Canadian educational approaches for the advancement of pharmacy practice

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

Volumn 78, Issue 7, 2014, Pages

  Frankel, Grace ^a   Louizos, Christopher ^a   Austin, Zubin ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Advanced practice; Entry to practice PharmD; Pharmacy education

Indexed keywords

CANADA; EDUCATION; HUMAN; PHARMACY; PHARMACY STUDENT; PROCEDURES; SCHOOL; TRENDS;

CANADA; EDUCATION, PHARMACY; HUMANS; PHARMACY; SCHOOLS, PHARMACY; STUDENTS, PHARMACY;

EID: 84907242214     PISSN: 00029459     EISSN: 15536467     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5688/ajpe787143     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Task Force on a Blueprint for Pharmacy. Blueprint for pharmacy: designing the future together. The vision for pharmacy: optimal drug therapy outcomes for Canadians through patient-centred care. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Pharmacists Association; 2008. http://www.blueprintforpharmacy.ca/docs/pdfs/2011/05/11/BlueprintVision.pdf?Status5Master. Accessed October 19, 2012.
2. Canadian Pharmacists Association. CPhAposition statement on a doctor of pharmacy degree as an entry-level to practice. http://www.pharmacists.ca/cpha-ca/assets/File/cpha-on-the-issues/PPDoctorOfPharmacyEN.pdf. Accessed October 19, 2012.
3. Blake KB, Madhavan SS. Perceived barriers to provision of medication therapy management services (MTMS) and the likelihood of a pharmacist to work in a pharmacy that provides MTMS. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(3):424-431.
4. Austin Z, Gregory PAM, Martin JC. Negotiation of interprofessional culture shock: the experiences of pharmacists who become physicians. J Interprof Care. 2007;21(1):83-93.
5. Rosenthal M, Austin Z, Tsuyuki RT. Are pharmacists the ultimate barrier to pharmacy practice change? Can Pharm J. 2010;143(1):37-42.
6. Frankel G, Austin Z. Responsibility and confidence: identifying barriers to advanced pharmacy practice. Can Pharm J (Ott).2013;146 (3):155-161.
7. Position Statement and Joint Resolution on the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) for the First Professional Degree at Universities in Canada: Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada (AFPC) and Association of Deans of Pharmacy of Canada (ADPC); February 2010. https://www.afpc.info/sites/default/files/ AFPC_ADPC_PharmD_Position_Statement_Resolution_Sept_2010.pdf Accessed August 12, 2014.
8. The Canadian Council of Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs. accreditation standards and guidelines for the first professional degree in pharmacy programs. January 2013. Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy. Toronto, ON. http://www.ccapp-accredit.ca/site/pdfs/university/CCAPP_accred_standards_degree_2012.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2012.
9. Accreditation of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada (AFPC). Educational outcomes for first professional degree programs in pharmacy (entry-to-practice pharmacy programs) in Canada. June 2010. https://www.afpc.info/sites/default/files/AFPC%20Educational%20Outcomes.pdf Accessed August 12, 2014.
10. National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities. Professional competencies for Canadian pharmacists at entry to practice. March 2007. http://www.ccapp-accredit.ca/site/pdfs/university/Entry_to_Practice:Competencies_March2007_2009.pdf. Accessed October 19, 2012.
11. Austin A, Ensom M. Education of pharmacists in Canada. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72(6):Article 128.
12. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education. Entry-level education in pharmacy: a commitment to change. http://www.aacp.org/resources/historicaldocuments/Documents/COMMISSPOSPAPER3.pdf. Accessed November 5, 2013.
13. Francisco GE. Doctor of pharmacy. In: DiPiro JT, ed. Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy. New York, NY. Informa Healthcare; 2002:276-281.
14. Austin Z. Learning styles of pharmacists: impact on career decisions. Practice Patterns and Teaching Methods. Pharm Educ. 2004;4(1):13-22.
15. Kolb AY, Kolb DA. The Kolb Learning Style Inventory. Version 3.1. 2005 technical specifications. http://www.whitewater-rescue.com/support/pagepics/lsitechmanual.pdf. Accessed October 21, 2012.
