25
3. Jain R., and Danziger L. Multidrug-resistant acinetobacter infections: an emerging challenge to clinicians. Ann Pharmacother 38 (2004) 1449-1459
4. Livermore D. The need for new antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect 10 suppl 4 (2004) 1-9
5. Livermore D. The threat from the pink corner. Ann Med 35 (2003) 226-234
6. Falagas M., Bliziotis I., Kasiakou S., Samonis G., Athanassopoulou P., and Michalopoulos A. Outcome of infections due to pandrug-resistant (PDR) Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Infect Dis 5 (2005) 24
7. Falagas M., and Kasiakou S. Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005) 1333-1341
8. Karabinis A., Paramythiotou E., Mylona-Petropoulo D., et al. Colistin for Klebsiella pneumoniae-associated sepsis. Clin Infect Dis 38 (2004) e7-e9
9. Livermore D. Tigecycline: what is it, and where should it be used?. J Antimicrob Chemother 56 (2005) 611-614
10. Dean C., Visalli M., Projan S., Sum P., and Bradford P. Efflux-mediated resistance to tigecycline (GAR-936) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 (2003) 972-978
11. Evans M., Feola D., and Rapp R. Polymyxin B sulfate and colistin: old antibiotics for emerging multiresistant gram-negative bacteria. Ann Pharmacother 33 (1999) 960-967
12. Sueke H., Marsh H., and Dhital A. Using intrathecal colistin for multidrug resistant shunt infection. Br J Neurosurg 19 (2005) 51-52
13. Reina R., Estenssoro E., Saenz G., et al. Safety and efficacy of colistin in acinetobacter and pseudomonas infections: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 31 (2005) 1058-1065
14. Quinn A., Parada J., Belmares J., and O'Keefe J. Intrathecal colistin and sterilization of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa shunt infection. Ann Pharmacother 39 (2005) 949-952
15. Obritsch M., Fish D., Maclaren R., and Jung R. Nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: epidemiology and treatment options. Pharmacotherapy 25 (2005) 1353-1364
16. Mubareka S., and Rubinstein E. Aerosolized colistin for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in patients without cystic fibrosis. Crit Care 9 (2005) 29-30
17. Michalopoulos A., Kasiakou S., Rosmarakis E., and Falagas M. Cure of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia with continuous intravenous infusion of colistin. Scand J Infect Dis 37 (2005) 142-145
18. Michalopoulos A., Tsiodras S., Rellos K., Mentzelopoulos S., and Falagas M. Colistin treatment in patients with ICU-acquired infections caused by multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria: the renaissance of an old antibiotic. Clin Microbiol Infect 11 (2005) 115-121
19. Katragkou A., and Roilides E. Successful treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infections with colistin. J Clin Microbiol 43 (2005) 4916-4917
20. Kasiakou S., Rafailidis P., Liaropoulos K., and Falagas M. Cure of post-traumatic recurrent multiresistant Gram-negative rod meningitis with intraventricular colistin. J Infect 50 (2005) 348-352
21. Gump W., and Walsh J. Intrathecal colistin for treatment of highly resistant pseudomonas ventriculitis. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 102 (2005) 915-917
22. Falagas M., Rizos M., Bliziotis I., Rellos K., Kasiakou S., and Michalopoulos A. Toxicity after prolonged (more than four weeks) administration of intravenous colistin. BMC Infect Dis 5 (2005) 1
23. Bukhary Z., Mahmood W., Al-Khani A., and Al-Abdely H. Treatment of nosocomial meningitis due to a multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with intraventricular colistin. Saudi Med J 26 (2005) 656-658
24. Berlana D., Llop J., Fort E., Badia M., and Jodar R. Use of colistin in the treatment of multiple-drug-resistant gram-negative infections. Am J Health Syst Pharm 62 (2005) 39-47
25. Bratu S., Tolaney P., Karumudi U., et al. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY: molecular epidemiology and in vitro activity of polymyxin B and other agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 56 (2005) 128-132
26. Bratu S., Quale J., Cebular S., Heddurshetti R., and Landman D. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brooklyn, New York: molecular epidemiology and in vitro activity of polymyxin B. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24 (2005) 196-201
27. Sarria J., Angulo-Pernett F., Kimbrough R., McVay C., and Vidal A. Use of intravenous polymyxin B during continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 23 (2004) 340-341
28. Coly-Mycin M Parenteral [package insert] (2006), Link Medical Products Pty Ltd, Mosman, NSW, Australia
29. Coly-Mycin M Parenteral [package insert] (2005), Monarch Pharmaceuticals, Bristol, TN, USA
30. Colomycin Injection [Summary of product characteristics] (2004), Forest Laboratories UK Ltd, Bexley, Kent, UK
31. Li J., Coulthard K., Milne R., et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous colistin methanesulphonate in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 52 (2003) 987-992
