Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience - Virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 232-237

  Pascual Leone, Alvaro ^a   Walsh, Vincent ^b   Rothwell, John ^c  

^a BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; COGNITION; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; NEUROSCIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 0034072308     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00081-7     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Pascual-Leone A., Bartres-Faz D., Keenan J.P. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain-behaviour relationship by induction of 'virtual lesions'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 354:1999;1229-1238.
2. Wassermann E.M. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 108:1998;1-16. This author provides the most up-to-date review of the risks of TMS and summarizes appropriate guidelines for its safe use. The review is obligatory reading for anybody interested in using TMS.
3. Kaneko K., Fuchigami Y., Morita H., Ofuji A., Kawai S. Effect of coil position and stimulus intensity in transcranial magnetic stimulation on human brain. J Neurol Sci. 147:1997;155-159.
4. Nakamura H., Kitagawa H., Kawaguchi Y., Tsuji H. Intracortical facilitation and inhibition after transcranial magnetic stimulation in conscious humans. J Physiol. 498:1997;817-823.
5. Di Lazzaro V., Oliviero A., Profice P., Saturno E., Pilato F., Insola A., Mazzone P., Tonali P., Rothwell J.C. Comparison of descending volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in conscious humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 109:1998;397-401. This paper documents differences in the components of cortico-spinal volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation compared with electric stimulation of the human brain. Differences in the components of the descending cortico-spinal volleys suggest differences in the intracortical neural elements being primarily affected by transcranial magnetic versus electric stimulation. The findings provide unique insights into the mechanisms of action of these different techniques.
6. Di Lazzaro V., Restuccia D., Oliviero A., Profice P., Ferrara L., Insola A., Mazzone P., Tonali P., Rothwell J.C. Magnetic transcranial stimulation at intensities below active motor threshold activates intracortical inhibitory circuits. Exp Brain Res. 119:1998;265-268. The authors provide novel information about the effects of TMS on human cortical neurones when stimulation is applied at intensities below the motor threshold - such levels of stimulation are frequently used in applications of repetitive TMS in cognitive studies.
7. Di Lazzaro V., Oliviero A., Profice P., Insola A., Mazzone P., Tonali P., Rothwell J.C. Direct demonstration of interhemispheric inhibition of the human motor cortex produced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 124:1999;520-524.
8. Houlden D.A., Schwartz M.L., Tator C.H., Ashby P., MacKay W.A. Spinal cord-evoked potentials and muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 10 awake human subjects. J Neurosci. 19:1999;1855-1862. The authors provide insights into the effects of TMS on human cortical neurones in the motor cortex and its correlation with the resultant behavior (i.e. muscle twitch and evoked potential). The paper provides fundamental information about the mechanisms of action of TMS.
9. Rothwell J.C. Techniques and mechanisms of action of transcranial stimulation of the human motor cortex. J Neurosci Methods. 74:1997;113-122.
10. Rossini P.M., Rossi S. Clinical applications of motor evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 106:1998;180-194. [editorial].
11. Walsh V., Rushworth M. A primer of magnetic stimulation as a tool for neuropsychology. Neuropsychologia. 37:1999;125-135.
12. Cohen L.G., Celnik P., Pascual-Leone A., Corwell B., Falz L., Dambrosia J., Honda M., Sadato N., Gerloff C., Catala M.D., Hallett M. Functional relevance of cross-modal plasticity in blind humans. Nature. 389:1997;180-183.
13. Sadato N., Pascual-Leone A., Grafman J., Ibañez V., Deiber M-P., Dold G., Hallett M. Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects. Nature. 380:1996;526-528.
14. Cohen L.G., Weeks R.A., Sadato N., Celnik P., Ishii K., Hallett M. Period of susceptibility for cross-modal plasticity in the blind. Ann Neurol. 45:1999;451-460. The authors study five late-blind subjects with PET and TMS and compare the results with previously published data in early- and congenitally blind subjects. The findings suggest that cross-modal plasticity by which the visual cortex is engaged in the processing of tactile information is limited to subjects that lose their sight before age 14.
15. Hamilton R., Keenan J.P., Catala M.D., Pascual-Leone A. Alexia for Braille following bilateral occipital stroke in an early blind woman. Neuroreport. 2000;. in press.
16. Kosslyn S.M., Pascual-Leone A., Felician O., Camposano S., Keenan J.P., Thompson W.L., Ganis G., Sukel K.E., Alpert N.M. The role of area 17 in visual imagery: convergent evidence from PET and rTMS. Science. 284:1999;167-170. [Published erratum appears in Science 1999, 284:197.] Visual perception as well as visual imagery were both significantly impaired following rTMS to the striate occipital cortex, providing information about the causal role played by this area which was also activated in the PET experiment during mental visual imagery. This finding is important in the debate about the role in mental imagery played by brain regions that are engaged in perception. From a TMS methodology point of view, it is important to note that the behavioral effects were apparent not only during, but also after the application of TMS. This is the first demonstration of such longer-lasting behavioral effects and provides a method of minimizing non-specific behavioral disruption by ongoing TMS during performance in studies of TMS in cognitive abilities.
17. Ganis G., Keenan J.P., Kosslyn S.M., Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex affects mental rotation. Cereb Cortex. 10:2000;175-180.
18. Zangaladze A., Epstein C.M., Grafton S.T., Sathian K. Involvement of visual cortex in tactile discrimination of orientation. Nature. 401:1999;587-590. The authors combine functional imaging, evoked potential measurements and TMS to study the 'causal chronometry' of the visual cortex during tactile discrimination. The authors used a grating-orientation task and showed by PET that the occipital cortex was activated during the task. Event related potentials to the same tactile stimuli revealed the timing of the engagement of the occipital region in the task. Single-pulse TMS was then applied to demonstrate the causal role that the occipital region plays in tactile orientation discrimination.