16. University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmacy. Admissions requirements 1 application. http://www.pharmacy.ubc.ca/programs/degree-programs/BscP/aboutus. Accessed October 26, 2013.
17. University of Toronto, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy. Admissions. http://pharmacy.utoronto.ca/pharmd/admissions. Accessed Oct 26, 2013.
18. University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy. Faculty of pharmacy and pharmaceutical admissions requirements. http://www.registrar.ualberta.ca/calendar/Admission/Requirements-by-Faculty/15.12.html. Accessed October 26, 2013.
19. University of Saskatchewan, Faculty of Pharmacy. Admissions. http://explore.usask.ca/programs/colleges/pharmacy/pharmacy/index.php. Accessed October 26, 2013.
20. University of Manitoba, Faculty of Pharmacy. Application to pharmacy. http://www.umanitoba.ca/student/admissions/application/ programs/pharmacy-application.html. Accessed October 26, 2013.
21. University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy. Academic requirements. http://uwaterloo.ca/pharmacy/future-students/academic-requirements. Accessed October 26, 2013.
22. Universite de Montreal, Faculte de pharmacie. Doctorat de premier cycle en pharmacie (PharmD). http://pharm.umontreal.ca/etudes/premier-cycle/doctorat-de-premier-cycle-en-pharmacie-pharm-d/. Accessed October 26, 2013.
23. Universite Laval, Faculty of Pharmacy. Admissions Requirements. http://www2.ulaval.ca/admission/deposez-votredemande-dadmission.html. Accessed October 26, 2013.
24. Dalhousie University, Faculty of Pharmacy. Admission requirements. http://www.dal.ca/academics/programs/undergraduate/pharmacy/how_do_I_apply/admission_requirements.html. Accessed October 26, 2013.
25. Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Pharmacy. Pre-requisite courses. http://www.mun.ca/pharmacy/admissions/preadmission.php. Accessed October 26, 2013.
26. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Pharmacy school admission requirements: individual school information. http://www.aacp.org/resources/student/pharmacyforyou/admissions/admissionrequirements/Documents/School%20Admission%20Requirement.pdf. Accessed January 7, 2014.
27. Houglum JE, Aparasu RR, Delfinis TM. Predictors of academic success and failure in a pharmacy professional program. Am J Pharm Educ. 2005;69(3):Article 43.
28. Thomas MC, Draugalis JR. Utility of the pharmacy college admission test (PCAT): implications for the admissions committees. Am J Pharm Educ. 2002; 66(1):47-51.
29. Kuncel NR, Crede M, Thomas LL, Klieger DM, Seiler SN, Woo SE. A meta-analysis of the validity of the pharmacy college admissions test (PCAT) and grade predictors of pharmacy student performance. Am J Pharm Educ. 2005;69(3):Article 51.
30. McCall, KL, MacLaughlin EJ, Fike DS, Ruiz B. Preadmissions predictors of PharmD graduates’ performance on the NAPLEX. Am J Pharm Educ. 2007;71(1):Article 5.
31. Lobb WB, Milkin NE, Mccaffrey DJ, Wilson MC, Bentley JP. The predictive utility of nontraditional test scores for first-year pharmacy student academic performance. Am J Pharm Educ. 2006;70(6):Article 128.
32. PCAT basics: purpose, structure and administration. 2012-2013. Pearson Clinical Assessment, San Antonio, Texas. http://www.pcatweb.info/downloads/Faculty/PCATBasics.pdf. Accessed October 26, 2012.
33. Pharmacy College Admission Test. PCAT Score Interpretation Quick Reference. NCS Pearson 2012. Bloomington, MN. http://www.pcatweb.info/downloads/Faculty/PCATScoreInterpretationQuickReference.pdf. Accessed January 7, 2014.
34. Eva KW, Rosenfeld J, Reiter HI, Norman GR. An admissions OSCE: the multiple mini-interview. Med Educ. 2004;38(3):314-326.
35. Reiter HI, Eva KW, Rosenfeld J, Norman GR. Multiple mini-interview predicts for clinical clerkship performance, national licensure examination performance. Med Educ. 2007;41(4):378-384.
36. Roberts C, Walton M, Rothnie I, et al. Factors affecting the utility of the multiple mini-interview in selecting candidates for graduate-entry medical school. Med Educ. 2008;42(4):396-404.
37. Eva KW, Reiter HI, Rosenfeld J, Norman GR. The relationship between interviewers’ characteristics and ratings assigned during a multiple mini-interview. Acad Med. 2004;79(6):602-609.
38. Cameron AJ, MacKeigan LD. Development and pilot testing of a multiple mini-interview for admission to a pharmacy degree program. Am J Pharm Educ. 2012;76(1):Article 10.