32. Li J., Milne R., Nation R., Turnidge J., and Coulthard K. Stability of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate in aqueous media and plasma studied by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 (2003) 1364-1370
33. Li J., Milne R., Nation R., Turnidge J., Smeaton T., and Coulthard K. Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate. J Antimicrob Chemother 53 (2004) 837-840
34. Li J., Turnidge J., Milne R., Nation R., and Coulthard K. In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 (2001) 781-785
35. Barnett M., Bushby S., and Wilkinson S. Sodium sulphomethyl derivatives of polymyxins. Br J Pharmacol 23 (1964) 552-574
36. Li J., Milne R., Nation R., Turnidge J., Smeaton T., and Coulthard K. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to study the pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate in rats following intravenous administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 (2003) 1766-1770
37. Bergen P., Li J., Rayner C., and Nation R. Colistin methanesulfonate is an inactive pro-drug of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 (2006) 1953-1958
38. In: Sweetman S. (Ed). Martindale. 34th edn. (2005), The Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK
39. Levin A., Barone A., Penco J., et al. Intravenous colistin as therapy for nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Infect Dis 28 (1999) 1008-1011
40. Michalopoulos A., Kasiakou S., Mastora Z., Rellos K., Kapaskelis A., and Falagas M. Aerosolized colistin for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in patients without cystic fibrosis. Crit Care 9 (2005) R53-R59
41. Conway S., Etherington C., Munday J., Goldman M., Strong J., and Wootton M. Safety and tolerability of bolus intravenous colistin in acute respiratory exacerbations in adults with cystic fibrosis. Ann Pharmacother 34 (2000) 1238-1242
42. Conway S., Pond M., Watson A., Etherington C., Robey H., and Goldman M. Intravenous colistin sulphomethate in acute respiratory exacerbations in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 52 (1997) 987-993
43. Markou N., Apostolakos H., Koumoudiou C., et al. Intravenous colistin in the treatment of sepsis from multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli in critically ill patients. Crit Care 7 (2003) R78-R83
44. Ledson M., Gallagher M., Cowperthwaite C., Convery R., and Walshaw M. Four years' experience of intravenous colomycin in an adult cystic fibrosis unit. Eur Respir J 12 (1998) 592-594
45. Reed M., Stern R., O'Riordan M., and Blumer J. The pharmacokinetics of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Pharmacol 41 (2001) 645-654
46. Gales A., Reis A., and Jones R. Contemporary assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for polymyxin B and colistin: review of available interpretative criteria and quality control guidelines. J Clin Microbiol 39 (2001) 183-190
47. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institution. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Fifteenth information supplement (M100-S15) (2005), CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA
48. Li J., Milne R., Nation R., Turnidge J., Coulthard K., and Valentine J. Simple method for assaying colistin methanesulfonate in plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 (2002) 3304-3307
49. Li J., Milne R., Nation R., Turnidge J., Coulthard K., and Johnson D. A simple method for the assay of colistin in human plasma, using pre-column derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate in solid-phase extraction cartridges and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 761 (2001) 167-175
50. Li J., Rayner C., Nation R., et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin in a critically ill patient receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 (2005) 4814-4815
51. Al-Khayyat A., and Aronson A. Pharmacologic and toxicologic studies with the polymyxins. II. Comparative pharmacologic studies of the sulfate and methanesulfonate salts of polymyxin B and colistin in dogs. Chemotherapy 19 (1973) 82-97
52. Froman J., Gross L., and Curatola S. Serum and urine levels following parenteral administration of sodium colistimethate to normal individuals. J Urol 103 (1970) 210-214
53. Schulin T. In vitro activity of the aerosolized agents colistin and tobramycin and five intravenous agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients in southwestern Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 49 (2002) 403-406
54. Trotman R., Williamson J., Shoemaker D., and Salzer W. Antibiotic dosing in critically ill adult patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Clin Infect Dis 41 (2005) 1159-1166
55. Jimenez-Mejias M., Becerril B., Marquez-Rivas F., Pichardo C., Cuberos L., and Pachon J. Successful treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis with intravenous colistin sulfomethate sodium. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19 (2000) 970-971
56. Jimenez-Mejias M., Pichardo-Guerrero C., Marquez-Rivas F., Martin-Lozano D., Prados T., and Pachon J. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters of intravenously administered colistin in a case of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21 (2002) 212-214