19. Jahanshahi M., Profice P., Brown R.G., Ridding M.C., Dirnberger G., Rothwell J.C. The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on suppression of habitual counting during random number generation. Brain. 121:1998;1533-1544.
20. Jahanshahi M., Dirnberger G. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and random generation of responses: studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychologia. 37:1999;181-190.
21. Hamilton R.H., Pascual-Leone A. Cortical plasticity associated with Braille learning. Trends Cogn Neurosci. 2:1998;168-174.
22. Terao Y., Fukuda H., Ugawa Y., Hikosaka O., Hanajima R., Furubayashi T., Sakai K., Miyauchi S., Sasaki Y., Kanazawa I. Visualization of the information flow through human oculomotor cortical regions by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurophysiol. 80:1998;936-946.
23. Schluter N.D., Rushworth M.F., Passingham R.E., Mills K.R. Temporary interference in human lateral premotor cortex suggests dominance for the selection of movements. A study using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain. 121:1998;785-799.
24. Schluter N.D., Rushworth M.F., Mills K.R., Passingham R.E. Signal-, set-, and movement-related activity in the human premotor cortex. Neuropsychologia. 37:1999;233-243. This paper is a fundamental example of the use of TMS to dissect different aspects of a behavior and their timing. The authors use single-pulse TMS to identify in human subjects the processes that are equivalent to the actions of motor-related and visual instruction signal-related ('set-related') neurons in primate premotor cortex. The findings suggest a relative shift from signal- to movement-related processing when moving from premotor to motor cortex, while demonstrating set activity in both the premotor and the motor cortices of human subjects.
25. George M.S., Lisanby S.H., Sackeim H.A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications in neuropsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1999;300-311.
26. Post R.M., Kimbrell T.A., McCann U.D., Dunn R.T., Osuch E.A., Speer A.M., Weiss S.R. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a neuropsychiatric tool: present status and future potential. J ECT. 15:1999;39-59.
27. Pridmore S., Belmaker R. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 53:1999;541-548.
28. Pascual-Leone A., Tormos J.M., Keenan J., Tarazona F., Canete C., Catala M.D. Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol. 15:1998;333-343.
29. Topper R., Mottaghy F.M., Brugmann M., Noth J., Huber W. Facilitation of picture naming by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of Wernicke's area. Exp Brain Res. 121:1998;371-378.
30. Olivieri M., Rossini P.M., Pasqualetti P., Traversa R., Cicinelli P., Palmieri M.G., Tomaiuolo F., Caltagirone C. Interhemispheric asymmetries in the perception of unimanual and bimanual cutaneous stimuli: a study using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain. 122:1999;1721-1729.
31. Olivieri M., Rossini P.M., Traversa R., Cicinelli P., Filippi M.M., Pasqualetti P., Tomaiuolo F., Caltagirone C. Left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces contralesional extinction in patients with unilateral right brain damage. Brain. 122:1999;1731-1739. This is the first application of TMS in human patients to improve a cognitive function. The results of the study illuminate how attention is organized in the human brain, and provide in addition an example of a fundamental way in which TMS can be employed in cognitive neuroscience.
32. Lomber S.G., Payne B.R. Removal of 2 halves restores the whole - reversal of visual hemineglect during bilateral cortical or collicular inactivation in the cat. Vis Neurosci. 13:1996;1143-1156.
33. Kinsbourne M. Mechanisms of neglect: implications for rehabilitation. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 4:1994;151-153.
34. Walsh V., Ashbridge E., Cowey A. Cortical plasticity in perceptual learning demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychologia. 36:1998;363-367.
35. Walsh V., Ellison A., Battelli L., Cowey A. Task-specific impairments and enhancements induced by magnetic stimulation of human visual area V5. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 265:1998;537-543. The authors demonstrate an improvement of color detection after disruption of the visual motion area V5 using TMS. Subjects were tested on six different visual search tasks and shown to be impaired in a motion but not a form 'pop-out' task when TMS was applied over V5. In tasks where motion was present but irrelevant, or when attention to colour and form were required, TMS applied to V5 actually enhanced performance. These data suggest that attention to different visual attributes involves mutual inhibition between different extrastriate visual areas. Furthermore, the study illustrates how TMS can be used to study the functional role of cortico-cortical connections.
36. Paus T., Jech R., Thompson C.J., Comeau R., Peters T., Evans A.C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: a new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 17:1997;3178-3184.
37. Paus T., Jech R., Thompson C.J., Comeau R., Peters T., Evans A.C. Dose-dependent reduction of cerebral blood flow during rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human sensorimotor cortex. J Neurophysiol. 79:1998;1102-1107.
38. Paus T. Imaging the brain before, during, and after transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychologia. 37:1999;219-224. The author summarizes how neuroimaging can be used to guide the placement of the TMS coil on the scalp. TMS combined with functional neuroimaging is a powerful tool for studying functional connectivity in the human brain.
39. Ilmoniemi R.J., Virtanen J., Ruohonen J., Karhu J., Aronen H.J., Naatanen R., Katila T. Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity. Neuroreport. 8:1997;3537-3540.
40. Mottaghy F.M., Krause B.J., Kemna L.J., Töpper R., Tellmann L., Beu M., Pascual-Leone A., Müller-Gärtner H-W. Modulation of the neuronal circuitry subserving working memory by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurosci Lett. 280:2000;167-170.