39. Facione PA. The California Critical Thinking Skills Test: college level technical report #1 – experimental validation and content validity. The California Academic Press; 1990. ERIC Document ED 327-549. Pg 1-14.
40. Insight Assessment. CCTST Scales. California Academic Press. http://www.insightassessment.com/Products/Products-Summary/Critical-Thinking-Skills-Tests/California-Critical-Thinking-Skills-Test-CCTST/(language)/eng-US Accessed August 12, 2014.
41. Allen DD, Bond CA. Prepharmacy predictors of success in pharmacy school; grade point averages, pharmacy college admissions test, communication abilities, and critical thinking skills. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21(7):842-849.
42. Oderda GM, Zavod RM, Carter JT, et al. An environmental scan on the status of critical thinking and problem solving skills in colleges/school of pharmacy: report of the 2009-2010 Academic Affairs Standing Committee. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010;74(10):Article S6.
43. Chalmers RK, Adler DS, Haddad AM, Hoffman S, Johnson KA, Woodward JMB. The essential linkage of professional socialization and pharmaceutical care. Am J Pharm Educ. 1995;59(1):85-90.
44. Cisneros RM. Assessment of critical thinking in pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ 2009;73(4):Article 66.
45. Miller D. Longitudinal assessment of critical thinking in pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ. 2003;67(4):Article 120.
46. Austin Z, Gregory PAM, Chiu S. Use of reflection-in-action and self-assessment to promote critical thinking among pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72(3):Article 48.
47. Dawson NV. Physician judgment in clinical settings: methodological influences and cognitive performance. Clin Chem. 1983;39(7):1468-1480.
48. Croskerry P. A universal model of diagnostic reasoning. Acad Med. 2009;84(8):1022-1028.
49. Kassirer JP. Teaching clinical reasoning: case-based and coached. Acad Med. 2010; 85(7):1118-1124.
50. Van Gog T, Ericsson KA, Remy M, Rikers JP, Paas F. Instructional design for advanced learners: establishing connections between the theoretical frameworks of cognitive load and deliberate practice. Educ Technol Res Dev. 2005;53(3):73-81.
51. Vyas D, Ottis EJ, Caligiuri FJ. Teaching clinical reasoning and problem-solving skills using human patient simulation. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75(9):Article 189.
52. Sandars J, Morrison C. What is the net generation? The challenge for future medical education. Med Teach. 2007;29(2-3):85-88.
53. Caldwell JE. Clickers in the large classroom: current research and best practice tips. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2007;6(1):9-20.
54. Greene RJ, Cavell GF, Jackson SHD. Interprofessional clinical education of medical and pharmacy students. Med Educ.1996;30 (2):129-133.
55. Buring SM, Bhushan A, Broeseker A, et al. Interprofessional Education Supplement. Interprofessional education: definitions, student competencies, and guidelines for implementation. Am J Pharm Educ. 2009;73(4):Article 59.
56. Yan J, Gilbert J, Hoffman SJ. World Health Organization Study Group on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice. J Interprof Care. 2007;21:588-589.
57. Pottie K, Haydt S, Farrell B, et al. Pharmacist’s identity development within multidisciplinary primary health teams in Ontario: qualitative results from the IMPACT project. ResSocAdm Pharm. 2009;5(4):319-326.
58. Jorgenson D, Muller A, Whelan AM, Buxton K. Pharmacists teaching in family medicine residency programs. Can Fam Physician 2011;57(9):e341-e346.
59. Jorgenson D, Muller A, Whelan AM. Pharmacist educators in family medicine residency programs: a qualitative analysis. BMC Med Educ. 2012;12(74):1-15.
60. Kaboli PJ, Hoth AB, McClimon BJ and Schnipper JL. Clinical pharmacists and inpatient medical care: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(9):955-964.
61. Hind M, Norman I, Cooper S, et al. Interprofessional perceptions of health care students. J Interprof Care. 2003;17(1):21-34.
62. Tuner J. Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In: Ellemers N, Spears R, Doosje B, eds. Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science; 1999:6-34.