57. Le Brun P., de Boer A., Mannes G., et al. Dry powder inhalation of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis therapy, part 2: inhalation of a novel colistin dry powder formulation: a feasibility study in healthy volunteers and patients. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 54 (2002) 25-32
58. Ratjen F., Rietschel E., Kasel D., et al. Pharmacokinetics of inhaled colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 57 (2006) 306-311
59. Eickhoff T., and Finland M. Polymyxin B and colistin: in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Med Sci 249 (1965) 172-174
60. Catchpole C., Andrews J., Brenwald N., and Wise R. A reassessment of the in-vitro activity of colistin sulphomethate sodium. J Antimicrob Chemother 39 (1997) 255-260
61. Tam V., Schilling A., Vo G., et al. Pharmacodynamics of polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 (2005) 3624-3630
62. Gunderson B., Ibrahim K., Hovde L., Fromm T., Reed M., and Rotschafer J. Synergistic activity of colistin and ceftazidime against multiantibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 (2003) 905-909
63. Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL, Owen R, Tan KE, Spelman D. In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate against Acinetobacter baumannii. 45th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; Washington, DC, USA; Dec 16-19, 2005.
64. Montero A., Ariza J., Corbella X., et al. Efficacy of colistin versus beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and rifampin as monotherapy in a mouse model of pneumonia caused by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 (2002) 1946-1952
65. Young M., Bains M., Bell A., and Hancock R. Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane protein OprH in polymyxin and gentamicin resistance: isolation of an OprH-deficient mutant by gene replacement techniques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36 (1992) 2566-2568
66. Nicas T., and Hancock R. Outer membrane protein H1 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: involvement in adaptive and mutational resistance to ethylenediaminetetraacetate, polymyxin B, and gentamicin. J Bacteriol 143 (1980) 872-878
67. Makela P., Sarvas M., Calcagno S., and Lounatmaa K. Isolation and genetic characterization of polymyxin-resistant mutants of salmonella. FEMS Microbiol Lett 3 (1978) 323-326
68. 2+ environments. J Bacteriol 179 (1997) 7040-7045
69. Conrad R., and Galanos C. Fatty acid alterations and polymyxin B binding by lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa adapted to polymyxin B resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33 (1989) 1724-1728
70. Vaara M., Vaara T., Jensen M., et al. Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide from the polymyxin-resistant pmrA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. FEBS Lett 129 (1981) 145-149
71. Vaara M., Vaara T., and Sarvas M. Decreased binding of polymyxin by polymyxin-resistant mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 139 (1979) 664-667
72. Gunn J., and Miller S. PhoP-PhoQ activates transcription of pmrAB, encoding a two-component regulatory system involved in Salmonella typhimurium antimicrobial peptide resistance. J Bacteriol 178 (1996) 6857-6864
73. Moskowitz S., Ernst R., and Miller S. PmrAB, a two-component regulatory system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that modulates resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and addition of aminoarabinose to lipid A. J Bacteriol 186 (2004) 575-579
74. Campos M., Vargas M., Regueiro V., Llompart C., Alberti S., and Bengoechea J. Capsule polysaccharide mediates bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Infect Immun 72 (2004) 7107-7114
75. Gatzeva-Topalova P., May A., and Sousa M. Crystal structure of Escherichia coli ArnA (PmrI) decarboxylase domain. A key enzyme for lipid A modification with 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose and polymyxin resistance. Biochemistry 43 (2004) 13370-13379
76. Mathur J., and Waldor M. The Vibrio cholerae ToxR-regulated porin OmpU confers resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Infect Immun 72 (2004) 3577-3583
77. Winfield M., Latifi T., and Groisman E. Transcriptional regulation of the 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose biosynthetic genes in Yersinia pestis. J Biol Chem 280 (2005) 14765-14772
78. Hoiby N., Frederiksen B., and Pressler T. Eradication of early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. J Cyst Fibros 4 suppl 2 (2005) 49-54
79. Littlewood J., Koch C., Lambert P., et al. A ten year review of Colomycin. Respir Med 94 (2000) 632-640
80. Conway S., Brownlee K., Denton M., and Peckham D. Antibiotic treatment of multidrug-resistant organisms in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Med 2 (2003) 321-332
81. Kitzis MD, Acar JF, Ly A, Goldstein FW. Very high frequency of mutation to colistin resistance in gram-negative bacteria. 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; Washington, DC, USA; Oct 30-Nov 2, 2004.
82. Pai H, Byeon J. Mutant prevention concentration of polymyxin B for the clinical isolates of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; Washington, DC, USA; Oct 30-Nov 2, 2004.
83. Gilad J, Eskira S, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F, Hyam E, Borer A. Emergence of nosocomial colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. 45th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; Washington, DC, USA; Dec 16-19, 2005.
84. Beringer P. The clinical use of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 7 (2001) 434-440
85. Garnacho-Montero J., Ortiz-Leyba C., Jimenez-Jimenez F., et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with intravenous colistin: a comparison with imipenem-susceptible VAP. Clin Infect Dis 36 (2003) 1111-1118
86. Al-Aloul M., Miller H., Alapati S., Stockton P., Ledson M., and Walshaw M. Renal impairment in cystic fibrosis patients due to repeated intravenous aminoglycoside use. Pediatr Pulmonol 39 (2005) 15-20
87. Bouallegue-Godet O., Ben Salem Y., Fabre L., et al. Nosocomial outbreak caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Livingstone producing CTX-M-27 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a neonatal unit in Sousse, Tunisia. J Clin Microbiol 43 (2005) 1037-1044
88. Naas T., Bogaerts P., Bauraing C., Degheldre Y., Glupczynski Y., and Nordmann P. Emergence of PER and VEB extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamases in Acinetobacter baumannii in Belgium. J Antimicrob Chemother 58 (2006) 178-182
89. Bishara J., Livne G., Ashkenazi S., et al. Antibacterial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Isr Med Assoc J 7 (2005) 298-301
90. Wolinsky E., and Hines J. Neurotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of colistin in patients with renal disease. N Engl J Med 266 (1962) 759-768
91. Ryan K., Schainuck L., Hickman R., and Striker G. Colistimethate toxicity. Report of a fatal case in a previously healthy child. JAMA 207 (1969) 2099-2101
92. Koch-Weser J., Sidel V., Federman E., Kanarek P., Finer D., and Eaton A. Adverse effects of sodium colistimethate. Manifestations and specific reaction rates during 317 courses of therapy. Ann Intern Med 72 (1970) 857-868
93. Bosso J., Liptak C., Seilheimer D., and Harrison G. Toxicity of colistin in cystic fibrosis patients. DICP Ann Pharmacother 25 (1991) 1168-1170
94. Perkins R. Apnea with intramuscular colistin therapy. JAMA 190 (1964) 421-424
95. Elwood C., Lucas G., and Muehrcke R. Acute renal failure associated with sodium colistimethate treatment. Arch Intern Med 118 (1966) 326-334
96. Adler S., and Segel D. Nonoliguric renal failure secondary to sodium colistimethate: a report of four cases. Am J Med Sci 262 (1971) 109-114
97. Etherington C., Conway S., Peckham D., and Bosomworth M. Urinary N-acetyl -β-D-glucosaminidase [NAG] in adults with CF-a marker of nephrotoxicity?. J Cyst Fibros 3 suppl 1 (2004) S49
98. Kasiakou S., Michalopoulos A., Soteriades E., Samonis G., Sermaides G., and Falagas M. Combination therapy with intravenous colistin for management of infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in patients without cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 (2005) 3136-3146
99. Stein A., and Raoult D. Colistin: an antimicrobial for the 21st century?. Clin Infect Dis 35 (2002) 901-902
100. Daram S., Gogia S., and Bastani B. Colistin-associated acute renal failure: revisited. South Med J 98 (2005) 257-258
101. Li J., Rayner C., and Nation R. Colistin-associated acute renal failure: revisited. South Med J 98 (2005) 1229-1230
102. Berg J., Spilker C., and Lewis S. Modulation of polymyxin B effects on mammalian urinary bladder. Am J Physiol 275 (1998) F204-F215
103. Berg J., Spilker C., and Lewis S. Effects of polymyxin B on mammalian urinary bladder. J Membr Biol 154 (1996) 119-130
104. Lewis J., and Lewis S. Colistin interactions with the mammalian urothelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 286 (2004) C913-C922
105. Kasiakou S., Fragoulis K., Tzagarakis G., Mistidis P., Kapaskelis A., and Falagas M. Cure of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii fixation device-related orthopedic infections in two patients with intravenous colistin. Microb Drug Resist 11 (2005) 287-289