63. Hoffman S, Rosenfield D, Nasmith L. What attracts students to interprofessional education and other health care reform initiatives? J Allied Health. 2009;38(3):e75-e78.
64. University of Manitoba, Faculty of Nursing. Nightmare night care. http://myuminfo.umanitoba.ca/index.asp?sec=143&too=200&dat=2/3/2012&sta=0&wee=5&eve=8&epa=53563. Accessed October 21, 2012.
65. Hall KW, Musing ELS, Miller DA, Tisdale JE. Experiential training for pharmacy students: time for a new approach. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2012;65(4):285-293.
66. American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Rathburn RC, Hester EK, Arnold LM, et al. Importance of direct patient care in advanced pharmacy practice experiences. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32(4):e88-e97.
67. The Canadian Council of Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs. Accreditation standards and guidelines for the first professional degree in pharmacy programs. January 2013. Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy. Toronto, ON. http://www.ccapp-accredit.ca/site/pdfs/university/CCAPP_accred_standards_degree_2012.pdf Accessed August 12, 2014.
68. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Accreditation standards and guidelines for the professional program in pharmacy leading to the doctor of pharmacy degree. February 2011. Chicago, IL: Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/FinalS2007Guidelines2.0.pdf. Accessed January 7, 2014.
69. Plaza CM, Draugalis JR. Implications of advanced pharmacy practice experience placement: a 5-year update. Am J Pharm Educ. 2005;69(3):Article 45.
70. Lindblad AJ, Howorko JM, Cashin RP, Ehlers CJ, Cox CE. The development and evaluation of a student pharmacist clinical teaching unit utilizing peer assisted learning. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2011;64 (6):446-450.
71. Management Committee, Moving Forward: Pharmacy Human Resources for the Future. Final Report. Ottawa (ON). Canadian Pharmacists Association; 2008.
72. Ackman ML, Mysak TM. Structuring an early clinical experience for pharmacy students: lessons learned from the hospital perspective. Can J Hosp Pharm 2009;62(4):320-325.
73. Martin BA, Porter AL, Shawl BS, Moroney SE. A model for partnering first-year student pharmacists with community-based older adults. Am J Pharm Educ. 2012;76(5):Article 85.
74. Bartle B. Graduating a more confident pharmacist: applying the medical model of training. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2005;58(3):127-128.
75. Linblad AJ, Howorko JM, Cashin RP, Ehlers CJ, Cox CE. Development and evaluation of a student pharmacist clinical teaching unit utilizing peer-assisted learning. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2011;64 (6):446-450.
76. Cox CE, Linblad AJ. A collaborative approach to improving and expanding an experiential education program. Am J Pharm Educ. 2012;76(3):Article 53.
77. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Policy Statement #2-11. Professional responsibilities in postgraduate medical education. Updated 2011. http://www.cpso.on.ca/uploadedFiles/policies/policies/policyitems/profrespPG.pdf. Accessed October 21, 2012.
78. Haase KK, Smythe MA, Orlando PL, Resman-Targoff BH, Smith LS. ACCP position statement: ensuring quality experiential education. Pharmacotherapy.2008;28(12):1548-1551.
79. Cho CS, Ramanan RA, Feldmen MD. Defining the ideal qualities of mentorship: a qualitative analysis of the characteristics of outstanding mentors. Am J Med.2011;124(5):453-458.
80. White SJ. How to find and succeed as a mentor. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007;64(12):1258-1259.
81. Nieuwstraten C, Huh A, Liu G, Davis K, Dolovich L. Developing, implementing and evaluating a formal pharmacist mentorship program. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2011;64(2):124-130.
82. Woloschuk DMM, Raymond CB. Development and evaluation of a workplace-based preceptor training course for pharmacy practitioners. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2012;145(5):231-235.
83. Truong C, Wyllie A, Bailie T, Austin Z. A needs assessment study of hospital pharmacy residency preceptors. Can J Hosp Pharm.2012;65(3):202-208.
84. Fuller K, Maniscalco-Feichtl M, Droege M. The role of the mentor in retaining junior pharmacy faculty members. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72(2):Article 41.