106. Fulnecky E., Wright D., Scheld W., Kanawati L., and Shoham S. Amikacin and colistin for treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. J Infect 51 (2005) e249-e251
107. Linden P., Kusne S., Coley K., Fontes P., Kramer D., and Paterson D. Use of parenteral colistin for the treatment of serious infection due to antimicrobial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis 37 (2003) E154-E160
108. Fernandez-Viladrich P., Corbella X., Corral L., Tubau F., and Mateu A. Successful treatment of ventriculitis due to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with intraventricular colistin sulfomethate sodium. Clin Infect Dis 28 (1999) 916-917
109. Vasen W., Desmery P., Ilutovich S., and Di Martino A. Intrathecal use of colistin. J Clin Microbiol 38 (2000) 3523
110. Mordasini C., Aebischer C., and Schoch O. Inhalational antibiotic therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis and pseudomonas infection. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 127 (1997) 905-910
111. Westerman E., Le Brun P., Touw D., Frijlink H., and Heijerman H. Effect of nebulized colistin sulphate and colistin sulphomethate on lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. J Cyst Fibros 3 (2004) 23-28
112. Marchetti F., Giglio L., Candusso M., Faraguna D., and Assael B. Early antibiotic treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in cystic fibrosis: a critical review of the literature. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 60 (2004) 67-74
113. Jensen T., Pedersen S., Garne S., Heilmann C., Hoiby N., and Koch C. Colistin inhalation therapy in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 19 (1987) 831-838
114. Frederiksen B., Koch C., and Hoiby N. Antibiotic treatment of initial colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa postpones chronic infection and prevents deterioration of pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 23 (1997) 330-335
115. Littlewood J., Miller M., Ghoneim A., and Ramsden C. Nebulized Colomycin for early pseudomonas colonization in cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1 (1985) 865
116. Alothman G., Ho B., Alsaadi M., et al. Bronchial constriction and inhaled colistin in cystic fibrosis. Chest 127 (2005) 522-529
117. Maddison J., Dodd M., and Webb A. Nebulized colistin causes chest tightness in adults with cystic fibrosis. Respir Med 88 (1994) 145-147
118. Dodd M., Abbott J., Maddison J., Moorcroft A., and Webb A. Effect of tonicity of nebulised colistin on chest tightness and pulmonary function in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 52 (1997) 656-658
119. Conway S. Nebulized antibiotic therapy: the evidence. Chron Respir Dis 2 (2005) 35-41
120. Hamer D. Treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and tracheobronchitis caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with aerosolized colistin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 328-330
121. Green S., Nathwani D., Gourlay Y., McMenamin J., Goldberg D., and Kennedy D. Nebulized colistin (polymyxin E) for AIDS-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Int J STD AIDS 3 (1992) 130-131
122. Kwa A., Loh C., Low J., Kurup A., and Tam V. Nebulized colistin in the treatment of pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis 41 (2005) 754-757
123. Giamarellos-Bourboulis E., Xirouchaki E., and Giamarellou H. Interactions of colistin and rifampin on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 40 (2001) 117-120
124. Giamarellos-Bourboulis E., Sambatakou H., Galani I., and Giamarellou H. In vitro interaction of colistin and rifampin on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Chemother 15 (2003) 235-238
125. Hogg G., Barr J., and Webb C. In-vitro activity of the combination of colistin and rifampicin against multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 41 (1998) 494-495
126. Rynn C., Wootton M., Bowker K., Holt H., and Reeves D. In vitro assessment of colistin's antipseudomonal antimicrobial interactions with other antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect 5 (1999) 32-36
127. Petrosillo N., Chinello P., Proietti M., et al. Combined colistin and rifampicin therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: clinical outcome and adverse events. Clin Microbiol Infect 11 (2005) 682-683